Encirclement campaigns (), officially called in Chinese Communist historiography as the Agrarian Revolutionary War were the campaigns launched by forces of the Chinese Nationalist Government against forces of the

Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Ci ...

during the early stage of the

Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and forces of the Chinese Communist Party, continuing intermittently since 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949 with a Communist victory on main ...

. Formulated by German advisors

Hans von Seeckt Johannes "Hans" Friedrich Leopold von Seeckt (22 April 1866 – 27 December 1936) was a German military officer who served as Chief of Staff to August von Mackensen and was a central figure in planning the victories Mackensen achieved for Germany ...

and

Alexander von Falkenhausen Alexander Ernst Alfred Hermann Freiherr von Falkenhausen (29 October 187831 July 1966) was a German general and military advisor to Chiang Kai-shek. He was an important figure during the Sino-German cooperation to reform the Chinese Army. In 19 ...

, the campaigns were launched between the late 1920s to the mid-1930s with the goal of isolating and destroying the developing

Chinese Red Army The Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army or Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army, commonly known as the Chinese Red Army or simply the Red Army, are the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party. It was formed when Communis ...

. The

Nationalist Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a in-group and out-group, group of peo ...

forces launched encirclement campaigns against

Communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a ...

bases in several separate locations across China.

Encirclement campaigns by location

Encirclement campaign against the Eastern Fujian Soviet Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces. The situation is highly dangerous for the encircled force. At the strategic level, it cannot receive supplies or reinforcemen ...

* Encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Hubei-Jiangxi Soviet * Encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Hubei-Sichuan-Guizhou Soviet *

Encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet The encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Jiangxi Soviet was a series of battles in the border region of Hunan and Jiangxi provinces initiated by the Chinese Kuomintang (''Nationalist'') Party / Government. The encirclement campaign was me ...

Encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Western Hubei Soviet Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces. The situation is highly dangerous for the encircled force. At the strategic level, it cannot receive supplies or reinforcemen ...

* Encirclement campaign against the Northeastern Jiangxi Soviet * Encirclement campaign against the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Soviet * Encirclement campaign against the Zuojiang Soviet

First encirclement campaigns

First encirclement campaign against the Central Fujian Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

* First encirclement campaign against the Eastern Guizhou Soviet *

First encirclement campaign against the Hailufeng Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: * World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and rec ...

* First encirclement campaign against the Honghu Soviet *

First encirclement campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

First encirclement campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Shaanxi Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

First encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet The first encirclement campaign () against Jiangxi Soviet was a series of battles launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government intended to annihilate the Chinese Red Army, and destroy the Soviet. The communists later responded with the fi ...

First encirclement campaign against the Nantong-Haimen-Rugao-Taixing Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

First encirclement campaign against the Qiongya Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

First encirclement campaign against the Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

First encirclement campaign against the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

First encirclement campaign against the Southern Fujian Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

First encirclement campaign against the Youjiang Soviet First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...

Second encirclement campaigns

Second encirclement campaign against the Central Fujian Soviet The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds eac ...

* Second encirclement campaign against the Eastern Guizhou Soviet * Second encirclement campaign against the Hailufeng Soviet * Second encirclement campaign against the Honghu Soviet * Second encirclement campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet *

Second encirclement campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Shaanxi Soviet The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds ...

* Second encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet *

Second encirclement campaign against the Nantong-Haimen-Rugao-Taixing Soviet The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each ...

Second encirclement campaign against the Qiongya Soviet The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each ...

Second encirclement campaign against the Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds ...

* Second encirclement campaign against the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet * Second encirclement campaign against the Southern Fujian Soviet * Second encirclement campaign against the Youjiang Soviet

Third encirclement campaigns

* Third encirclement campaign against the Honghu Soviet * Third encirclement campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet *

Third encirclement campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Shaanxi Soviet Third or 3rd may refer to: Numbers * 3rd, the ordinal form of the cardinal number 3 * , a fraction of one third * 1⁄60 of a ''second'', or 1⁄3600 of a ''minute'' Places * 3rd Street (disambiguation) * Third Avenue (disambiguation) * Hi ...

* Third encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet *

Third encirclement campaign against the Shaanxi-Gansu Soviet Third or 3rd may refer to: Numbers * 3rd, the ordinal form of the cardinal number 3 * , a fraction of one third * 1⁄60 of a ''second'', or 1⁄3600 of a ''minute'' Places * 3rd Street (disambiguation) * Third Avenue (disambiguation) * Hig ...

* Third encirclement campaign against the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet *

Third encirclement campaign against the Youjiang Soviet Third or 3rd may refer to: Numbers * 3rd, the ordinal form of the cardinal number 3 * , a fraction of one third * 1⁄60 of a ''second'', or 1⁄3600 of a ''minute'' Places * 3rd Street (disambiguation) * Third Avenue (disambiguation) * Hi ...

Fourth encirclement campaigns

Fourth encirclement campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet Fourth or the fourth may refer to: * the ordinal form of the number 4 * ''Fourth'' (album), by Soft Machine, 1971 * Fourth (angle), an ancient astronomical subdivision * Fourth (music), a musical interval * ''The Fourth'' (1972 film), a Sovie ...

* Fourth encirclement campaign against the Honghu Soviet = 2nd stage of the

encirclement campaign against the Hunan-Western Hubei Soviet Encirclement is a military term for the situation when a force or target is isolated and surrounded by enemy forces. The situation is highly dangerous for the encircled force. At the strategic level, it cannot receive supplies or reinforcemen ...

Fourth encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet The fourth encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet () was the fourth campaign launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government in hope to destroy the Red Army in Jiangxi. The Nationalist headquarters in the provincial border of Jiangx ...

Fifth encirclement campaigns

Fifth encirclement campaign against the Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet Fifth is the ordinal form of the number five. Fifth or The Fifth may refer to: * Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, as in the expression "pleading the Fifth" * Fifth column, a political term * Fifth disease, a contagious rash th ...

Fifth encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet The fifth encirclement campaign against Kiangsi (Jiangxi) Soviet was a series of battles fought during the Chinese Civil War from 25 September 1933, to October 1934 between Chiang Kai-shek's Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang) and the Chinese ...

Consequences

The first four Encirclement campaigns of the Chinese Nationalists military were unsuccessful. However, with the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany in 1933, and the subsequent close cooperation between Nazi Germany and the Republic of China, the nationalists succeeded in the final 5th campaign which led directly to the famous

Long March The Long March (, lit. ''Long Expedition'') was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the National Army of the Chinese Nati ...

of the Communist Red Armies.

References

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