Echinopsis Pachanoi

''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' (synonyms including ''Trichocereus pachanoi'' and ''Echinopsis pachanoi'') is a fast-growing columnar cactus found in the Andes at in altitude. It is one of a number of kinds of cacti known as San Pedro cactus. It is native to Ecuador, Peru and Colombia, but also found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Venezuela and cultivated in other parts of the world. Uses for it include traditional medicine and traditional veterinary medicine, and it is widely grown as an ornamental cactus. It has been used for healing and religious divination in the Andes Mountains region for over 3,000 years.

Description

''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' is native to Ecuador, Peru and Colombia. Its stems are light to dark green, sometimes glaucous, with a diameter of and usually 6–8 ribs. The whitish areoles may produce up to seven yellow to brown spines, each up to long although typically shorter in cultivated varieties, sometimes being mostly spineless. The number and length of the spines is a feature that distinguishes ''T. macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' from var. ''macrogonus'', which may have up to 20 spines with three or four longer and more robust central ones up to long. The areoles are spaced evenly along the ribs, approximately apart. ''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' is normally tall and has multiple branches, usually extending from the base but will emerge around broken branches. The tallest recorded specimen was tall. White flowers are produced at the end of the stems; they open at night and last for about two days. Large numbers can be produced by well established cacti and may open new flowers over a period of weeks. The flowers are large, around long with a diameter of up to and are highly fragrant. There are black hairs along the length of the thick base leading to the flower. Oblong dark green fruits are produced after fertilization, about across and long, eventually bursting open to reveal a white flesh filled with small seeds.

Taxonomy

''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' was first described as the species ''Trichocereus pachanoi'' by Britton and Rose in 1920. As a species, it has also been placed in the genera '' Cereus'' and '' Echinopsis''. It was reduced to a variety of '' Trichocereus macrogonus'' in 2012. It can be distinguished from ''T. macrogonus'' var. ''macrogonus'' by the smaller number of spines per areole, and usually being somewhat shorter with more slender stems.

Traditional uses

''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' is known by many names throughout South America such as ''achuma,'' ''huachuma,'' ''wachuma,'' ''aguacolla,'' ''hahuacollay,'' ''lapituq'', ''tsuná'', ''San Pedro'' or ''giganton''. It has a long history of being used in Andean traditional medicine. Archaeological studies have found evidence of use going back two thousand years, to Moche culture, Nazca culture, and Chavín culture. Although Roman Catholic church authorities after the Spanish conquest attempted to suppress its use, this failed, as shown by the Christian element in the common name "San Pedro cactus" – Saint Peter cactus. The name is attributed to the belief that just as St Peter holds the keys to heaven, the effects of the cactus allow users "to reach heaven while still on earth." In 2022, the Peruvian Ministry of Culture declared the traditional use of San Pedro cactus in northern Peru as cultural heritage.

Alkaloids

''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' contains a number of alkaloids (especially cactus alkaloids), including the well-studied chemical mescaline (from 0.053% up to 4.7% of dry cactus weight), and also 3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine, 3-Methoxytyramine, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, anhalonidine, anhalinine, hordenine, and tyramine.

Mescaline is a psychedelic drug and entheogen, which is also found in some species of the genus '' Echinopsis'' (e.g. '' Echinopsis lageniformis'', '' Echinopsis scopulicola'' and '' Echinopsis tacaquirensis'') and the species '' Lophophora williamsii'' ( peyote). Mescaline induces a psychedelic state comparable to those produced by LSD and psilocybin, but with unique characteristics. According to a research project in the Netherlands, ceremonial San Pedro use seems to be characterized by relatively strong spiritual experiences, and low incidence of challenging experiences.

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the highest concentration of active substances is found in the layer of green photosynthetic tissue just beneath the skin. Mescaline is not evenly distributed within single specimens of San Pedro cactus.

Cultivation

''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' in USDA hardiness zones 8b to 10. The range of minimum temperatures in which it is known to grow is between -9.4 °C and 10 °C. Because it grows naturally in the Andes at high altitude and with high rainfall, it can withstand temperatures far below that of many other cacti. It requires fertile, free-draining soil. A good soil mix includes an inorganic lightweight substrate such as pumice or perlite. Plants grow up to 30 cm per year. They are susceptible to fungal diseases if over-watered, but are not nearly as sensitive as many other cacti, especially in warm weather when they are in their growth phase. They can be sunburned and display a yellowing chlorotic reaction to overexposure to sunlight.

In winter, plants will etiolate, or become thin, due to lower levels of light. This may be problematic if the etiolated zone is not sufficiently strong to support future growth as the cactus may break in strong winds.

In Oaxaca, Mexico, they are commonly planted close together to make an impenetrable cactus fence.

Propagation from cuttings

Like many other plants, ''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' can be propagated from cuttings. The result is a genetic clone of the parent plant. It is therefore a popular method of propagating highly prized cultivars, sometimes by grafting small cuttings onto fast-growing cultivars like the Predominant Cultivar (PC). Some names of cultivars that are highly prized by cactus collectors are Ogunbodede, Lapaz, Vilcabamba A, and Yowie.

A cactus column can be also laid on its side on the ground (like a log), and eventually roots will sprout from it and grow into the ground. After time, sprouts will form and cactus columns will grow upward out of it along its length.

From seed

Like a lot of its relatives, ''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi'' is easily grown from seed, often by means of a so-called "Takeaway Tek". This term refers to the practice of the sowing of ''Trichocereus'' (and sometimes other types of cactus) seed into plastic containers, such as those many food takeaways are delivered in. This creates a semi-controlled humidity environment chamber for six months to a year, in which the seed may germinate and then grow relatively unbothered by environmental contamination. To accelerate the growth of seedlings, they can be grafted on Pereskiopsis.

Legality

In most countries, it is legal to cultivate ''Trichocereus macrogonus'' var. ''pachanoi''. In countries where possession of mescaline and related compounds is illegal and highly penalized, cultivation for the purposes of consumption is most likely illegal and also highly penalized. This is the case in the United States, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Germany, and New Zealand, where it is currently legal to cultivate the San Pedro cactus for gardening and ornamental purposes, but not for consumption.

Gallery

File:Echinopsis pachanoi in bloom.jpg
File:Echinopsis pachanoi in bloom nighttime.jpg
File:Echinopsis pachanoi in bloom top view.jpg
File:E pachanoi flower stalks.jpg
File:Starr 070320-5797 Echinopsis pachanoi.jpg
File:Starr 070320-5800 Echinopsis pachanoi.jpg
File:Starr 070320-5796 Echinopsis pachanoi.jpg
File:Starr 070320-5798 Echinopsis pachanoi.jpg
File:Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpg
File:Cactus in Huntington Library Botanical Garden, California.jpg
File:Chavin-cactus-stone.jpg
File:Pachanoi flower in bloom.jpg
File:Sanpedroflower.jpg
File:Seeds SanPedro (E. pachanoi).JPG, Seeds
File:Echinopsis pachanoi jeune pousse.jpg, Three-week-old seedling
File:San Pedro 5 months old 1.JPG, Five-month-old seedling
File:Echinopsis pachanoi flowering at night in New Zealand.jpg
File:Echinopsis pachanoi ripe fruit.jpg, The fruit after bursting open, revealing the seeds in a sweet flesh.
File:E pachanoi ripe fruit.jpg, Ripe fruits
File:San-pedro-timelapse.gif, Blooming habit

See also

* Ayahuasca
* Chavín de Huántar
* Cimora
* El Paraíso, Peru
* Guitarrero Cave
* List of psychoactive plants
* Psychedelic microdosing
* Stela of the cactus bearer

References

Further reading

* Jay, Mike (2019). ''Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic''. Yale University Press.
* Pollan, Michael (2021). ''This Is Your Mind on Plants''. Penguin Press.
* Sharon, Douglas (2000). ''Shamanism & the Sacred Cactus: Ethnoarchaeological Evidence for San Pedro Use in Northern Peru.'' San Diego Museum of Man.

External links

Cactus Culture Volume 1: Trichocereus
by Patrick Noll
Collective Statement from the Curanderos and Curanderas of North Peru on the State of Conservation of the San Pedro Cactus, their Traditional Knowledge, and the Use of Wild San Pedro by Foreigners
by Curanderos and Curanderas of North Peru and Allies

San Pedro: Basic Info
– International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ICEERS)

Psychoactive Cacti vault
– Erowid

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q92450324, from2=Q14931625, from3=Q133426

macrogonus pachanoi
5-HT2A agonists
Cacti of South America
Entheogens
Flora of Ecuador
Flora of Peru
Flora of the Andes
Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
Medicinal plants of South America
Night-blooming plants
Psychoactive cacti
Psychedelic drugs
Psychedelic phenethylamine carriers
Plants described in 1920