Eileen Chang ( zh, t=張愛玲, s=张爱玲, first=t, w=Chang1 Ai4-ling2, p=Zhāng Àilíng；September 30, 1920 – September 8, 1995), also known as Chang Ai-ling or Zhang Ailing, or by her pen name Liang Jing (梁京), was a Chinese-born American essayist, novelist, and screenwriter. Chang was born to an aristocratic lineage and educated bilingually in

Shanghai Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...

. She gained literary prominence in Japanese-occupied Shanghai between 1943 and 1945. However, after the Communists defeated the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil War, she fled the country. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, she was rediscovered by scholars such as C. T. Hsia and Shui Jing. Together with the re-examination of literary histories in the post- Mao era during the late 1970s and early 1980s, she rose again to literary prominence in

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...

Mainland China "Mainland China", also referred to as "the Chinese mainland", is a Geopolitics, geopolitical term defined as the territory under direct administration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War. In addit ...

, and the Chinese diaspora communities.Nicole Huang,
Chang, Eileen (Zhang Ailing) 1920–1995
" ''Encyclopedia of Modern China'', edited by David Pong, vol. 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2009, pp. 193–195. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Accessed 24 Mar. 2019.

Life

Childhood and youth

Chang was born Zhang Ying () in Shanghai, China on September 30, 1920. She was the first child of Zhang Zhiyi (; 1896–1953) and Huang Suqiong (; 1893–1957). Chang's maternal great-grandfather, Huang Yisheng (; 1818–1894), was a prominent

naval A navy, naval force, military maritime fleet, war navy, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operatio ...

commander Commander (commonly abbreviated as Cmdr.) is a common naval officer rank as well as a job title in many army, armies. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organizations, including several police forces. In several countri ...

. Chang's paternal grandfather, Zhang Peilun (1848–1903) married Li Ju'ou (; 1866–1916) and was son-in-law to

Li Hongzhang Li Hongzhang, Marquess Suyi ( zh, t=李鴻章; also Li Hung-chang; February 15, 1823 – November 7, 1901) was a Chinese statesman, general and diplomat of the late Qing dynasty. He quelled several major rebellions and served in importan ...

, an influential Qing court official. She was also raised by her paternal aunt Zhang Maoyuan (; 1898–1991). In 1922, when Chang was two years old, the family relocated to

Tianjin Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in North China, northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the National Central City, nine national central cities, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the ...

. When she was three, her father introduced her to

Tang poetry Tang poetry () refers to poetry written in or around the time of or in the characteristic style of China's Tang dynasty, (June 18, 618 – June 4, 907, including the 690–705 reign of Wu Zetian) and/or follows a certain style, often considered a ...

. Beginning in 1924, her father often brought back prostitutes or concubines and became heavily addicted to

opium Opium (also known as poppy tears, or Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the seed Capsule (fruit), capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid mor ...

, which led to fights between her parents. During this time, Chang's mother decided to travel with her aunt to study in France. In 1927, after Chang's father promised to end his drug usage and extramarital affairs, Chang and her mother came back and settled in Shanghai. Chang's parents eventually divorced in 1930; she and her younger brother Zhang Zijing (; 1921–1997) were raised by their father. At the age of 18, Chang contracted

dysentery Dysentery ( , ), historically known as the bloody flux, is a type of gastroenteritis that results in bloody diarrhea. Other symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and a feeling of incomplete defecation. Complications may include dehyd ...

. Instead of seeking medical treatment, her father beat her and forced her to stay in her bedroom for six months. Chang eventually ran away to live with her mother and then stayed with her mother for nearly two years, until she went to university.

Education

Chang started school at age 4. Chang had obtained excellent English skills besides her native Chinese. In 1937, she graduated from an all-female Christian boarding high school, St. Mary's Hall, Shanghai, even though her family was not religious. At an early age, under her mother's influence, Chang began painting, playing piano, and learning English. In 1939, Chang was accepted to the

University of London The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in Post-nominal letters, post-nominals) is a collegiate university, federal Public university, public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The ...

on a full scholarship, but was unable to attend due to

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

. Instead, she studied

English Literature English literature is literature written in the English language from the English-speaking world. The English language has developed over more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo-Frisian d ...

at the

University of Hong Kong The University of Hong Kong (HKU) is a public research university in Pokfulam, Hong Kong. It was founded in 1887 as the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese by the London Missionary Society and formally established as the University of ...

, where she met her lifelong friend, Fatima Mohideen (; died 1995). When Chang was one semester short of earning her degree in December 1941, Hong Kong fell to the

Empire of Japan The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the Japanese nation state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868, until the Constitution of Japan took effect on May 3, 1947. From Japan–Kor ...

. Chang's famous works were completed during the Japanese occupation.

Marriages

In 1943, Chang met her first husband Hu Lancheng when she was 23 and he was 37. They married the following year in a private ceremony. Fatima Mohideen was the sole attendee. In the few months that he courted Chang, Hu was still married to his third wife. Although Hu was labelled a traitor for collaborating with the Japanese during

, Chang continued to remain loyal to Hu. Shortly thereafter, Hu chose to move to

Wuhan Wuhan; is the capital of Hubei, China. With a population of over eleven million, it is the most populous city in Hubei and the List of cities in China by population, eighth-most-populous city in China. It is also one of the nine National cent ...

to work for a newspaper. While staying at a local hospital, he seduced a 17-year-old nurse, Zhou Xunde (), who soon moved in with him. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Hu used another identity and hid in the nearby city of

Wenzhou Wenzhou; Chinese postal romanization, historically known as Wenchow is a prefecture-level city in China's Zhejiang province. Wenzhou is located at the extreme southeast of Zhejiang, bordering Lishui, Zhejiang, Lishui to the west, Taizhou, Zheji ...

, where he married Fan Xiumei (). Chang and Hu divorced in 1947. In 1956, while living in MacDowell Colony, New Hampshire, Chang met and became involved with the American

screenwriter A screenwriter (also called scriptwriter, scribe, or scenarist) is a person who practices the craft of writing for visual mass media, known as screenwriting. These can include short films, feature-length films, television programs, television ...

Ferdinand Reyher, a

Philadelphia Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...

native nearly 30 years her senior. During the time they were briefly apart in New York (Chang in

New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...

, Reyher in Saratoga), Chang wrote to Reyher that she was pregnant with his child. Reyher wrote back to propose. Although Chang did not receive the letter, she telephoned the following morning to inform Reyher she was arriving in Saratoga. Reyher had a chance to propose to her in person, but insisted that he did not want the child. Chang had an abortion shortly afterward. On August 14, 1956, the couple married in New York City. After the wedding, the couple moved back to New Hampshire. After suffering a series of strokes, Reyher eventually became paralyzed, before his death on October 8, 1967.

Death

On September 8, 1995, Chang was found dead in her apartment on Rochester Avenue in

Westwood, Los Angeles Westwood is a commercial and residential neighborhood in the northern central portion of the Westside (Los Angeles County), Westside region of the city of Los Angeles, California. It is the home of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCL ...

, by her

landlord A landlord is the owner of property such as a house, apartment, condominium, land, or real estate that is rented or leased to an individual or business, known as a tenant (also called a ''lessee'' or ''renter''). The term landlord appli ...

. According to her friends, Chang had died of natural causes several days before her building manager discovered her body, after becoming alarmed that she had not answered her telephone. Her

death certificate A death certificate is either a legal document issued by a medical practitioner which states when a person died, or a document issued by a government civil registration office, that declares the date, location and cause of a person's death, a ...

states that she died from

cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels. CVDs constitute a class of diseases that includes: coronary artery diseases (e.g. angina, heart attack), heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumati ...

. In accordance with Chang's will, she was

cremated Cremation is a method of Disposal of human corpses, final disposition of a corpse through Combustion, burning. Cremation may serve as a funeral or post-funeral rite and as an alternative to burial. In some countries, including India, Nepal, and ...

without any memorial service, and her ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean. After Chang's death, Stephen Soong (宋淇; 1919–1996) became the executor of her estate, succeeded by his son Roland Soong (宋以朗). In 1997, the Soong family donated some of Chang's manuscripts to the East Asian Library at the

University of Southern California The University of Southern California (USC, SC, or Southern Cal) is a Private university, private research university in Los Angeles, California, United States. Founded in 1880 by Robert M. Widney, it is the oldest private research university in ...

, including the English translation of "The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai" and the unfinished manuscript of the novel "The Young Marshall." In 2015, Roland Soong handed Eileen Chang's manuscripts to Hong Kong scholar Rosanna Fong (馮睎乾) for organization and research.

Career

Shanghai

At the age of 10, Chang's mother renamed her as Aìlíng, a

transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus '' trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → and → the digraph , Cyrillic → , Armenian → or L ...

of Eileen, in preparation for her entrance into an English school. While in high school, Chang read '' Dream of the Red Chamber'', one of the

Four Great Classical Novels Classic Chinese Novels () are the best-known works of literary fiction across pre-modern Chinese literature. The group usually includes the following works: Ming dynasty novels '' Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', '' Water Margin'', ''Journey to t ...

of Chinese literature, which influenced her work throughout her career. Chang displayed great literary talent and her writings were published in the school magazine. The following year, she wrote her debut short novel at the age of 12. Chang's writing was heavily influenced by the environment in which she lived. Shanghai and Hong Kong in the 1940s were the background of many of her earlier novels. She was known for her "aesthetic ambivalence" where the narrative style and language were reminiscent of the traditional "linked-chapter" novel while the setting was more in line with modern urban melodramas. Chang also sought to probe and examine the psychology of her characters. In 1943, Chang was introduced to the prominent editor Zhou Shoujuan and gave him a few pieces of her writing. With Zhou's support, Chang soon became the most popular new writer in Shanghai. Within the next two years, she wrote some of her most acclaimed works, including '' Love in a Fallen City'' and '' The Golden Cangue''. In her English translation of ''The Golden Cangue'', Chang simplified English expressions and sentence structures to make it easier for readers to understand. Several short stories and novellas were collected in ''Romances'' (''Chuan Qi'', ) (1944). It instantly became a bestseller in Shanghai, boosting Chang's reputation and fame among readers and also the Chinese literary circle. A collection of her essays appeared as ''Written on Water'' (''Líu Yán'' ) in 1945.Nicole Huang, "Introduction," in Eileen Chang, ''Written on Water'', translated by Andrew F. Jones (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), ix-xvi. Her literary maturity was said to be far beyond her age. As described by Nicole Huang in the introduction to ''Written on Water'', "The essay form became a means for Eileen Chang constantly to redefine the boundaries between life and work, the domestic and the historic, and meticulously to weave a rich private life together with the concerns of a public intellectual." In 20th century China, Chang experimented with new literary language. In her essay entitled "writing of one's own," Chang retrospectively remarks on her use of a new fictional language in her novella ''Lianhuantao'' (''Chained Links''). In the early years of her career, Chang was famously associated with this comment:

Hong Kong

In 1945, Chang's reputation waned due to postwar cultural and political turmoil. It worsened after the defeat of the

Nationalist government The Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China, refers to the government of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT ...

by the Communists in the

Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led Nationalist government, government of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China and the forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Armed conflict continued intermitt ...

. Chang left

mainland China "Mainland China", also referred to as "the Chinese mainland", is a Geopolitics, geopolitical term defined as the territory under direct administration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War. In addit ...

for

in 1952, realizing her writing career in

was over. In

, she worked for the United States Information Service (USIS), which promoted United States interests overseas. During this time, she wrote two anti-communist works, '' The Rice Sprout Song'' (''Yang Ge'', ) and ''Naked Earth'' (''Chidi zhi lian,'' 赤地之戀, sometimes known in English as ''Love in Redland''), both of which she later translated into Chinese and published in Taiwan. ''The Rice Sprout Song'' was Chang's first novel written entirely in English. Chang wrote ''Naked Earth'' at the direct request of the USIS and used a plot outline supplied by USIS agents. According to academic Brian DeMare, the book is a consequence of the anti-Communist paranoia of the United States Cold War mentality and lacks the poetry and nuance of Chang's other works. She also translated a variety of English works into Chinese, most notably '' The Old Man and the Sea'' by

Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway ( ; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized fo ...

and " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" by

Washington Irving Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American short-story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century. He wrote the short stories "Rip Van Winkle" (1819) and "The Legend of Sleepy ...

. Chang's translation of ''The Old Man and the Sea'' was seen as Cold War propaganda for the USIS and is argued to have directly influenced her writing and translating of ''The Rice Sprout Song''.

United States

In 1955, Chang moved to America, struggling to become an English writer. Her work was rejected by publishers many times. Chang's move from Hong Kong to the U.S. marked an important turning point in her literary career. In the 1960s, Chang was constantly searching for new job opportunities, particularly ones that involved translating or writing screenplays. Chang once tried to adapt a screenplay for Hollywood with Chinese elements, but was unsuccessful because the agent thought the role had too much content and psychological changes. Chang became an American citizen in 1960 and headed to

for more opportunities, returning to the United States in 1962. Betrayal is an overarching theme in Chang's later works, notably in her English essay "A Return to the Frontier" (1963) and one of her last novels ''Little Reunions'' (2009, published posthumously). Compared to her previous works, there are many more tragedies and betrayals in her writings later in her life. In 1962, when she resided in San Francisco, Chang started writing the English novel ''The Young Marshal'' based on the love story between the Chinese general

Zhang Xueliang Zhang Xueliang ( zh, t=張學良; June 3, 1901 – October 15, 2001), also commonly known by his nickname "the Young Marshal", was a Chinese general who in 1928 succeeded his father Zhang Zuolin as the commander of the Northeastern Army. He is bes ...

and his wife, Zhao Yidi, with an aim to break into the American literary world. However, due to the multitude of Chinese names and complex historical background in the book, her editor gave a poor evaluation of the initial chapters, which greatly undermined Chang's confidence in the writing. With her interest in Zhang Xueliang waning, she abandoned the story. In 2014, Eileen Chang's literary executor, Roland Soong, managed to have the unfinished novel published, with a Chinese translation by Zheng Yuantao. In 1963, Chang also wrote two novels based on her own life: '' The Fall of the Pagoda'' and ''The Book of Change''. Both were believed to be her attempts to offer an alternative writing style to mainstream America; she did not succeed. The full-length novels were not published until 2010. In 1966, Chang had a writing residency at

Miami University Miami University (informally Miami of Ohio or simply Miami) is a public university, public research university in Oxford, Ohio, United States. Founded in 1809, it is the second-oldest List of colleges and universities in Ohio, university in Ohi ...

Oxford, Ohio Oxford is a city in northwestern Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 23,035 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. A college town, Oxford was founded as a home for Miami University and lies in the southwestern portion ...

. In 1967, Chang held a short-term job at

Radcliffe College Radcliffe College was a Women's colleges in the United States, women's Liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that was founded in 1879. In 1999, it was fully incorporated into Harvard Colle ...

. In 1969, upon the invitation of Shih-Hsiang Chen, a professor of Oriental Languages at the

University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California), is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after t ...

, Chang became a senior researcher at the Center for Chinese Studies of Berkeley. Her research topics included Chinese Communist terminology and the novel ''Dream of the Red Chamber''. In 1971, the year Chen died, Chang left her post at Berkeley. In 1972, Chang relocated to

Los Angeles Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, most populous city in the U.S. state of California, and the commercial, Financial District, Los Angeles, financial, and Culture of Los Angeles, ...

. In 1975, she completed the English translation of '' The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai'', a late

Qing The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

novel written in

Wu Chinese , region = Shanghai, Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, parts of Anhui and Jiangxi provinces; overseas and migrant communities , ethnicity = Wu , speakers = million , date = 2021 , ref = e27 , fa ...

Han Bangqing Han Bangqing (; 1856–1894),Downer, Lesley." ''The New York Times''. November 20, 2005. Retrieved on March 27, 2015. also known by the given name Ji (寄), courtesy name Ziyun (子雲), and pseudonyms Taixian (太仙), Dayi Shanren (大一山人) ...

. The manuscript for the translation was found among her papers at the

and published posthumously in 2005. In 1978, ''Crown Magazine'' published Chang's novellas ''

Lust, Caution ''Lust, Caution'' ( zh, t=色，戒, p=Sè, Jiè, j=Sik1Gaai3) is a 2007 erotic film, erotic Spy film, spy romance film, romantic mystery film directed by Ang Lee, based on Lust, Caution (novella), the 1979 novella by Eileen Chang. ''Lust, Cau ...

'' and ''Fu Hua Lang Rui'', as well as her short story "Xiang Jian Huan". In 1990, Chang began writing an essay "Table of Love and Hate" (愛憎表), a reflection of her thoughts during her school days. The essay was published posthumously in the July 2016 issue (Issue 155) of Taiwan's Ink magazine and in the autumn-winter issue of China's Harvest magazine.

Influence

Chang was a realist and modernist writer. Her most important contribution was her construction of a unique wartime narrative, one that deviated from the grand accounts of national salvation and revolution. She sought to recount the seemingly irrelevant details and experiences of daily life of ordinary men and women in periods of social change and violence. Chang was also known for her view of modern history, displaying colours, lines, and moods in her writing and juxtaposition of historical reality with the domain of domesticity. During the 1970s, Chang's legacy had such a significant impact on many creative writers in Taiwan that several generations of "Chang School writers" (張派作家) emerged,Su, Weizheng 蘇偉貞 (2006). ''Copying: On the Generations of Taiwanese Chang School Creative Writers 描紅：臺灣張派作家世代論'' Taipei: Sanmin shuju. notably Chu T’ien-wen, Chu T’ien-hsin, , and Yuan Chiung-chiung.Wang, David Der-wei (2016). ''Methods to Imagine China. History· Fictional Writing· Narration (想象中国的方法历史·小说·叙事).''Tianjin: Baihua Wenyi chu ban she. p. 248–251. With collective efforts to unearth the literary histories of the pre-revolutionary days in the post-Mao era, a renewed Eileen Chang "fever" swept through the streets of mainland China. The name Eileen Chang became synonymous with the glories of a bygone era. As with Taiwan in the 1970s, a group of young women authors who were clearly inspired by Chang rose to prominence in the 1980s and 1990s. Other notable

authors influenced by Chang include Wang Anyi, Su Tong, and Ye Zhaoyan. Chang has been listed as one of the four women literary geniuses in Shanghai during the Republic of China era, alongside Su Qing, Guan Lu, and Pan Liudai. Chang has also been listed as one of the four women literary geniuses during the Republic of China era, along with Lü Bicheng, Xiao Hong and Shi Pingmei. Dominic Cheung, a poet and professor of East Asian languages at the

, said that had it not been for the Chinese civil war, Chang would have been a recipient of the

Nobel Prize in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature, here meaning ''for'' Literature (), is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, "in ...

In popular culture

Eileen Chang's works are often adapted for screens. The best known is probably Ang Lee's film ''

'' (2007), based on her novella of the same name, starring

Tony Leung Chiu-wai Tony Leung Chiu-wai ( zh , c=梁朝偉, p=Liáng Cháowěi, born 27 June 1962) is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He is one of Asia's most successful and internationally recognized actors. He has won many international acting prizes, including the C ...

and Tang Wei. The film won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival and Golden Horse Award for best film in 2007. Other film adaptations include '' Love in a Fallen City'' (1984) and '' Love After Love'' (2020), the latter based on Chang's ''Aloeswood Incense: The First Brazier''; both films were directed by

Ann Hui Ann Hui On-wah, (; born 23 May 1947) is a film director, producer, screenwriter and actress from Hong Kong who is one of the most critically acclaimed filmmakers of the Hong Kong New Wave. She is known for her films about social issues in ...

. Chang's ''Love in a Fallen City'' was also adapted into stage performances by the Hong Kong Repertory Theatre in 1987, 2002, and 2005. In 2006, the theatre took the Cantonese performance to New York, Shanghai, and Toronto. A 20-episode TV series, '' The Legend of Eileen Chang'', written by Wang Hui-ling and starring Rene Liu, aired in Taiwan in 2004. Malaysian singer Victor Wong wrote a song titled "Eileen Chang" ("Zhang Ailing") in 2005. Taiwanese writer

Luo Yijun Luo Yijun (; born 29 March 1967) is a Taiwanese writer. Biography Luo attended Chinese Culture University, where he studied Chinese literature under authors such as Zhang Dachun, who influenced his early style; he later earned a master's d ...

includes quotations and themes from Chang's writings and life in his novel ''Daughter''. In 2020 on the occasion of the centennial celebration of Chang's birth, an online exhibition ''Eileen Chang at the University of Hong Kong'' was presented on the website for the

University Museum and Art Gallery, Hong Kong The University Museum and Art Gallery (UMAG) is located at 90 Bonham Road, next to the University of Hong Kong's East Gate entrance. Its exhibition galleries occupy the Fung Ping Shan Building as well as the first floor of the TT Tsui Buil ...

. The exhibition pieced together a narrative that highlights the early stages of Chang's literary career.. Exhibition curated by Nicole Huang , Florian Knothe and Kenneth Shing-Kwan Chan .

Bibliography

Films

The following scripts were penned by Chang: * '' Bu Liao Qing'' (1947) (, ''Unending Love'', modified from novel , published as movie script) * ''Tai Tai Wan Sui'' (1947) (, '' Long Live the Missus!'') * '' Ai le zhongnian'' (1949) (, ''The Sorrows and Joys of Middle Age'') * '' Jin Suo Ji'' (1950) (, ''The Golden Cangue'') * '' Qing Chang Ru Zhan Chang'' (1957) (, ''The Battle of Love'', script written in 1956) * ''Ren Cai Liang De'' (unknown) (, script written in 1956) * ''Tao hua yun'' (1959) (, '' The Wayward Husband'', script written in 1956) * '' Liu yue xin niang'' (1960) (, ''The June Bride'') * '' Wen rou xiang'' (1960) () * '' Nan bei yi jia qin'' (1962) () * '' Xiao er nu'' (1963) (, ''Father Takes a Bride'') * '' Nan Bei Xi Xiang Feng'' (1964) (南北喜相逢) * '' Yi qu nan wang'' (1964) (, a.k.a. ) The following are films adapted from Eileen Chang's novels: * ''Qing Cheng Zhi Lian'' (1984) (, '' Love in a Fallen City'') * ''Yuan Nu'' (1988) () * '' Hong Meigui Yu Bai Meigui'' (1994) (, ''The Red Rose and the White Rose'') * ''Ban Sheng Yuan'' (1997) (, '' Eighteen Springs'') * ''

'' (2007) () * '' Love After Love'' (2020) (第一爐香)

References

Portrait

Zhang Ailing. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming
at Portrait Gallery of Chinese Writers (Hong Kong Baptist University Library).

External links

* ttp://chinesefilmclassics.sites.olt.ubc.ca/films/love-everlasting-%e4%b8%8d%e4%ba%86%e6%83%85-1947/ ''Love Everlasting'' (Buliao qing) (Sang Hu, dir., 1947)with English subtitles - Film based on Eileen Chang's first screenplay
''Long Live the Missus!'' (Taitai wansui) (Sang Hu, dir., 1947)
with English subtitles - Film based on Eileen Chang's second screenplay
Full translation of ''Long Live the Missus!'' (1947)
- MCLC Resource Center Publications
Eileen Chang in Chinese Movie Database (Chinese)
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Chang, Eileen 1920 births 1995 deaths 20th-century American essayists 20th-century Chinese novelists 20th-century Chinese women writers 20th-century Chinese writers Alumni of the University of Hong Kong American dramatists and playwrights American women essayists American women screenwriters American women short story writers American writers of Chinese descent Burials at sea Chinese dramatists and playwrights Chinese women dramatists and playwrights Chinese emigrants to the United States Chinese women essayists Chinese women novelists Chinese women screenwriters Chinese women short story writers Educators from Shanghai MacDowell Colony fellows People from Westwood, Los Angeles 20th-century Chinese short story writers Screenwriters from Shanghai Short story writers from Shanghai University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty Writers from Los Angeles 20th-century American women writers 20th-century American screenwriters