Dioscorea alata

''Dioscorea alata''also called ube (), ubi, purple yam, or greater yam, among many other namesis a species of yam (a tuber). The tubers are usually a vivid violet-purple to bright lavender (hence the common name), but some range from creamy-white to plain white. It is sometimes confused with taro and the Okinawa sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'' ' Ayamurasaki'), however ''D. alata'' is also grown in Okinawa. Its origins are in the Asian and Oceanian tropics. Some varieties attain to great size. A "Mambatap" greater yam grown in Maprik, East Sepik District, Papua New Guinea around 1939 was in length.

Names

Because it has become naturalized following its origins in Asia, specifically the Philippines, through tropical South America, and the southeastern United States, ''D. alata'' is referred to by many different names in these regions. In English alone, aside from purple yam, other common names include ten-months yam, water yam, white yam, winged yam, violet yam, Guyana arrowroot, or simply yam.

History of cultivation

''Dioscorea alata'' is one of the most important staple crops in Austronesian cultures. It is one of various species of yams that were domesticated and cultivated independently within Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea for their starchy tubers, including the round yam ('' Dioscorea bulbifera''), ''ubi gadung'' ('' Dioscorea hispida''), lesser yam ('' Dioscorea esculenta''), Pacific yam (''Dioscorea nummularia''), fiveleaf yam ('' Dioscorea pentaphylla''), and pencil yam ('' Dioscorea transversa''). Among these, ''D. alata'' and ''D. esculenta'' were the only ones regularly cultivated and eaten, while the rest were usually considered as famine food due to their higher levels of the toxin dioscorine which requires that they be prepared correctly before consumption. ''D. alata'' is also cultivated more than ''D. esculenta'', largely because of its much larger tubers.

''D. alata'' and ''D. esculenta'' were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the Austronesian expansion. ''D. alata'' in particular were introduced into the Pacific Islands and New Zealand. They were also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros.

The center of origin of purple yam is in the Philippines, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea before the Austronesian expansion. Purple yam is believed to be a true cultigen, only known from its cultivated forms. The vast majority of cultivars are sterile, which restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed, without evidence, an origin in Mainland Southeast Asia, but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the Philippines and New Guinea.

Based on archaeological evidence of early farming plots and plant remains in the Kuk Swamp site, authors have suggested that it was first domesticated in the highlands of New Guinea from around 10,000 BP and spread into Island Southeast Asia via the Lapita culture at around c. 4,000 BP, along with ''D. nummularia'' and ''D. bulbifera''. In turn, ''D. esculenta'' is believed to have been introduced by the Lapita culture into New Guinea. There is also evidence of an agricultural revolution during this period brought by innovations from contact with Austronesians, including the development of wet cultivation.

However, much older remains identified as being probably ''D. alata'' have also been recovered from the Niah Caves of Borneo (Late Pleistocene, <40,000 BP) and the Ille Cave of Palawan (c. 11,000 BP), along with remains of the toxic ''ubi gadung'' (''D. hispida'') which requires processing before it can be edible. Although it doesn't prove cultivation, it does show that humans already had the knowledge to exploit starchy plants and that ''D. alata'' were native to Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it opens the question on whether ''D. alata'' is a true species or cultivated much older than believed.

Purple yam remains an important crop in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in Melanesia, where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern Polynesia and New Zealand, however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the sweet potato.

Uses

Culinary

Purple yams have edible tubers which have a mildly sweet, earthy and nutty taste, reminiscent of sweet potatoes or taro. The violet cultivars, in particular, turn dishes distinctively vivid violet because of the high amount of anthocyanins. Purple yams are also valued for the starch that can be processed from them.
Purple yam is most common in Philippine cuisine (where it is known as ''ube'' or ''ubi''). It is widely applied for many Philippine desserts, such as ube cake, ube cheesecake and ube crinkles, as well as an ingredient or flavor for ice cream, milk, donuts, tarts, jam and other types of pastries. It is often eaten boiled, baked, or as a sweetened dessert called '' ube halayá''; the latter being a popular ingredient in the iced dessert called '' halo-halo''. Purple yam desserts have more recently entered the United States through Philippine cuisine, under the Filipino name "ube". It is particularly popular due to the striking violet-purple color it gives to desserts.

Purple yam is commonly confused with purple/violet varieties of sweet potatoes because of their similarities in color, taste, and culinary uses. However, like other yams, purple yam tends to have a moister texture than sweet potatoes. Purple yams also have higher anthocyanin content than sweet potatoes. They can otherwise be used interchangeably in most recipes.

Ube halaya, Filipino dessert.jpg, Ube halaya (mashed purple yam) from the Philippines
Ube champorado.jpg, Ube champorado from the Philippines
Piaya flatbread (Philippines) 01.jpg, Ube and muscovado piayas from the Philippines
Undhiyu.jpg, Undhiyu from Gujarat, India
Okinawan sweet potato pancakes with coconut ube sauce.jpg, Okinawan sweet potato pancakes with coconut ube sauce
Ube crepe cake.jpg, A slice of ube crepe cake
Ubecupcakes.jpg, Purple yam cupcakes with flan top layers
Ube doughnut.jpg, Filipino ube donut
File:Ube_Mamón1.jpg , Ube Mamón
Halo-Halo.jpg, Halo-halo with ube halaya

Supplements, folk medicine and adverse effects

Although available as a dietary supplement and used in folk medicine, there is no clinical evidence that ''D. alata'' has any therapeutic properties. Use of ''D. alata'' supplements may have adverse effects in people taking estrogens, anticoagulant drugs or during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Some people may have allergic reactions to use of ''D. alata'' supplements.

''D. alata'' has relatively high levels of oxalates (486–781 mg/100 g dry matter), which are associated with antinutritional effects and kidney stone formation.

Other uses

The color of purple varieties is due to various anthocyanin pigments. The pigments are water-soluble, and have been proposed as possible food coloring agents. ''D. alata'' is sometimes grown in gardens for its ornamental value.

As an invasive species

''Dioscorea alata'' is native to the Philippines, as well as surrounding areas (Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan). It has escaped from its native growth area and into the wild in many other places, becoming naturalized in parts of southern and east-central China, Africa and Madagascar, the Western Hemisphere, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans. It persists in the wild in Haiti, as well as the United States, in Hawaii, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and in Florida where it is considered an invasive species.Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution map
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Gallery

File:Starr 061106-1435 Dioscorea alata.jpg, Purple yam leaves
File:Starr-061106-1437-Dioscorea alata-flowers-Maui Nui Botanical Garden-Maui (24572888200).jpg, Purple yam flowers

See also

*Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
*''Colocasia esculenta''
*''Alocasia macrorrhizos''
*''Amorphophallus paeoniifolius''
*''Cyrtosperma merkusii''
*''Ipomoea batatas''

References

External links

*
Images
from Forestry Images (webpages from the University of Georgia's Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health)

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1932852

alata
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Yams (vegetable)
Flora of tropical Asia
Maharashtrian cuisine
Filipino cuisine
Austronesian agriculture