Dharampal
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Dharampal () (19 February 1922 – 24 October 2006) was an Indian historian, historiographer, and a
Gandhian The followers of Mahatma Gandhi,one of the prominent figure of the Indian independence movement, are called Gandhians. Gandhi's legacy includes a wide range of ideas ranging from his dream of ideal India (or ''Rama Rajya)'', economics, environ ...
thinker. Dharampal primary works are based on documentation by the colonial government on Indian education, agriculture, technology, and arts during the period of colonial rule in India. He is most known for his works ''The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century'' (1983), ''Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century'' (1971) and ''Civil Disobedience and Indian Tradition'' (1971), among other seminal works, which have led to a radical reappraisal of conventional views of the cultural, scientific and technological achievements of Indian society at the eve of the establishment of
Company rule in India Company rule in India (also known as the Company Raj, from Hindi , ) refers to regions of the Indian subcontinent under the control of the British East India Company (EIC). The EIC, founded in 1600, established its first trading post in India ...
. Dharampal was instrumental in changing the understanding of pre-colonial Indian education system. In 2001, he was named chairman of the National Commission on Cattle and Minister of State by the Government of India.


Early life and education

Born in Kandhla, in the present
Shamli district Shamli is a district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. This district was carved out from Muzaffarnagar District on 28 September 2011 as Prabudh Nagar and renamed Shamli in July 2012. Shamli is the headquarters of the district. Shamli is lo ...
, UP (then in United Provinces), his family shifted to Lahore in the late 1920s, where he studied at moved to Lahore in the late 1920s, where he went on to complete his schooling from Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore. In 1938, he joined Government College, Lahore, to study B.Sc.in Physics, though in 1940, he transferred to Meerut College but soon left education altogether in October 1940 to join the
Indian independence movement The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events in South Asia with the ultimate aim of ending British Raj, British colonial rule. It lasted until 1947, when the Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed. The first nationalistic ...
. Later he also took part in the Quit India movement.


Career

In 1944 he joined Mirabehn, Kisan Ashram near Roorkee-Haridwar, followed by Bapugram near Rishikesh. In 1950 he left the field to start research and writing. Life and Chronology
/ref> He was married to Phyllis Ellen Ford in 1949, and the couple had three children Pradeep, Gita and Anjali. Gita Dharmpal (b. 1952), retired as Professor and Head of, the Department of History, South Asia Institute,
Heidelberg University Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (; ), is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Founded in 1386 on instruction of Pope Urban VI, Heidelberg is Germany's oldest unive ...
, and became Council Member of
Indian Council of Social Science Research The Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) is the national body overseeing research in the social sciences in India. It was established in New Delhi New Delhi (; ) is the Capital city, capital of India and a part of the Delh ...
and Honorary Dean of Research at the Gandhi Research Foundation (GRF), Jalgaon Post Indo-China War of 1962, wherein India suffered losses, he along with N.N. Datta and Roop Narain, signed an open letter against the response of the Jawaharlal Nehru government on November 21, 1962. This led to the arrest of all three, and subsequent imprisonment in the
Tihar Jail Tihar Prisons, popularly known as Tihar Jail, are a prison complex in India and are one of the largest complexes of prisons in India. There are 9 functional prisons spread over more than 400 acres. Run by Department of Delhi Prisons, the prison ...
in Delhi for 2 months, causing much public debate. Post 1981, he largely lived in Mahatma Gandhi's ashram Sevagram Ashram Pratishthan near Wardha. His wife died in 1986, later he died in 2006.


Relevance

Dharampal's pioneering historical research, conducted intensively over a decade, led to the publication of works that provide evidence from extensive early British administrators' reports of the widespread prevalence of educational institutions in the Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies as well as in the Punjab, teaching a sophisticated curriculum, with daily school attendance by about 30% of children aged 6–15. Dharampal highlights the indigenous education system in India during the pre-colonial and around the eve of British colonial era. In 1818, the fall of
Maratha Empire The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern India, early modern polity in the Indian subcontinent. It comprised the realms of the Peshwa and four major independent List of Maratha dynasties and states, Ma ...
led to large parts of India coming under direct
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...
rule. During the decade of 1820–30, following instructions from authorities in London, various provincial governments in India carried out detailed surveys of the indigenous education system prevalent in their provinces. The survey in Madras Presidency, which was perhaps the most detailed, was conducted by A.D Campbell, the collector of Bellary, during 1822–25. A survey in some selected districts of the Bombay Presidency was first conducted during 1824–25, followed by another similar survey in 1828–29. In 1835, on instruction from the Governor-General William Bentinck, William Adam, a missionary of the Unitary Church, conducted a survey of indigenous education in five districts of the Bengal Presidency: Birbhum, Burdwan, South Bihar, Tirhut and parts of Murshidabad. Adam also personally carried out a detailed statistical survey of the area under the Thana of Natore in the district of Rajshahi. G.L. Prendergast, a member of the Governor's Council in Bombay Presidency, recorded the following about indigenous schools on 27 June 1821:


Sociological Data

These survey data also reveals the wide social strata to which both the students and the teachers in these schools belonged. Survey records teachers were represented by all caste groups, including a minority of teachers from now former untouchable castes. The more interesting and historically more relevant information provided by the caste-wise survey of this data is that of the students, the majority of whom belonged to the Shudra caste. This is true not only as regards boys but also concerning the rather small number of girls who, according to the survey, were receiving education in schools.


Works

*
The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century
' (1983). Translated into Kannada by Madhava Peraje with the title ''Cheluva Taru'' *
Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century
' (1971) *
Civil Disobedience and Indian Tradition
', Sarv Sewa Sangh, Varanasi. (1971) *
Bharatiya Cit Manas Kala
' (Hindi), 1991. * ''Angrazon se Pehale ka Bharat'' (Hindi) * ''Bharat ka Svadharma, Itihas Vartaman aur Bhavishya ka Sandarbha'' (Hindi), Vagdevi Prakashan, Bikenar, 1994. *''Despoliation and Defaming of India - The Early Nineteenth Century British Crusade'', Bharat Peetam, Warda, 1999. *
Bharat Ki Pehchaan
' (Hindi). Siddh Publication, 2003 *
Rediscovering India
', SIDH, Mussoorie, 2003. * ''Understanding Gandhi'', Other India Press, Goa 2003. *'
The British Origin of Cow-slaughter in India
' (2003) By Dharampal, T. M. Mukundan. SIDH, Mussourie. 2002, ISBN 8187827041. *''Understanding Gandhi'' (2003) Essays on Gandhi.
Dharampal Collected Writings in 5 Volumes
Other India Press, 2000
at Archive.org
**Vol 1: Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century **Vol 2: Civil Disobedience in the Indian Tradition **Vol 3: The Beautiful Tree Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century **Vol 4: Panchayat Raj and India's polity **Vol 5: Essays on Tradition, Recovery and Freedom (which included the Bharatiya Chit, Manas and Kaal)
Essential Writings of Dharampal
ed. Gita Dharampal, Gandhi Foundation, Pub Division, 2015. ISBN 978-81-230-2040-2.


Works in Translations

* The book "The Beautiful Tree" is translated into Kannada as "Cheluva Taru". * The Book "The Beautiful Tree"" is also translated into Tamil as "அழகிய மரம்" By Mr. B. R. Mahadevan author and Kilaku Pathipagam(கிழக்கு பதிப்பகம்).


References


External links


Dharampal

Dharampal's India – Samanvaya



AVARD - Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development
{{Authority control New Imperialism Historians of India 20th-century Indian historians 1922 births 2006 deaths Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh People from Muzaffarnagar Writers from Uttar Pradesh Historiographers Quit India Movement 20th-century Indian scholars Public historians Historians of science Historians of education