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Trypan blue is an
Trypan blue is also used in ophthalmic cataract surgery to stain the anterior capsule in the presence of a mature cataract, to aid in visualization, before creating the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. In
NCBI bookshelf
Protocol for use of the dye
(PDF) from Northwestern University *
azo dye
Azo dyes are organic compounds bearing the functional group R−N=N−R′, in which R and R′ are usually aryl and substituted aryl groups. They are a commercially important family of azo compounds, i.e. compounds containing the C-N=N ...
. It is a direct dye
A substantive dye or direct dye is a dye that adheres to its substrate, typically a textile, by non-ionic forces.
Overview
The amount of this attraction is known as "substantivity": the higher the substantivity the greater the attraction of t ...
for cotton textiles. In biosciences, it is used as a vital stain to selectively colour dead tissues or cells
Cell most often refers to:
* Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life
Cell may also refer to:
Locations
* Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...
blue.
Live cells or tissues with intact cell membranes are not coloured. Since cells are very selective in the compounds that pass through the membrane, in a viable cell trypan blue is not absorbed; however, it traverses the membrane in a dead cell. Hence, dead cells appear as a distinctive blue colour under a microscope. Since live cells are excluded from staining, this staining method is also described as a dye exclusion method.
Background and chemistry
Trypan blue is derived from toluidine, that is, any of several isomeric bases, C14H16N2, derived from toluene. Trypan blue is so-called because it can killtrypanosomes
Trypanosomatida is a group of kinetoplastid excavates distinguished by having only a single flagellum. The name is derived from the Greek ''trypano'' (borer) and ''soma'' (body) because of the corkscrew-like motion of some trypanosomatid species. ...
, the parasites that cause sleeping sickness. An analog of trypan blue, suramin, is used pharmacologically against trypanosomiasis. Trypan blue is also known as diamine blue and Niagara blue.
The extinction coefficient for trypan blue is 6⋅104 M−1 cm−1 at 607 nm in methanol.
Trypan red and trypan blue were first synthesized by the German scientist Paul Ehrlich in 1904.
Uses of trypan blue
Trypan blue is commonly used inmicroscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of micr ...
(for cell counting) and in laboratory mice for assessment of tissue viability. The method cannot distinguish between necrotic and apoptotic cells.
It may be used to observe fungal hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.
Structure
A hypha consists of one or ...
e and stramenopiles.
Trypan blue is also used in ophthalmic cataract surgery to stain the anterior capsule in the presence of a mature cataract, to aid in visualization, before creating the continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis. In keratoplasty
Corneal transplantation, also known as corneal grafting, is a surgical procedure where a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by donated corneal tissue (the graft). When the entire cornea is replaced it is known as penetrating keratoplasty ...
, trypan blue can be used to stain the posterior stromal fibers during deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) and to stain the endothelium in Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK). Trypan blue is used in vitreoretinal surgeries also.
In early 20th century, the existence of a barrier protective toward the brain ( blood brain barrier) was inferred, based on the observation that injection of trypan blue in animals led to whole‐body staining except for the brain and spinal cord.
Synonyms
*Azidine blue 3B *Benzamine blue 3B *Benzo Blue bB *Chlorazol blue 3B *Diamine blue 3B *Dianil blue H3G *Direct blue 14 *Niagara blue 3BFurther reading
* Chapter "Detection of Caspase Activation Combined with Other Probes of Apoptosis", Eurekah Bioscience CollectionNCBI bookshelf
Protocol for use of the dye
(PDF) from Northwestern University *
References
{{Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators Azo dyes Cell culture reagents Vital stains IARC Group 2B carcinogens Naphthalenesulfonic acids 1-Naphthols Naphthylamines fr:Bleu de trypan#Coloration au bleu de trypan