Education In Ancient Greece

Education for Greek people was vastly "democratized" in the 5th century B.C., influenced by the Sophists, Plato, and Isocrates. Later, in the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greece, education in a gymn school was considered essential for participation in Greek culture. The value of physical education to the ancient Greeks and Romans has been historically unique. There were two forms of education in ancient Greece: formal and informal. Formal education was attained through attendance to a public school or was provided by a hired tutor. Informal education was provided by an unpaid teacher and occurred in a non-public setting. Education was an essential component of a person's identity.

Formal Greek education was primarily for males and non-slaves. In some poleis, laws were passed to prohibit the education of slaves.Ed. Sienkewicz, "Daily Life and Customs," ''Ancient Greece'' (New Jersey: Salem Press, I) The Spartans also taught music and dance, but with the purpose of enhancing their maneuverability as soldiers.

Athenian systems

Classical Athens (508–322 BCE)

Elementary Education

Elementary education had a long history in Athens as Aristophanes called it the ''arkhaia paideia'' (literally ancient education). But it was only fully developed in the early fifth century BC and attained its recognisable form. In its developed form, the old education consists of three divisions, '' gymnastikē'' or physical education, '' mousikē'' or music, and ''grammata'' or letters. The boys would attend the classes concurrently and there were separate teachers for each of the disciplines. Although it is similar to modern day elementary level study, this traditional education of the Athenian boys was neither mandatory nor free. The education came at a price and it was up to the fathers’ decision of what and how long the education would be. While the elementary education normally ended when the boys reached their adolescence at around 14 to 15 years old,Joyal, MacDougall, and Yardley, ''Greek and Roman Education'', 59. children from wealthier families would start earlier and end later.

Physical education

Among the three divisions, the physical education held the prestigious place. It was not because Athens needed her citizens to become competent warriors through physical training. Another institution, the '' ephebeia'' would deal with military training. There were two purposes of the sports education. One was to prepare the young boys for local and Panhellenic sports games.Marrou, ''A History of Education in Antiquity'', 69. The other purpose was to cultivate a strong and beautiful body which was essential to Greek culture.

The teacher of the physical education was called a '' paidotribēs''. The ''paidotribēs'' was often a professional athlete himself. A main part of the training was the fighting arts, wrestling, boxing and ''pankration''.Pritchard, “Athens,” 112. Another important component of the training was the athletic sports, racing, discus and javelin throwing and long jump. The ''paidotribēs'' supervised and instructed the training in a privately owned '' palaistra''. The famous Athenian public sports centre '' gymnasium'' was for the adult citizens. Little was known about how much the ''paidotribēs'' would actually charge. It could be very high as Athenaeus mentioned that a course could cost a '' mina''. And a ''mina'' could afford the living of a four-people family in Athens for up to three months.

Students would write using a stylus, with which they would etch onto a wax tablet. When children were ready to begin reading whole works, they would often be given poetry to memorize and recite. Mythologies such as those of Hesiod and Homer were also highly regarded by Athenians, and their works were often incorporated into lesson plans. Old Education lacked heavy structure and only featured schooling up to the elementary level. Once a child reached adolescence his formal education ended. Therefore, a large part of this education was informal and relied on simple human experience.

Music education

A ''kitharistēs'' (literally a player of the ''kithara'', a stringed instrument like a lyre) was responsible for the music education. He would teach the students to play the ''kithara'', to sing and compose lyric songs and to dance.

The education of music was an essential part of the old education. Plato asserted its parity with the sports. He stated that “gymnastics for the body and music for the soul.” By this, Plato meant the moral function of music and poetry. Aristophanes also emphasised the importance of musical education, stating that the boys would go to the music class “even if the snow is falling as thick as flour.” Given this importance, if one cannot play the lyre and sing in a choir, he was indeed uneducated at all. Accordingly, since the education was heavily charged, ignorance in music was also a symbol of lower socio-economical status.

Letter education

In order to take part in trade and politics, the demand of skills in reading and writing arose to become the third discipline of the old education. Hence, through the practical perspective, education in literacy was the most important among the three disciplines. If the father is not wealthy enough to send his son to attend all three classes, he will send him to a ''grammatistēs'', a letter teacher.

The Athenian boys would study the following subjects at a ''grammatistēs'', reading and writing, literature, and arithmetic. The boys would firstly engage in memorising the Greek letters. In the initial stages, they were required to recognize letters in short syllables. While they were familiarising with the alphabets, they started to write as well. Under the assistance of the ''grammatistēs'', students would write with a stylus on a wax tablet as shown in the paintings on the Douris’ Cup. There is also a detailed written description of the process in Plato’s ''Protagoras'':

...just as writing-masters first draw letters in faint outline with the pen for their less ad- vanced pupils, and then give them the copy-book and make them write according to the guidance of their lines,...

After the boys got some progress in the letters, they would proceed to the reading of the poets. Reciting poetry was very important to the adulthood life of the Athenians, especially those of Homer’s. Familiarity of Homer’s epic was the permit to the banquets for an educated Athenian man. Furthermore, this component of the syllabus served as another motivation for a poverished father sending his son to the ''grammatistēs''. To learn the stories of the legendary heros by heart was critical to the Athenian identity.

Higher education

The emergence of higher education in ancient Athens was the result of the so-called Sophists Reform happened in the latter half of the Fifth Century BC. It was a higher form of education compared to the old education. Although Freeman and Marrou proposed a classification within this Higher Education, secondary education and tertiary education, Beck refused the proposal. Nevertheless, there was a huge expansion in the subjects student could learn, astronomy, philosophy, mathematics, rhetoric, history and grammar.

The sophists were professional teachers and most of them were foreigners, i.e. non-Athenians. They emerged because of the continuously growing need of higher knowledge than basic literacy and numeracy in the democratised Athens. The study normally took three to four years and the tuition fee was reasonable. For example, Protagoras charged a thousand ''drachma'', which would be 10 ''mina''. Despite of all the branches of studies mentioned above, rhetoric, or sometimes referred to as the “art of persuasion” was considered the most critical and fundamental parts of curriculum. This was primarily because mature skills of rhetoric bought the student a ticket to the politics.

Classical Athenian educators

= Isocrates (436–338 BC)

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Isocrates was an influential classical Athenian orator. Growing up in Athens exposed Isocrates to educators such as Socrates and Gorgias at a young age and helped him develop exceptional rhetoric. As he grew older and his understanding of education developed, Isocrates disregarded the importance of the arts and sciences, believing rhetoric was the key to virtue. Education's purpose was to produce civic efficiency and political leadership and therefore, the ability to speak well and persuade became the cornerstone of his educational theory. However, at the time there was no definite curriculum for Higher Education, with only the existence of the sophists who were constantly traveling. In response, Isocrates founded his school of Rhetoric around 393 BCE. The school was in contrast to Plato's Academy (c. 387 BCE) which was largely based on science, philosophy, and dialectic.

=Plato (428–348 BC)

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Plato was a philosopher in classical Athens who studied under Socrates, ultimately becoming one of his most famed students. Following Socrates' execution, Plato left Athens in anger, rejecting politics as a career and traveling to Italy and Sicily. He returned ten years later to establish his school, the Academy (c. 387 BCE) – named after the Greek hero Akademos. Plato perceived education as a method to produce citizens who could operate as members of the civic community in Athens. In one sense, Plato believed Athenians could obtain education through the experiences of being a community member, but he also understood the importance of deliberate training, or Higher Education, in the development of civic virtue. Thus, his reasoning behind founding the academy – what is often credited as the first University.

It is at this school where Plato discussed much of his educational program, which he outlined in his best-known work – the ''Republic.'' In his writing, Plato describes the rigorous process one must go through in order to attain true virtue and understand reality for what it actually is. The education required of such achievement, according to Plato, included an elementary education in music, poetry, and physical training, two to three years of mandatory military training, ten years of mathematical science, five years of dialectic training, and fifteen years of practical political training. The few individuals equipped to reach such a level would become philosopher-kings, the leaders of Plato's ideal city.

= Aristotle (384–322 BC)

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Aristotle was a classical Greek philosopher. While born in Stagira, Chalkidice, Aristotle joined Plato's Academy in Athens during his late teenage years and remained there until the age of thirty-seven, withdrawing following Plato's death. His departure from the academy also signalled his departure from Athens. Aristotle left to join Hermeias, a former student at the academy, who had become the ruler of Atarneus and Assos in the north-western coast of Anatolia (present-day Turkey). He remained in Anatolia until, in 342 BCE, he received an invitation from King Philip of Macedon to become the educator of his thirteen-year-old son Alexander. Aristotle accepted the invitation and moved to Pella to begin his work with the boy who would soon become known as Alexander the Great. When Aristotle moved back to Athens in 352 BCE, Alexander helped finance Aristotle's school – the Lyceum. A significant part of the Lyceum was research. The school had a systematic approach to the collection of information. Aristotle believed dialectical relationships among students performing research could impede the pursuit of truth. Thus, much of the school's focus was on research done empirically.

Spartan system

Unlike Athens, the Spartan education is largely state-organised. The Spartan society desired that all male citizens become successful soldiers with the stamina and skills to defend their polis as members of a Spartan phalanx. It was a rumored by Plutarch, a Greek historian, that Sparta killed weak children.Ed. Sienkewicz, "Education and Training," ''Ancient Greece'' (New Jersey: Salem Press, Inc. 2007), 344. After examination, the council would either rule that the child was fit to live, or would reject the child, condemning him to death by abandonment and exposure.

Agoge

Military dominance was of extreme importance to the Spartans of Ancient Greece. In response, the Spartans structured their educational system as an extreme form of military boot camp, which they referred to as ''agoge''.Adkins and Adkins, ''Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece'' (New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2005), 104. The pursuit of intellectual knowledge was seen as trivial, and thus academic learning, such as reading and writing, was kept to a minimum. A Spartan boy's life was devoted almost entirely to his school, and that school had but one purpose: to produce an almost indestructible Spartan ''phalanx''. Formal education for a Spartan male began at about the age of seven when the state removed the boy from the custody of his parents and sent him to live in a barracks with many other boys his age. For all intents and purposes, the barracks was his new home, and the other males living in the barracks his family. For the next five years, until about the age of twelve, the boys would eat, sleep and train within their barracks unit and receive instruction from an adult male citizen who had completed all of his military training and experienced battle.

The instructor stressed discipline and exercise and saw to it that his students received little food and minimal clothing in an effort to force the boys to learn how to forage, steal and endure extreme hunger, all of which would be necessary skills in the course of a war. Those boys who survived the first stage of training entered into a secondary stage in which punishments became harsher and physical training and participation in sports almost non-stop in order to build up strength and endurance. During this stage, which lasted until the males were about eighteen years old, fighting within the unit was encouraged, mock battles were performed, acts of courage praised, and signs of cowardice and disobedience severely punished.Adkins and Adkins, ''Handbook'', 105

During the mock battles, the young men were formed into ''phalanxes'' to learn to maneuver as if they were one entity and not a group of individuals. To be more efficient and effective during maneuvers, students were also trained in dancing and music, because this would enhance their ability to move gracefully as a unit. Toward the end of this phase of the ''agoge'', the trainees were expected to hunt down and kill a Helot, a Spartan slave. If caught, the student would be convicted and disciplined-not for committing murder, but for his inability to complete the murder without being discovered.

Ephebe

The students would graduate from the ''agoge'' at the age of eighteen and receive the title of '' ephebes''. Upon becoming an ''ephebe'', the male would pledge strict and complete allegiance to Sparta and would join a private organization to continue training in which he would compete in gymnastics, hunting and performance with planned battles using real weapons. After two years, at the age of twenty, this training was finished and the now-grown men were officially regarded as Spartan soldiers.

Education of Spartan women

Spartan women, unlike their Athenian counterparts, received a formal education that was supervised and controlled by the state. Much of the public schooling received by the Spartan women revolved around physical education. Until about the age of eighteen women were taught to run, wrestle, throw a discus, and also to throw javelins. The skills of the young women were tested regularly in competitions such as the annual footrace at the Heraea of Elis, In addition to physical education, the young girls also were taught to sing, dance, and play instruments often by traveling poets such as Alcman or by the elderly women in the polis. The Spartan educational system for females was very strict because its purpose was to train future mothers of soldiers in order to maintain the strength of Sparta's phalanxes, which were essential to Spartan defense and culture.Pomeroy, ''Spartan Women'', 4.

Other Greek educators

Pythagoras (570–490 BCE)

Pythagoras was one of many Greek philosophers. He lived his life on the island Samos and is known for his contributions to mathematics. Pythagoras taught philosophy of life, religion, and mathematics in his own school in Kroton, which was a Greek colony. Pythagoras' school is linked to the Pythagorean theorem, which states that the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. The students of Pythagoras were known as Pythagoreans.

Pythagoreans

Pythagoreans followed a very specific way of life. They were famous for friendship, unselfishness, and honesty. The Pythagoreans also believed in a life after the current which drove them to be people who have no attachment to personal possessions everything was communal; they were also vegetarians. The people in a Pythagorean society were known as ''mathematikoi'' (μαθηματικοί, Greek for "learners").

Teachings

There are two forms that Pythagoras taught, Exoteric