Dora Elisabeth Jacobsohn (1908–1983) was a German-Swedish

physiologist Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical ...

and

endocrinologist Endocrinology (from ''endocrine'' + '' -ology'') is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events ...

. Considered one of the early pioneers of the field of

neuroendocrinology Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology (specifically of physiology) which studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system; i.e. how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body. The nervous and endocrine ...

, she is best known for her work with Geoffrey Harris showing that the

anterior pituitary gland A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior) is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the p ...

is controlled by the

hypothalamus The hypothalamus () is a part of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus ...

via the

hypophyseal portal system The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hy ...

Biography

Jacobsohn was born in Berlin in 1908. She earned her M.D. in Germany in 1933, but she was not allowed to practice medicine in Germany because she was

Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

. Fleeing

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

, Jacobsohn moved to Sweden in 1934, where she had family. There, she met Axel Westman at the

Uppsala University Hospital Uppsala University Hospital ( sv, Akademiska sjukhuset'', often referred to colloquially as "Akademiska" or "Ackis"'') in Uppsala, Sweden, is a teaching hospital for the Uppsala University Faculty of Medicine and the Nursing School. Uppsala Univer ...

, who permitted her to observe and assist in his endocrinological research on ovulation and reproduction in hypophysectomized (pituitary removed) animals. Although Jacobsohn was not permitted to do research as she was a foreigner without a Swedish degree, she worked with Westman at

Lund University , motto = Ad utrumque , mottoeng = Prepared for both , established = , type = Public research university , budget = SEK 9 billion In 1944, she gained Swedish citizenship and in 1948, a Swedish medical degree, with a thesis on mammary gland development. This allowed her to finally become a professor at Lund University. In 1952, the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund changed their rules to accept women, and she was elected a society Fellow. In 1964, she was promoted to Director of Experimental Endocrinology at Lund University. Jacobsohn never married, and died in 1983 after a nearly year-long coma due to a traffic accident.

Research contributions

In collaboration with Geoffrey Harris at

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a university city and the county town in Cambridgeshire, England. It is located on the River Cam approximately north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of Cambridge was 145,700. Cambridge beca ...

, Jacobsohn performed a series of elegant transplantation experiments, showing that pituitary grafts could only stimulate ovulation when in connection with the hypothalamus / mid brain, not the temporal lobe or other parts of the body. This first showed that the anterior pituitary must be controlled by, and in contact with, the brain via the hypothalamus. Further, they showed that the blood vessels (via the hypophyseal portal system), rather than nervous stimulation, was necessary for stimulating the anterior pituitary. This work founded the brain's role in hormonal regulation, helping to establish the field of

. She also did work showing that the

posterior pituitary The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland which is part of the endocrine system. The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary. Instead, it is largely a collection of axo ...

is required for

milk ejection Milk is a white liquid food produced by the mammary glands of mammals. It is the primary source of nutrition for young mammals (including breastfeeding, breastfed human infants) before they are able to digestion, digest solid food. Immune fact ...

, later discovered to be mediated by the hormone

oxytocin Oxytocin (Oxt or OT) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It plays a role in social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. Oxytoci ...

. Later in her career, she studied the effects of androgens and sex steroids on sexual development in rodents.

Biography

Research contributions

References

Further reading