Edward Solomon Hyams (30 September 1910 – 25 November 1975) was a British

gardener A gardener is someone who practices gardening, either professionally or as a hobby. Description A gardener is any person involved in gardening, arguably the oldest occupation, from the hobbyist in a residential garden, the home-owner suppleme ...

and horticulturalist,

historian A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human species; as well as the ...

novelist A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living wage, living writing novels and other fiction, while other ...

and writer, and

anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and Political movement, movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or Social hierarchy, hierarchy, primarily targeting the state (polity), state and capitalism. A ...

. He is known for his writings as a French scholar and socialist historian, and as a gardener.Miles Hadfield, Robert Harling and Leonie Highton ''British gardeners: a biographical dictionary'' Zwemmer, 1980 (p. 159).

Biography

Early life

Edward Hyams was born in Stamford Hill, London, on 30 September 1910, to Arthur (Isaac) Hyams and Annie Dollie Leitson Hyams.Jane Brown, "Edward Solomon Hyams", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (21 May 2009). Arthur Hyams (b. 19 June 1881) was a "well-known London advertising agent", "of the Borough Billposting Company, London" Annie was born April 1884. Hyams attend the

University College School University College School, also known as UCS, is a private day school in Frognal, Hampstead, London, England. The school was founded in 1830 by University College London and inherited many of that institution's progressive and secular views. ...

in London as a child, then went to the Lycée Jaccard boarding school in Lausanne, Switzerland and

Lausanne University The University of Lausanne (UNIL; ) in Lausanne, Switzerland, was founded in 1537 as a school of Protestant theology, before being made a university in 1890. The university is the second-oldest in Switzerland, and one of the oldest universities ...

. Hyams spent his early adulthood (1929-1933) as a factory worker,John Wakeman, ''World Authors 1950-1970 : a companion volume to Twentieth Century Authors''. New York : H.W. Wilson Company, 1975. . (pp. 697-99). among other jobs, including in newspapers. In 1933, Hyams and Hilda Mary Aylett, then 28, married. The two had met at work, served in World War II, and both identified as "Cockney".

Literary career and military service

Hyams published his first novel, ''The Wings of the Morning'' in 1939. Over the next two years he published two more novels, ''A Time to Cast Away'' in 1940 and ''To Sea in a Bowl'' in 1941. He continued to write novels and short fiction for the rest of his life. In the 1930s, Hyams was a pacifist and a member of the

Peace Pledge Union The Peace Pledge Union (PPU) is a non-governmental organisation that promotes pacifism, based in the United Kingdom. Its members are signatories to the following pledge: "War is a crime against humanity. I renounce war, and am therefore determine ...

, but abandoned pacifism upon the outbreak of the Second World War. Hyams joined the

Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the Air force, air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. It was formed towards the end of the World War I, First World War on 1 April 1918, on the merger of t ...

(1939-1941) but was disqualified from being a pilot because of his poor eyesight. Hyams then applied for a transfer to the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

, which was granted; he spent the rest of the war in the Navy, 1941-1946, promoted to lieutenant.''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'' (6 Nov. 2002). Hyams and Hilda were demobilized in 1947, and settled in

Molash Molash is a civil parish and village in Kent, South East England. It contains a small part of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) - the North Downs - and is on the A252 road between Canterbury, Ashford and Faversham. Each of these is c ...

, in Kent, England.

Gardening and viticulture

In Molash, the couple took up gardening, restoring a three-acre cottage garen property. He wrote about this time in his memoir, ''From the Waste Land'', describing the transformation of his home, "Nut Tree Cottages", into a prosperous market garden. Hyams stayed in Molash until 1960, while becoming an increasingly avid horticulturalist. During this time, Hyams also developed a serious interest in

viticulture Viticulture (, "vine-growing"), viniculture (, "wine-growing"), or winegrowing is the cultivation and harvesting of grapes. It is a branch of the science of horticulture. While the native territory of ''Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine ...

, and in 1960 moved to south Devon, to re-establish grape vineyards in England. He published ''The Grape Vine in England'' in 1949, and edited a volume on English viticulture in 1953, ''Vineyards in England''. In 1965 Hyams published ''Dionysus: A Social History of the Wine Vine'', combining his passions for social history and viticulture, and arguing for hybrid viticulture. Hyams' most famous work was ''Soil and Civilisation'' (1952), a history of farming which advocated

organic farming Organic farming, also known as organic agriculture or ecological farming or biological farming,Labelling, article 30 o''Regulation (EU) 2018/848 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2024 on organic production and labelling of ...

and came out against mechanised agriculture.Horace Herring. ''From energy dreams to nuclear nightmares : lessons from the anti-nuclear power movement in the 1970s''. Charlbury : Jon Carpenter Publishing, 2005 (p.61). ''Soil and Civilisation'' has been described as an early example of "

environmental Environment most often refers to: __NOTOC__ * Natural environment, referring respectively to all living and non-living things occurring naturally and the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interactions that affect an organism ...

literature". It also included a favourable depiction of the

Incas The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilisation rose fr ...

. From 1959 to 1974 he penned the gardening column for the ''Illustrated London News''. He was consulted by the government of

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

when the National Botanic Garden in

Tehran Tehran (; , ''Tehrân'') is the capital and largest city of Iran. It is the capital of Tehran province, and the administrative center for Tehran County and its Central District (Tehran County), Central District. With a population of around 9. ...

was being built. One of Hyams' last works, published posthumously in 1979, was ''The Story of England's Flora''.

Fiction, literary, and translation work

Hyams' fiction included science fiction, ghost stories, often satirical, and often with a clear political bent. His novels included ''The Astrologer'' (1950) a satirical

science fiction Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space ...

novel about an

ecological Ecology () is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. Ecology overlaps with the closely re ...

disaster, and ''Gentian Violet'' (1953), a satire in which the hero managed to get elected to Parliament as both Conservative and Labour without being discovered. Hyams began submitting short fiction to the

BBC Third Programme The BBC Third Programme was a national radio station produced and broadcast from 1946 until 1967, when it was replaced by BBC Radio 3. It first went on the air on 29 September 1946 and became one of the leading cultural and intellectual forces ...

and the ''

New Statesman ''The New Statesman'' (known from 1931 to 1964 as the ''New Statesman and Nation'') is a British political and cultural news magazine published in London. Founded as a weekly review of politics and literature on 12 April 1913, it was at first c ...

'' in the 1950s; after they were accepted, he became a regular contributor to both. Hyams' literary output also encompassed literary essays, and numerous translations from French of many works of fiction and scholarship. (He won the Scott-Moncreiff Prize in 1964 for his translation of '' Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses'' by the French historian

Régine Pernoud Régine Pernoud (17 June 1909, Château-Chinon (Ville), Château-Chinon, Nièvre – 22 April 1998, Paris) was a French historian and archivist. Pernoud was one of the most prolific medievalists in 20th century France; more than any other single ...

. His translations of work by

Roger Peyrefitte Pierre Roger Peyrefitte (; 17 August 1907 – 5 November 2000) was a French diplomat, writer of bestseller novels and non-fiction, and a defender of gay rights and pederasty. Life and work Born in Castres, Tarn, to a middle-class bourgeo ...

and

Zoé Oldenbourg Zoé Oldenbourg (; 31 March 1916 – 8 November 2002) was a Russian-born French popular historian and novelist who specialized in medieval French history, in particular the Crusades and Cathars. Life She was born in Saint Petersburg, Petrograd, ...

were also notable, as were his translations of a history of the Marquis de Lafayette and Chopin. Hyams' work was praised by both

Anthony Burgess John Anthony Burgess Wilson, (; 25 February 1917 – 22 November 1993) who published under the name Anthony Burgess, was an English writer and composer. Although Burgess was primarily a comic writer, his Utopian and dystopian fiction, dy ...

and Ronald Bryden, the latter describing Hyams as "the most exasperatingly gifted writer in England".

Politics and social/political writings

Hyams remained political his entire life. An

, Hyams was concerned in particular with the politics of land and agriculture, including the effects of the

enclosures Enclosure or inclosure is a term, used in English landownership, that refers to the appropriation of "waste" or "common land", enclosing it, and by doing so depriving commoners of their traditional rights of access and usage. Agreements to enc ...

of the commons); as such, he has been influential in eco-anarchist thought, and indeed, much of his scholarship anticipated later thinking about the influence of agriculture on civilization. He wrote a biography of anarchist

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (, ; ; 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French anarchist, socialist, philosopher, and economist who founded mutualist philosophy and is considered by many to be the "father of anarchism". He was the first person to ca ...

. In the 1950s and 1960s he broadened his travels, ultimately leading to publication of ''The Last of the Incas'' (1963) and a 1969 survey of botanic gardens worldwide (''Great Botanical Gardens of the World''). Hyams was also interested in the role of violence, writing several studies on assassination, revolution, and the uses of terrorism and assassination for political ends. This included his 1974 book ''Terrorists and Terrorism'', which included chapters on

Sergey Nechayev Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev (; – ) was a Russian anarcho-communist, part of the Russian nihilist movement, known for his single-minded pursuit of revolution by any means necessary, including revolutionary terror. Nechayev fled Russia in 18 ...

and

Avraham Stern Avraham Stern (, ''Avraham Shtern''; December 23, 1907 – February 12, 1942), alias Yair (), was one of the leaders of the Jewish paramilitary organization Irgun. In September 1940, he founded a breakaway militant Zionist group named Lehi, c ...

. He was involved with the ''

'' for many years, editing a history of the publication and an anthology of selected works from the journal. Hyams also edited a historical anthology of articles from the ''

'' magazine, ''New Statesmanship''. Hyams maintained active relations with the

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is an organisation that advocates unilateral nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom, international nuclear disarmament and tighter international arms regulation through agreements such as the Nucl ...

Later personal life and death

In 1967, Edward and Hilda's marriage ended. Hyams moved to Brampton in Suffolk in 1970, establishing a third garden on the property of an old Victorian school (described in ''An Englishman's Garden'' (1967)) In 1973, Hyams married Mary Patricia Bacon, divorced from Edward Bacon, an editor at the ''Illustrated London News''. He died only two years later, 25 November 1975, at the age of 65, in

Besançon Besançon (, ; , ; archaic ; ) is the capital of the Departments of France, department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The city is located in Eastern France, close to the Jura Mountains and the border with Switzerland. Capi ...

, Doubs, France. In his life he had written more than ninety books, broadly ranging across history, ecology, gardening, politics, and fiction, but interconnected by his radical politics and passions.

Works

; Fiction * ''The Wings of the Morning'' (1939) * ''A Time to Cast Away'' (1940) * ''To Sea in a Bowl'' (1941, 1942) * ''William Medium'' (1947) (se
New York Public Library
* ''Blood Money'' (1948) * ''Not in Our Stars'' (1949) * ''The Astrologer: A Satirical Novel'' (1950) * ''Sylvester'' (1951) epublished as ''998'' (1952)* ''Gentian Violet'' (1953) * ''Stories and Cream'' (1954) * ''The Slaughter-House Informer'' (1954) * ''Into the Dream'' (1957) * ''Taking It Easy'' (1958) epublished as ''Tillotson'' (1961)* ''The Unpossessed'' (1960) * ''All We Possess'' (1961) * ''A Perfect Stranger'' (1964) * ''The Last Poor Man'' (1966) * ''The Irish Garden'' (1966) * ''Cross Purposes: Four Stories of Love'' (1967) * ''The Mischief Makers'' (1968) * ''The Death Lottery'' (1971) * ''The Final Agenda'' (1973) * ''Prince Habib's Iceberg'' (1974) * ''Morrow's Ants'' (1975) ; short fiction, published in a number of venues * "Exorcising Baldassare" ; other works * ''Metropolitan Verses'' (1934) * ''You Know What Sailors Are'' (1954) * ''Armchair Theatre'' (1956) * ''The Man in the Wood'' (1973) ; Social history and anarchism * ''Soil and Civilization'' (1952) * ''A Prophecy of Famine: A Warning and the Remedy'' (1953) with H.J. Massingham * ''The Last of the Incas: The Rise and Fall of an American Empire'' with George Ordish (1963) * ''Dionysus: A Social History of the Wine Vine'' (1965) * ''Killing No Murder: A Study of Assassination as a Political Means'' (1969) * ''A Dictionary of Modern Revolution'' (1973) * ''The Millennium Postponed: Socialism from Sir Thomas More to Mao Tse-Tung'' (1974) * ''The Changing Face of England'' (1974) (also published as ''The Changing Face of Britain'') (1977) * ''Terrorists and Terrorism'' (1974) * ''Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: His Revolutionary Life, Mind and Works'' (1979) ; Essays * "Peyrefitte", ''

The Kenyon Review ''The Kenyon Review'' is a literary magazine based in Gambier, Ohio, home of Kenyon College. ''The Review'' was founded in 1939 by John Crowe Ransom, critic and professor of English at Kenyon College, who served as its editor until 1959. ''T ...

'' v.24, n.3, pp. 484–500 (Summer 1962) * "England" (short stories), ''

'', v.32, no.1, pp. 89–95 (1970) ; Horticultural works * ''The Grape Vine in England'' (1949) * ''From the Waste Land'' (1950) (memoir of his first garden) * ''Soil and Civilisation'' (1952) * ''Grapes Under Cloches'' (1952) * ''Melons Under Cloches'' (1952) * ''Strawberry Cultivation'' (1953) evised as ''Strawberry Growing Complete: A System of Procuring Fruit Throughout the Year'' (1962)* ''The Speaking Garden'' (1957) * ''Vin: The Wine Country of France'' (1959) * ''Odhams Fruit Growers' Encyclopaedia'' (1960) * ''The English Garden'', ' The World of Art Library' series (1964, 1966) with 200 photographs by Edwin Smith * ''Ornamental Shrubs for Temperate Zone Gardens'', Volumes 1-2 (1965) * ''Ornamental Shrubs for Temperate Zone Gardens'' (6 volumes) (1965–67) * ''Pleasure from Plants'' (1966) * ''An Englishman's Garden'' (1967) (biographical description of his own garden at the Victorian school) * ''Irish Gardens'' (1967) * ''Lilies'' with Jan de Graaff and Hyams (1967) * ''House Plants'' (1967, with George Elbert) * ''The Gardener's Bedside Book'' (1968) * ''Great Botanical Gardens of the World'' (1969) * ''Of Gardens and Gardeners'' (1969) * ''English Cottage Gardens'' (1970) * ''Capability Brown and Humphry Repton'' (1971) (double biography of two landscape artists) * ''A History of Gardens and Gardening'' (1971)Reviewed in ''Times Literary Supplement''. * ''Plants in the Service of Man: 10,000 Years of Domestication'' (1971) * ''Animals in the Service of Man: 10,000 Years of Domestication'' (1972) epublished as ''Working for Man: Domestication of Animals'' (1975) * ''Survival Gardening: How to Grow Vegetables, Herbs, Fruit, Nuts, Wine and Tobacco in Garden or Allotment'' (1975) * ''Growing Camellias'' with Neil Treseder (1975) * ''The Story of England's Flora'' (1979) ; Other contributions * Gardening correspondent for ''

Illustrated London News ''The Illustrated London News'', founded by Herbert Ingram and first published on Saturday 14 May 1842, was the world's first illustrated weekly news magazine. The magazine was published weekly for most of its existence, switched to a less freq ...

'' and ''

The Spectator ''The Spectator'' is a weekly British political and cultural news magazine. It was first published in July 1828, making it the oldest surviving magazine in the world. ''The Spectator'' is politically conservative, and its principal subject a ...

'', and various horticultural journals * Columns for ''

'' and ''

Financial Times The ''Financial Times'' (''FT'') is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic Current affairs (news format), current affairs. Based in London, the paper is owned by a Jap ...

'' * Contributor to '' Punch'' ; Other works * ''The Traveller's Bedside Book'' (1970, with Mary Bacon) ; Editor * Editor, ''Vineyards in England'' (1953) * Editor, with A. A. Jackson,''The Orchard and Fruit Garden: A New Pomona of Hardy and Sub-Tropical Fruits'' (1961) * ''The "New Statesman": The History of the First Fifty Years, 1913-1963'' (London, Longmans, 1963) * ''New Statesmanship: An Anthology'' (1963) - anthology of writings from ''New Statesman'') ; Translations * ''Special Friendships'' by

(1943)

958 Year 958 (Roman numerals, CMLVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * October / November – Battle of Raban: The Byzantine Empire, Byzantines under John I Tzimiskes, Jo ...

* ''The Exile of Capri'' by Roger Peyrefitte (1943) * ''Family Jewels'' by

Petru Dumitriu Petru Dumitriu (; 8 May 1924 – 6 April 2002) was a Romanian-born novelist who wrote both in Romanian and in French. Biography Dumitriu was born in Baziaș, in the Banat region of Romania. His father was a Romanian army officer and his moth ...

(1949) * ''The Cornerstone'' by

(1954) * ''Clochemerle - Babylon'' by

Gabriel Chevallier Gabriel Chevallier (3 May 1895 – 6 April 1969) was a French novelist widely known as the author of the satire ''Clochemerle''. He is also known for ' (''La Peur''), a novel about the World War I. Biography Born in Lyon in 1895, Gabriel Chevalli ...

(1954) * ''Diplomatic Conclusions'' by Roger Peyrefitte (1955) (transl. 1954) * ''Human Folly: To Disarm or Perish?'' by

Jules Moch Jules Salvador Moch (15 March 1893 – 1 August 1985) was a French politician. Biography Moch was born into a renowned French Jewish military family, the son of Captain Gaston Moch and Rébecca Alice Pontremoli. His grandfather was Colonel ...

(transl. 1955) * ''The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of LaFayette'' by Maurice de La Fuye and Emilie Babeau (transl. 1956) * ''Wicked Village'' by Gabriel Chevallier (1956) * ''Crossing'' by Jean Reverzy (1956) * ''The Awakened'' by Zoé Oldenbourg (1957) * ''Sponger'' by

Jules Renard Pierre-Jules Renard (; 22 February 1864 – 22 May 1910) was a French author and member of the Académie Goncourt, most famous for the works ''Poil de carotte'' (Carrot Top, 1894) and ''Les Histoires Naturelles'' (Nature Stories, 1896). Among ...

(1957) * ''Taine's Notes on England'' by

Hippolyte Taine Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (21 April 1828 – 5 March 1893) was a French historian, critic and philosopher. He was the chief theoretical influence on French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitione ...

(1872; trans. 1957) * ''Keys of St. Peter'' Roger Peyrefitte (1957) * ''Enemy'' by Tibor Meray (1958) * ''Niki: The Story of a Dog'' by

Tibor Déry Tibor Déry (18 October 1894 in Budapest – 18 August 1977 in Budapest) was a Hungarian writer and poet. He also wrote under the names Tibor Dániel and Pál Verdes. György Lukács praised Dery as being "the greatest depicter of human b ...

(trans. 1958) * ''Shouting Dies Away'' by Jean Denys (1958) * ''Party Is Over'' by

Roger Grenier Roger Grenier (; 19 September 1919 – 8 November 2017) was a French writer, journalist and radio animator. He was Regent of the Collège de ’Pataphysique. Biography As a youth, Grenier lived in Pau, where Andrélie opened a shop selling ...

(1959) * ''Knights of Malta'' by Roger Peyrefitte (1959) * ''Tempo di Roma'' by

Alexis Curvers Alexis Curvers (24 February 1906, Liège – 7 February 1992) was a French-speaking Belgian writer. He was married to hellenist Marie Delcourt. Biography Alexis Curvers' mother died when he was three years old and his father when he was ninet ...

(1959) * ''Pueblo'' by

Michel Droit Michel Droit (23 January 192322 June 2000) was a French novelist and journalist. He was the father of the photographer Éric Droit (1954–2007). Biography After studying at the Faculté des lettres de Paris and Sciences Po, Droit joined the arm ...

(1959) * ''The Cactus Grove'' by Michel Landa (1960) * ''Admiral Togo'' by

Georges Blond Georges Blond (''Jean-Marie Hoedick'', 11 July 1906 – 16 March 1989), was a French writer who was born in Marseille and died in Paris. A prolific writer of mostly history but also other topics including fiction, Blond was also involved in far rig ...

(trans. 1960) * ''Les Petits Enfants du siècle'' by

Christiane Rochefort Christiane Rochefort (17 July 1917 – 24 April 1998) was a French feminism, feminist writer. She was born into a left-wing working class Parisian family; her father joined the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War. Rochefort worke ...

(1961) * ''Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses'' by

(1962; Hyams translation, 1965) * ''Chopin: A Pictorial Biography'' by

André Boucourechliev André Boucourechliev (28 July 1925 – 13 November 1997) was a French composer of Bulgarian origin. Born in Sofia, Boucourechliev studied piano at the Conservatory there. Subsequently, he studied in Paris at the École Normale de Musique de Pari ...

(1963) * ''To See the White Cliffs'' by Philippe Ceillier (1965) * ''Margaret of Anjou: Queen of England'' by Philippe Erlanger (trans. 1970) * ''China in Transition: A Moment in History'' by

Henri Cartier-Bresson Henri Cartier-Bresson (; 22 August 1908 – 3 August 2004) was a French artist and Humanist photography, humanist photographer considered a master of candid photography, and an early user of 135 film, 35mm film. He pioneered the genre of street ...

* ''The Mask of Comedy'' by Henri-François Rey * ''Josyane and the Welfare'' by Christiane Rochefort

Cultivars and gardens

Hyams' grape variety cultivars included:Hyams biography
Molash, Kent, England website. * Muller Thurgau (vinifera cross) * Madeleine Sylvaner (vinifera cross) * Seyval Blanc (grape hybrid) * Baco No. 1 (grape hybrid) * Tere Dore (grape hybrid) ; Gardens * "Nut Tree Cottages", Molash, Kent * Hill House Nursery and Garden Landscove, near Ashburton, Devon

References

; Additional reading * Mick Smith, "Edward Hyams: Ecology and Politics 'Under the Vine'", ''Environmental Values'' v.20, pp. 95–119 (2011), doi: 10.3197/096327111X12922350166111 * Jane Brown, "Edward Solomon Hyams", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (21 May 2009), https://doi-org.silk.library.umass.edu/10.1093/ref:odnb/75360 * "Edward (Solomon) Hyams", ''Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors'' (6 Nov. 2002) * "Edward Hyams", ''UK Who's Who'', Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U155966 * ''

The Nation ''The Nation'' is a progressive American monthly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper ...

'', 15 Nov. 1975 ; Obituaries * ''The Times'' (8 Dec. 1975) * ''AB Bookmen's Weekly'', 5 Jan. 1976