''Eryngium maritimum'', the sea holly or sea eryngo, or sea eryngium, is a
perennial
In horticulture, the term perennial ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the year") is used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. It has thus been defined as a plant that lives more than 2 years. The term is also ...
species of flowering plant in the family
Apiaceae
Apiaceae () or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus ''Apium,'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering p ...
and native to most
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
an coastlines. It resembles a
thistle
Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterized by leaves with sharp spikes on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles can also occur all over the planton the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. T ...
in appearance because of its burr-shaped
inflorescence
In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...
s. Despite its common name, it is not a true
holly
''Ilex'' () or holly is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. ''Ilex'' has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergreen o ...
but an
umbellifer
Apiaceae () or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus '' Apium,'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering ...
.
Etymology
''E. maritimum'' was formally described by
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
in his
Species Plantarum
' (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genus, genera. It is the first work to consistently apply binomial nomenclature ...
I: 233 (1753). The generic name ''Eryngium'' derives from Greek and may have developed from a description of the plant by
Theophrastus
Theophrastus (; ; c. 371 – c. 287 BC) was an ancient Greek Philosophy, philosopher and Natural history, naturalist. A native of Eresos in Lesbos, he was Aristotle's close colleague and successor as head of the Lyceum (classical), Lyceum, the ...
(300 BC), who referred to it as "Eryngion", meaning a spiny plant. Alternatively, the name may have derived from the Greek word "eruggarein", meaning to eructate (belch), since the plant was used to treat various digestive disorders such as trapped gases.
The
specific epithet
In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin gramm ...
''maritimum'' means "of the sea".
The common English name appears to date from the 16th century. In his 1548 publication ''The Names of Herbes'', the naturalist
William Turner stated that "Eryngium is named in englishe sea Hulver or sea Holly".
Taxonomy
Although hybrids of ''E. maritimum'' have been reported, they are relatively few. For example, records have been made of a hybrid between ''E. maritimum'' and ''
E. campestre'' (=''Eryngium'' x ''rocheri'' Corb. ex Guétrot) in France, and in the region of Valencia, Spain.
The species' chromosome number is 2n = 16.
[Tutin TG. 1980. ''Umbellifers of the British Isles''. Botanical Society of the British Isles Handbook No. 2, London. .]
Description

Sea holly is a glabrous, intensely glaucous, clump-forming perennial that typically reaches a height of approximately 60 cm. It is a succulent
xerophyte
A xerophyte () is a species of plant that has adaptations to survive in an environment with little liquid water. Examples of xerophytes include cacti, pineapple and some gymnosperm plants. The morphology and physiology of xerophytes are adapted to ...
with a deep, well-developed root system and waxy leaf
cuticle. The leaves are stiff, spiny, and leathery in texture. The basal leaves, which measure 5 – 15 cm in length and are rolled when young,
[Poland J, Clement EJ. 2009. ''The Vegetative Key to the British Flora''. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. ] are palmately 3-lobed and suborbicular, truncate, or cordate at the base.
The stem leaves are similar, but are smaller, sessile, and palmate. All leaves are characterised by thick margins, often with purplish veins, and the presence of stomata on both sides. The
petiole is channelled and dilated at the base.
The
cotyledons
A cotyledon ( ; ; "a cavity, small cup, any cup-shaped hollow",
gen. (), ) is a "seed leaf" – a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant – and is formally defined as "the embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or mor ...
are abruptly contracted into a petiole.
The flowers are bluish white and measure 8mm across, in 1.5 – 2.5 cm heads The
bract
In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale.
Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves in size, color, shape or texture. They also lo ...
s are spiny, and the
bracteoles are longer than the flowers. The sepals measure 4 – 5 mm and are longer than the petals.

The flowers are attractive to butterflies. It flowers June to September.
The fruit is 13 – 15 mm, more or less uncompressed and covered in stigmatic papillae which become longer towards the apex. The
styles are about 6 mm long, divergent to somewhat recurved.
Identification
Apart from the context of its specific coastal habitat, sea holly may also be distinguished from its
congeners by the deeper, strongly spiny teeth on the basal leaves and stem leaves.
Distribution
Throughout its range, sea holly is a coastal species, occurring locally and almost continuously along the coastlines of England and Ireland. In Great Britain, it is most abundant on the south and west coasts. However, it has largely become extinct from the coasts of northeast England and Scotland. Nevertheless, it may have once been more common and widespread there.
[Isermann M, Rooney P. 2014. Biological Flora of the British Isles: ''Eryngium maritimum''. ''Journal of Ecology'' 102: 789 – 821.] It was formerly extant in
Shetland
Shetland (until 1975 spelled Zetland), also called the Shetland Islands, is an archipelago in Scotland lying between Orkney, the Faroe Islands, and Norway, marking the northernmost region of the United Kingdom. The islands lie about to the ...
, but it never properly established itself at the northernmost limit of its native range. The last documented occurrence in Shetland was at
Fitful Head in 1884, where the plant is presumed to have been widespread on the sands of the Bay of Quendale.
In Europe and adjacent parts of northern Africa and the Middle East, the plant has a wide native distribution. In these regions, it occurs on the shores of the
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...
, the
Baltic and
Mediterranean Seas as well as the
Black and
Azov Seas.
The distribution also extends northwards into Denmark, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, along the
Skagerrak
The Skagerrak (; , , ) is a strait running between the North Jutlandic Island of Denmark, the east coast of Norway and the west coast of Sweden, connecting the North Sea and the Kattegat sea.
The Skagerrak contains some of the busiest shipping ...
and the Swedish islands of
Gotland
Gotland (; ; ''Gutland'' in Gutnish), also historically spelled Gottland or Gothland (), is Sweden's largest island. It is also a Provinces of Sweden, province/Counties of Sweden, county (Swedish län), Municipalities of Sweden, municipality, a ...
and
Öland
Öland (, ; ; sometimes written ''Oland'' internationally) is the second-largest Swedish island and the smallest of the traditional provinces of Sweden. Öland has an area of and is located in the Baltic Sea just off the coast of Småland. ...
. The Scandinavian distribution is relatively southerly, extending only as far north as southern Norway and Sweden.
Sea holly has been introduced to parts of eastern North America, where it was once valued as an ornamental plant for coastal restoration. It has also been introduced to Australia with the planting of
marram grass.
Habitat and ecology
Sea holly grows characteristically on the well-drained substrates of sand dunes and shingles, and is restricted to regions with mild winters.
More rarely, it can be found growing on rocky coasts with patches of sand interspersed between artificial hard coastal protection features with a similar structure to shingle. In northern Britain, its distribution is limited by the lack of suitable dune systems on which to grow It withstands the harsh environmental conditions typical of beaches and coastal dune habitats worldwide; namely low soil nutrient levels, frost, strong salty winds, high temperatures and insolation, and periodic sand burial.
Sea holly is associated with various shingle and strandline communities, where it may be scattered within the vegetation. On shingles, sea holly occurs within Honckenya peploides-Cakile maritima strandline community above the tidal limit
[Rodwell JS (ed.). 2000. ''British Plant Communities. Vol. 5. Maritime Communities and Vegetation of Open Habitats''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK] On dunes, sea holly may be found growing in the Elymus farctus ssp. boreali-atlanticus foredune community,
the pioneer vegetation on foredunes, with ''Elytrigia juncea'' (E. farctus) as a dominant species.
Sea holly is a poor ecological competitor that generally thrives in open areas, declining when habitats are invaded by shrubby species such as ''
Rosa rugosa
''Rosa rugosa'' (rugosa rose, beach rose, Japanese rose, Ramanas rose, or letchberry) is a species of rose native to eastern Asia, in northeastern China, Japan, Korea and southeastern Siberia, where it grows on beach coasts, often on sand dunes ...
'', ''
Hippophae rhamnoides
''Hippophae rhamnoides'', also known as sea buckthorn, sandthorn, sallowthorn or seaberry, is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeagnaceae, native to cold-temperate regions of Eurasia. It is a spiny deciduous shrub. The plant is used ...
'', ''
Elaeagnus commutata
''Elaeagnus commutata'', the silverberry or wolf-willow, is a species of ''Elaeagnus'' native to western and boreal North America, from southern Alaska through British Columbia east to Quebec, south to Utah, and across the upper Midwestern United ...
'' and ''
Salix repens'' due to substantial shading effects
This is because sea holly is a light-demanding plant, although it is protected against water stress through excessive insolation thanks to its succulent equifacial leaves.
Sea holly has deep, well-developed
taproots for water storage, allowing the plant to survive long dry periods that may occur in its habitat. The root system also shows a high degree of
plasticity in response to the dynamics of coastal ecosystems and may consequently develop a rhizome-like structure. For example, in response to permanent sand burial, the root
internodes
A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root. It supports leaves, flowers and fruits, transports water and dissolved substances between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem, engages in pho ...
gradually lengthen in such a way that the perennating buds are brought closer to the ground surface for ensuring the plants' survival throughout the growing seasons.
Status
Despite a widespread native European distribution, populations of this species have declined significantly in the northern parts of its range, with some of these already having become extinct. It is now threatened or endangered in most European countries and included in endangered plant lists and
Red Data Books of several of these countries In Britain, its historic decline may be at least partly attributable to being dug up from the wild on account of its popularity as an ornamental plant in gardens on dry soils.
In culture, use and relationship with humans
Like other species in the genus, ''E. maritimum'' has been traditionally consumed to combat various ailments, especially thanks to the plant's high
antioxidant
Antioxidants are Chemical compound, compounds that inhibit Redox, oxidation, a chemical reaction that can produce Radical (chemistry), free radicals. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds, including living matter. Antioxidants ...
activity and content of
phenolic and
flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.
Chemically, flavonoids ...
compounds. It has been utilised for its
diuretic
A diuretic () is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. This includes forced diuresis. A diuretic tablet is sometimes colloquially called a water tablet. There are several categories of diuretics. All diuretics ...
,
stimulant
Stimulants (also known as central nervous system stimulants, or psychostimulants, or colloquially as uppers) are a class of drugs that increase alertness. They are used for various purposes, such as enhancing attention, motivation, cognition, ...
, cystotonic, stone inhibitor,
aphrodisiac
An aphrodisiac is a substance that increases libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior. These substances range from a variety of plants, spices, and foods to synthetic chemicals. Natural aphrodisiacs, such as ...
,
expectorant and
anthelmintic
Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them without causing significant damage to the host. They may also ...
properties. Moreover, essential oils, extracted by hydro-distillation, from the aerial parts of the plant have been found to contain oxygenated
sesquiterpenes
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units and often have the molecular formula C15H24. Like monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes may be cyclic or contain rings, including many combinations. Biochemical modifications s ...
with antimicrobial activity against ''
E. coli
''Escherichia coli'' ( )Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus ''Escherichia'' that is commonly foun ...
'' and ''
L. monocytogenes''.
The roots of ''E. maritimum'' were formerly candied as a sweetmeat and recommended by
Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides (, ; 40–90 AD), "the father of pharmacognosy", was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of (in the original , , both meaning "On Materia medica, Medical Material") , a 5-volume Greek encyclopedic phar ...
as a remedy for
flatulence
Flatulence is the expulsion of gas from the Gastrointestinal tract, intestines via the anus, commonly referred to as farting. "Flatus" is the medical word for gas generated in the stomach or bowels. A proportion of intestinal gas may be swal ...
. The young shoots may also be eaten like asparagus.
Sea holly has often been represented in paintings and other artwork, such as in works by Irish artist Patrick O'Hara and on postage stamp prints such as the 1967 one-franc stamp in
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...
, and the 25-pfennig stamp in Germany
The plant has also been mentioned in various plays and poems, most notably in the
Merry Wives of Windsor
''The Merry Wives of Windsor'' or ''Sir John Falstaff and the Merry Wives of Windsor'' is a comedy by William Shakespeare first published in 1602, though believed to have been written in or before 1597. The Windsor of the play's title is a ref ...
by
Shakespeare
William Shakespeare ( 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...
and in the
Italian Journey
''Italian Journey'' (in the German original: ) is Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's report on his travels to Italy from 1786 to 1788 that was published in 1816 & 1817. The book is based on Goethe's diaries and is smoothed in style, lacks the sponta ...
by
Goethe
Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language. His work has had a wide-ranging influence on Western literature, literary, Polit ...
.
They are named in a speech by
Falstaff
Sir John Falstaff is a fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare and is eulogised in a fourth. His significance as a fully developed character is primarily formed in the plays ''Henry IV, Part 1'' and '' Part 2'', w ...
:
Sea holly was nominated the 2002
County flower for the city of
Liverpool
Liverpool is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is situated on the eastern side of the River Mersey, Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, north-west of London. With a population ...
.
[Plantlife. Sea Holly. Available at https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/plant-fungi-species/sea-holly (accessed 03/10/2022) ] Asteroid
199194 Calcatreppola was named after this plant.
The official was published by the
Minor Planet Center
The Minor Planet Center (MPC) is the official body for observing and reporting on minor planets under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Founded in 1947, it operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
Funct ...
on 25 September 2018 ().
Gallery
File:Eryngium maritimum Mikołajek nadmorski RB1.jpg, On the shore of the Mediterranean Sea near the mouth of Dalyan River, Turkey
File:Eryngium maritimum 1.jpg, Whole plant, Meia Praia beach, Lagos, Portugal
File:Eryngium maritimum 2.jpg, Flowers, Meia Praia beach, Lagos, Portugal
Lagos (; ) is a city and concelho, municipality at the mouth of Bensafrim River and along the Atlantic Ocean, in the Barlavento region of the Algarve, in southern Portugal. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 31,049, in an area of 212.99 ...
File:Eryngium maritimum - Mikolajek nadmorski R51 ubt.jpg, In Rewa, Poland
File:Eryngium maritimum-01 (xndr).jpg, Close-up of inflorescence
File:Eryngium maritimum MHNT.BOT.2008.1.8.jpg, MHNT botanical specimen
File:Eryngium maritimum 2-Αγγελοχώρι.jpg, In Aggelohori, Greece
References
External links
*
Plants for a Future—PFAF Plant Database: ''Eryngium maritimum'' (Sea Holly)Schutzstation-wattenmeer.de: Further information and images��
Linnaeus.nrm.se; Den virtuelle floran: ''Distribution map''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q21110
maritimum
Flora of Europe
Flora of Lebanon
Flora of Ukraine
Medicinal plants of Europe
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus