Elachistidae
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Elachistidae (grass-miner moths) are a family of small
moth Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...
s in the superfamily
Gelechioidea __NOTOC__ Gelechioidea (from the type genus ''Gelechia'', "keeping to the ground") is the Taxonomic rank, superfamily of moths that contains the case-bearers, twirler moths, and relatives, also simply called curved-horn moths or gelechioid moths. ...
. Some authors lump about 3,300
species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
in eight subfamilies here, but this arrangement almost certainly results in a massively
paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...
and completely unnatural assemblage, united merely by symplesiomorphies retained from the first gelechioid moths. In fact, most of these moths appear to be either closer to the Oecophorinae and are hence nowadays usually included in the
Oecophoridae Oecophoridae (concealer moths) is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The phylogeny and systematics of gelechoid moths are still not fully resolved, and the circumscription of the Oecophoridae is strongly affected by this. ...
( Depressariinae, " Deuterogoniinae",
Hypertrophinae The Hypertrophinae are a subfamily of small moths in the family Depressariidae. The subfamily was described by Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher in 1929. Taxonomy and systematics *''Acraephnes'' Turner, 1947 *''Allotropha'' Diakonoff, 1954 *''Callizyga' ...
, Stenomatinae and perhaps the enigmatic '' Aeolanthes''), or constitute quite basal lineages of gelechioids, neither closely related to '' Elachista'' nor to '' Oecophora'', and hence best treated as independent families within the Gelechioidea ( Agonoxenidae,
Ethmiidae The Ethmiinae are a Family (biology), subfamily of small moths in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Gelechioidea sometimes included in the Elachistidae or the Oecophoridae, but mostly in the Depressariidae as a subfamily Ethmiinae.Wikispecies (2009 ...
). The genus '' Coelopoeta'' is sometimes still placed here, but probably belongs in the
Oecophorinae __NOTOC__ The Oecophorinae are the nominate subfamily of moths in the concealer moth family (biology), family (Oecophoridae). They are part of the insufficiently studied Taxonomic rank, superfamily Gelechioidea, and like their relatives, the Circu ...
. Consequently, the Elachistidae are essentially identical to the subfamily Elachistinae in the family's wide circumscription. The Agonoxenidae might perhaps belong here regardless, but even this is doubtful. Nonetheless, a considerable number of genera remain in the present family, and eventually it is likely that subdivisions will again be established (e.g. by raising some or all of the
tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...
s proposed for the former Elachistinae to subfamily status). A significant reduction of genera has been proposed, from the current mass of 20 genera to 3. The proposition was made on the premise of several distinguishing classifications, all of which are synapomorphies. Those include genital size and presence of digitate, adult abdomen segments without dorsal spines, absence of maxillary palpi and fronto-clypeal suture, and immobile abdominal segments in pupae and larvae. Various tribes were considered within the proposition, with most differentiation coming from genital structure. In the modern, reduced description, the Elachistidae are small to very small moths (
wingspan The wingspan (or just span) of a bird or an airplane is the distance from one wingtip to the opposite wingtip. For example, the Boeing 777–200 has a wingspan of , and a wandering albatross (''Diomedea exulans'') caught in 1965 had a wingsp ...
s usually around 1 cm). Their wings appear feather-like due to the fine hair covering the wings' fringes, and the hindwings can be significantly reduced in area, essentially consisting of a small strip with a wide hairy fringe. The
caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder ...
s are typically
leaf miner A leaf miner is any one of numerous species of insects in which the larval stage lives in, and eats, the leaf tissue of plants. The vast majority of leaf-mining insects are moths (Lepidoptera), sawflies (Symphyta, a paraphyletic group which ...
s or stem miners on
Poales The Poales are a large order (biology), order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the Poaceae, grasses, bromeliads, Juncaceae, rushes and Cyperaceae, sedges. 14 plant families are currently recogniz ...
.


Genera

The genera of Elachistidae are: *Elachistinae **'' Elachista'' **'' Eretmograptis'' Meyrick, 1938 **'' Mylocrita'' Meyrick, 1922 **'' Myrrhinitis'' Meyrick, 1913 **'' Perittia'' Stainton, 1854 **'' Stephensia'' Stainton, 1858 **'' Urodeta'' Stainton, 1869 Several small genera colored by some authors are here included in ''Elachista'', as it would otherwise be liable to be non-
monophyletic In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent co ...
. As noted above, '' Aeolanthes'' may also belong here, as the only genus of a subfamily Aeolanthinae. Also possibly included is the Peruvian species '' Auxotricha ochrogypsa'', described by
Edward Meyrick Edward Meyrick (25 November 1854 – 31 March 1938) was an English schoolmaster and amateur entomologist. He was an expert on microlepidoptera and some consider him one of the founders of modern microlepidoptera systematics. Life and work Ed ...
in 1931 as the sole member of its genus. *
Parametriotinae Parametriotinae is a subfamily of moths in the family Elachistidae. Genera *''Araucarivora'' Hodges, 1997 *''Auxotricha'' Meyrick, 1931 *''Blastodacna'' Wocke in Heinemann & Wocke, 1876 *''Chrysoclista'' Stainton, 1854 *''Coracistis'' Meyrick, 1 ...
Capuse, 1971 * Agonoxeninae Meyrick, 1925 (alternatively treated as a separate family)


Fossil record

Some
prehistoric Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins  million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use o ...
genera of Elachistidae, known only from
fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserve ...
s, have been described:Wikispecies (2009-NOV-09) * †'' Elachistites'' Kozlov, 1987 * †'' Microperittia'' Kozlov, 1987 * †'' Palaeoelachista'' Kozlov, 1987 * †'' Praemendesia'' Kozlov, 1987


Former genera

* '' Annetennia'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995 * '' Aristoptila'' Meyrick, 1932 * '' Atmozostis'' Meyrick, 1932 * '' Atrinia'' Sinev, 1992 * '' Austriana'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995 * '' Atmozostis'' Meyrick, 1932 * '' Bradleyana'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995 * '' Calamograptis'' Meyrick, 1937 ( Tineidae) * '' Canariana'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995 * '' Cryphioxena'' Meyrick, 1921 (
Bucculatricidae Bucculatricidae or (Bucculatrigidae) is a family of moths. This small family has representatives in all parts of the world. Some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family Lyonetiidae. Adults of this family are easily overlooked, bei ...
) * '' Dicasteris'' Meyrick, 1906 * '' Dicranoctetes'' Braun, 1918 * '' Elachistoides'' Sruoga, 1992 * '' Eupneusta'' Bradley, 1974 * '' Gibraltarensis'' Traugott-Olsen, 1996 * '' Habeleria'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995 * '' Holstia'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995 * '' Illantis'' Meyrick, 1921 * '' Kumia'' Falkovich, 1986 * '' Kuznetzoviana'' Traugott-Olsen, 1996 * '' Mendesina'' de Joannis, 1902 * '' Microplitica'' Meyrick, 1935 * ''
Ogmograptis ''Ogmograptis'', the scribbly gum moth, is a genus in the family Bucculatricidae and was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1935, as a monotypic genus (consisting of one species only). They are found in the Australian Capital Territory, New S ...
'' Meyrick, 1935 (
Bucculatricidae Bucculatricidae or (Bucculatrigidae) is a family of moths. This small family has representatives in all parts of the world. Some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family Lyonetiidae. Adults of this family are easily overlooked, bei ...
) * '' Paraperittia'' Rebel, 1916 * '' Perittoides'' Sinev, 1992 * '' Petrochroa'' Busck, 1914 * '' Phaneroctena'' A.J.Turner, 1923 (
Cosmopterigidae The Cosmopterigidae are a family of insects (cosmet moths) in the order Lepidoptera. These are small moth Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previ ...
) * '' Phthinostoma'' Meyrick, 1914 * '' Polymetis'' Walsingham, 1908 * ''
Proterochyta ''Proterochyta'' is a monotypic moth genus in the family Scythrididae. Its only species, ''Proterochyta epicoena'' is found in Mozambique, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Gauteng, South Africa. Both the genus and species were first described by Edward Me ...
'' Meyrick, 1918 (
Scythrididae Scythrididae (flower moths) is a family of small moths in the superfamily Gelechioidea. The family is sometimes included in the Xyloryctidae as a subfamily Scythridinae, but the Xyloryctidae themselves have sometimes been included in the Oecopho ...
) * '' Sineviana'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995 * '' Sruogania'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995 * ''
Symphoristis ''Perittia'' is a genus of moths of the family Elachistidae. It occurs in Eurasia, North and South Africa, Hawaii, and the Americas. Species *''Perittia aganopa'' (Meyrick, 1911) *''Perittia andoi'' Inoue et al., 1982 *''Perittia antauges'' Kail ...
'' Meyrick, 1918 * '' Whitebreadia'' Traugott-Olsen, 1995


Footnotes


References

* See also Gelechioidea Talk page for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy. * (2004): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms &ndash
Elachistidae
Version of 2004-OCT-03. Retrieved 2010-APR-21. * (1999): Phylogeny and classification of the Elachistidae s.s. (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea)
Phylogeny and classification
Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{Authority control Moth families