Eduard Heinrich Graeffe or Gräffe (27 December 1833,

Zurich Zurich (; ) is the list of cities in Switzerland, largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is in north-central Switzerland, at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich. , the municipality had 448,664 inhabitants. The ...

– 23 April 1916

Ljubljana {{Infobox settlement , name = Ljubljana , official_name = , settlement_type = Capital city , image_skyline = {{multiple image , border = infobox , perrow = 1/2/2/1 , total_widt ...

) was a

Swiss Swiss most commonly refers to: * the adjectival form of Switzerland * Swiss people Swiss may also refer to: Places * Swiss, Missouri * Swiss, North Carolina * Swiss, West Virginia * Swiss, Wisconsin Other uses * Swiss Café, an old café located ...

zoologist Zoology ( , ) is the scientific study of animals. Its studies include the structure, embryology, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. Zoology is one ...

and

naturalist Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is cal ...

. As an

entomologist Entomology (from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (''éntomon''), meaning "insect", and -logy from λόγος (''lógos''), meaning "study") is the branch of zoology that focuses on insects. Those who study entomology are known as entomologists. In ...

, he specialised in

Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order of insects, comprising the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are parasitic. Females typi ...

Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advance ...

and

Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising more than 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, assassin bugs, bed bugs, and shield bugs. They range in size from ...

. From around 1860, Graeffe was in the employ of Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy, a wealthy shipping magnate from

Hamburg Hamburg (, ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,. is the List of cities in Germany by population, second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, 7th-lar ...

. Graeffe was hired in order to organize Godeffroy's natural history collection as a scientific museum, the "

Museum Godeffroy The Museum Godeffroy was a museum in Hamburg, Germany, which existed from 1861 to 1885. The collection was founded by Johann Cesar VI. Godeffroy, who became a wealthy shipping magnate a few years after the expansion of the trade towards Australia ...

".Collectors Index Herbarium
Lichen herbaria From 1862 to 1873, he was based in

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and known until 1997 as Western Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited ...

, conducting scientific research and collecting specimens from throughout the South Pacific. Among his writings of the expedition was: ''Reisen im Innern dei Insel Viti Levu'' (in: Neujahrsblatt der Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zürich auf das Jahr 1868, Nr. 70). From 1875 to 1898, he worked as an inspector at the Zoological Station in

Trieste Trieste ( , ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute, autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the Province of Trieste, ...

. The

Fiji whistler The white-throated Fiji whistler (''Pachycephala vitiensis'') is a species of bird in the family Pachycephalidae, Endemism, endemic to islands in southern Fiji. It was formerly considered to be conspecific with the yellow-throated Fiji whistler ( ...

(''Pachycephala graeffii'') is named in honor, as is ''Arthrocormus graeffii'', a

botanical Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who s ...

species described by German bryologist Karl Müller.

Selected works

* ''Beobachtungen über Radiaten und Würmer in Nizza'', 1858 - Observations of

Radiata Radiata or Radiates is a historical taxonomic rank that was used to classify animals with Symmetry (biology)#Radial symmetry, radially symmetric body plans. The term Radiata is no longer accepted, as it united several different groupings of anim ...

and worms in

Nice Nice ( ; ) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of nearly one million freshwater aquarium A freshwater aquarium is a receptacle that holds one or more freshwater aquatic organisms for decorative, pet-keeping, or research purposes. Modern aquariums are most often made from Transparency (optics), transparent glass or acrylic glass. Typi ...

. * ''Reisen nach verschiedenen Inseln der Südsee'' 1867-68 - Journeys to different islands in the South Seas. * ''Reise im Innern dei Insel Viti-Levu''. Neuejahrblatt der Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Zurich 70: 1-48. (1868) - Journey in the interior of

Viti Levu Viti Levu (pronounced ; ) is the largest island in Fiji. It is the site of the country's capital and largest city, Suva, and home to a large majority of Fiji's population. Geology Fiji lies in a plate tectonics, tectonically complex area betwe ...

. Translated into English by Stefanie Vuikabe Waine and published as "Travels in the interior of Vitilevu" (1986). * ''Ueber eine Sendung Vögel aus Huahine'', 1873 - About an avian shipment from

Huahine Huahine is an island located among the Society Islands, in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean, South Pacific Ocean. It is part of the Leeward Islands (Society Islands), Leeward Islands group ''(Îles sous le V ...

. * ''Topographie von Samoa'', 1873 - The topography of Samoa. * ''Samoa oder die Schifferinseln''. 1873 - Samoa or the Schiffer Islands. * ''Algen der Fidschi-, Tonga- und Samoa-Inseln, gesammelt von Eduard Graeffe'', 1874 (with

Albert Grunow Albert Grunow (3 November 1826, Berlin – 17 March 1914, Berndorf, Lower Austria) was a German-Austrian chemist and phycologist. He specialized in the study of diatoms. From 1851 he worked as a chemist in a metal works factory in Berndorf. I ...

) -

Algae Algae ( , ; : alga ) is an informal term for any organisms of a large and diverse group of photosynthesis, photosynthetic organisms that are not plants, and includes species from multiple distinct clades. Such organisms range from unicellular ...

from

Fiji Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about ...

Tonga Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania. The country has 171 islands, of which 45 are inhabited. Its total surface area is about , scattered over in the southern Pacific Ocean. accordin ...

and Samoa. * ''Coelenteraten'', 1882 -

Coelenterata Coelenterata is a term encompassing the animal phyla Cnidaria (corals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their relatives) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). The name comes , referring to the hollow body cavity common to these two phyla. Th ...

. * ''Ueber die Sprache, Sitten und Gebräuche der Samoaner'', 1888 - On the language, customs and other particulars of Samoans. * ''Contributo alla Fauna dei Ditteri dei dintorni di Trieste''. S.1-25. Trieste (1895), (with A. Funk). * ''Übersicht der Grabwespen (Fossores) des Küstenlandes'', (1912). * ''Die Carolineninsel Yap oder Guap nach den Mittheilungen von Alf. Tetens und Johann Kubary'', (Microform Reprint New Haven, Conn.) - The Carolines island of

Yap Yap (, sometimes written as , or ) traditionally refers to an island group located in the Caroline Islands of the western Pacific Ocean, a part of Yap State. The name "Yap" in recent years has come to also refer to the state within the Federate ...

or Guap according to the reports of

Alfred Tetens Alfred Tetens (1 July 1835, in Wilster – 13 January 1903, in Hamburg) was a German captain, South Seas explorer Exploration is the process of exploring, an activity which has some Expectation (epistemic), expectation of Discovery (observa ...

and Johann Kubary.Google Books
(publications)

Collections

Initially Graeffe's insect collection was in Das

in Hamburg. This collection was sold and Graeffe's specimens (and the material he had worked on) were divided between

Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste is a natural history museum in Trieste, northern Italy. It contains several collections, including more than two millions botanical, zoological, mineralogical, geological, and paleontological specimens. ...

(Hymenoptera, Diptera,

Orthoptera Orthoptera () is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets, including closely related insects, such as the bush crickets or katydids and wētā. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – gras ...

and Hemiptera) and the

Naturhistorisches Museum The Natural History Museum Vienna () is a large natural history museum located in Vienna, Austria. The NHM Vienna is one of the largest museums and non-university research institutions in Austria and an important center of excellence for all matt ...

(Hymenoptera,

Diptera and Hemiptera). At least some material also ended up in the

Museum für Naturkunde The Natural History Museum () is a natural history museum located in Berlin, Germany. It exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history and in such domain it is one of three major museums in Germany alongside Naturm ...

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

References

* Alberti, G. ''Uomini e Insetti; La collezioni del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Trieste e la loro Storia''. Trieste, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale : 1-54 5-54 * Conci, C. & Poggi, R. 1996 ''Iconography of Italian Entomologists, with essential biographical data''. Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital. 75 159-382, 418 Fig. 159-382

External links

Bishop Museum
Clarification of the authorship of ''

Xixuthrus heros The giant Fijian long-horned beetle (''Xixuthrus '') is native to the island of Viti Levu in Fiji, and is one of the largest living insect species, with specimens around 15 cm long, excluding arthropod leg, legs, antenna (biology), antennae, ...

'' a beetle described by Graeffe. {{DEFAULTSORT:Graeffe, Eduard Heinrich Scientists from Zurich Swiss entomologists 19th-century Swiss zoologists Dipterists Hymenopterists 1833 births 1916 deaths