''Delia'' flies are members of the
Anthomyiidae
The Anthomyiidae are a large and diverse family (biology), family of Muscoidea fly, flies. Most look rather like small houseflies. Most species are drab grey to black. Many ''Pegomya'' are yellow, and some members of the genus, genera ''Ant ...
family within the superfamily
Muscoidea
Muscoidea is a superfamily of flies in the subsection Calyptratae. Muscoidea, with approximately 7000 described species, is nearly 5% of the known species level diversity of the Diptera, the true flies. Most muscoid flies are saprophagous, copr ...
.
The identification of different species of ''Delia'' can be very difficult for non-specialists as the diagnostic characteristics used for immature and/or female specimens may be inconsistent between species.
Past taxonomic keys were not as comprehensive in their identification of ''Delia'' specimens; they were either too reliant on genetic characteristics, focused solely on a specific life stage, or were focused only on certain species.
However current taxonomic keys aim to be more thorough by not only including morphological diagnostics for males, females, and immature specimens of various species, but also their genetic make-up or molecular barcode.
Certain ''Delia'' species are of great economic importance as they are
agricultural pests
A pest is any organism harmful to humans or human concerns. The term is particularly used for creatures that damage crops, livestock, and forestry or cause a nuisance to people, especially in their homes. Humans have modified the environment fo ...
. The
larva
A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...
e of these flies, which tunnel into roots and stems of host plants, can cause considerable yield losses. Although most members of this genus have larvae that feed on stems, flowers, roots, and fruits of plants, a few others have larvae that are leaf miners. As herbivores, ''Delia'' flies can be categorized as a
generalist or a
specialist
A specialist is someone who is an expert in, or devoted to, some specific branch of study or research.
Specialist may also refer to:
Occupations
* Specialist (rank), military rank
** Specialist (Singapore)
* Specialist officer, military rank in ...
depending on their diet.
Those that can eat and safely digest a wide variety of plants are known as generalists, whereas those that feed on one sole plant type are known as specialists.
Specialists typically have the ability to tolerate and/or enzymatically detoxify the harmful allelochemicals produced by the plants they feed on. Common specialist species that are detrimental to crops include ''D. radicum'' (cabbage fly) and ''D. floralis'' (turnip root fly), which feed on the roots and/or leaves of Brassica crops, ''
D. antiqua'' (onion fly), ''
D. platura'' (seed-corn fly), ''
D. florilega'' (bean-seed fly), which feed on
allium
''Allium'' is a large genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants with around 1000 accepted species, making ''Allium'' the largest genus in the family Amaryllidaceae and among the largest plant genera in the world. Many of the species are edible, ...
roots and leaves, and ''
D. coarctata'' (wheat-bulb flies) which feed on cereals.
Geographical distribution
The genus ''Delia'' contains approximately 300–340 species worldwide (excluding
Neotropical
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone.
Definition
In biogeogra ...
species). At present about 170 species are recorded from the
Palaearctic
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is a biogeographic realm of the Earth, the largest of eight. Confined almost entirely to the Eastern Hemisphere, it stretches across Europe and Asia, north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa.
Th ...
region, and 162 species from the
Nearctic
The Nearctic realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface.
The Nearctic realm covers most of North America, including Greenland, Central Florida, and the highlands of Mexico. The parts of North America ...
region, 44 of which are
Holarctic
The Holarctic realm is a biogeographic realm that comprises the majority of habitats found throughout the continents in the Northern Hemisphere. It corresponds to the floristic Boreal Kingdom. It includes both the Nearctic zoogeographical reg ...
.
Afrotropical
The Afrotropical realm is one of the Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Sub-Saharan Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. It was formerly known as the Ethiopi ...
fauna includes 20 ''Delia'' species.
Griffiths
described 49 new species in his recent revision of the Nearctic species, nearly a third of the present Nearctic total, and similar intensive revisions in other parts of the world are expected to produce many more, especially in the
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...
, mountainous regions of
Central Asia
Central Asia is a region of Asia consisting of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the Persian language, Pers ...
,
Nepal
Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China Ch ...
, and
Mongolia
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south and southeast. It covers an area of , with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's List of countries and dependencies by po ...
.
Biology
Morphologically speaking, adult ''Delia'' flies resemble the common
housefly
The housefly (''Musca domestica'') is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha. It possibly originated in the Middle East, and Cosmopolitan distribution, spread around the world as a commensal of humans. Adults are gray to black, with four dark, lo ...
and species possess subtle differences in size, colouring, and location and length of bristles throughout the body.
Furthermore, male and female flies experience minor
sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different Morphology (biology), morphological characteristics, including characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most dioecy, di ...
.
The larvae of ''Delia'' have three larval
instar
An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'' 'form, likeness') is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, which occurs between each moult (''ecdysis'') until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to ...
stages, and the morphology of the larval tubercles and spiracles are used to differentiate between species.
As the larvae of ''Delia'' flies attach and feed on various plant parts, each of their three larval instars have a specialized respiratory system to facilitate survival within the aqueous and acidic environment of the putrefying host plant. The third larval instar is commonly used for identification purposes of species that are of economic importance.
The eggs of ''Delia'' specimens are generally white in colour and elongated ovular in shape with distinctive hatching pleats on the surface of the egg, which are unique to each species.
Agricultural pest
Six species of ''Delia'' (''
D. antiqua'', ''
D. floralis'', ''
D. florilega'', ''
D. planipalpis'', ''
D. platura'', ''
D. radicum'') are common agricultural pests during their larval stage, causing severe economic loss throughout North America and Europe.
The most notable species are ''D. radicum'' and ''D. antiqua''.
''Delia radicum'' larvae, commonly known as cabbage maggot, has caused significant damage by feeding and burrowing within the roots of members of the
Brassica
''Brassica'' () is a genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, mustard plants, or simply brassicas. Crops from this genus are sometim ...
family including
cabbage
Cabbage, comprising several cultivars of '' Brassica oleracea'', is a leafy green, red (purple), or white (pale green) biennial plant grown as an annual vegetable crop for its dense-leaved heads. It is descended from the wild cabbage ( ''B.& ...
(''Brassica oleracea''),
canola
file:CanolaBlooms.JPG, Close-up of canola blooms
file:Canola Flower.jpg, Canola flower
Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils. There are both Edible oil, edible and industrial forms produced from rapeseed, the seed of several ...
(''Brassica napus''),
rutabaga
Rutabaga (; North American English) or swede (British English and some Commonwealth English) is a root vegetable, a form of ''Brassica napus'' (which also includes rapeseed). Other names include Swedish turnip, neep (Scots language, Scots), an ...
(''Brassica napobrassica''),
broccoli
Broccoli (''Brassica oleracea'' var. ''italica'') is an edible green plant in the Brassicaceae, cabbage family (family Brassicaceae, genus ''Brassica'') whose large Pseudanthium, flowering head, plant stem, stalk and small associated leafy gre ...
(''Brassica oleracea'' var. italica),
cauliflower
Cauliflower is one of several vegetables cultivated from the species '' Brassica oleracea'' in the genus '' Brassica'', which is in the Brassicaceae (or mustard) family. Cauliflower usually grows with one main stem that carries a large, rou ...
(''Brassica oleracea'' var. botrytis'')'',
turnip
The turnip or white turnip ('' Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''rapa'') is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot. Small, tender varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties a ...
(''Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''rapa''), and
radish
The radish (''Raphanus sativus'') is a flowering plant in the mustard family, Brassicaceae. Its large taproot is commonly used as a root vegetable, although the entire plant is edible and its leaves are sometimes used as a leaf vegetable. Origina ...
(''Raphanus sativus'').
''Delia antiqua'' larvae'','' commonly known as the onion maggot, is a prominent agricultural pest on members of the ''
Allium
''Allium'' is a large genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants with around 1000 accepted species, making ''Allium'' the largest genus in the family Amaryllidaceae and among the largest plant genera in the world. Many of the species are edible, ...
'' genus including
onion
An onion (''Allium cepa'' , from Latin ), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus '' Allium''. The shallot is a botanical variety of the onion which was classifie ...
s (''Allium cepa)'',
garlic
Garlic (''Allium sativum'') is a species of bulbous flowering plants in the genus '' Allium''. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chives, Welsh onion, and Chinese onion. Garlic is native to central and south Asia, str ...
s (''Allium sativum''),
chives
Chives, scientific name ''Allium schoenoprasum'', is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae.
A perennial plant, ''A. schoenoprasum'' is widespread in nature across much of Eurasia and North America. It is the only spe ...
(''Allium schoenoprasum''),
shallot
The shallot is a cultivar group of the onion. Until 2010, the (French red) shallot was classified as a separate species, ''Allium ascalonicum''. The taxon was synonymized with '' Allium cepa'' (the common onion) in 2010, as the difference was t ...
s (''Allium cepa'' var. ''aggregatum''), and
leek
A leek is a vegetable, a cultivar of ''Allium ampeloprasum'', the broadleaf wild leek (synonym (taxonomy), syn. ''Allium porrum''). The edible part of the plant is a bundle of Leaf sheath, leaf sheaths that is sometimes erroneously called a "s ...
s (''Allium porrum'').
Gravid females will
oviposit
The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typical ...
in the soil near the crops or on the host plant itself, and when the eggs hatch the larvae cause extensive damage to the plants when they feed. For example, ''D. radicum'' maggots feeding on the roots of canola crops cause damage to the plants’
phloem
Phloem (, ) is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as ''photosynthates'', in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant. This transport process is ...
, periderm, and
xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue (biology), tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem; both of these are part of the vascular bundle. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water upward from the roots to parts o ...
parenchyma
upright=1.6, Lung parenchyma showing damage due to large subpleural bullae.
Parenchyma () is the bulk of functional substance in an animal organ such as the brain or lungs, or a structure such as a tumour. In zoology, it is the tissue that ...
.
Damage to the
phloem
Phloem (, ) is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as ''photosynthates'', in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant. This transport process is ...
and
xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue (biology), tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem; both of these are part of the vascular bundle. The basic function of the xylem is to transport water upward from the roots to parts o ...
tissue can disrupt the transportation of photosynthetic products and water, respectively.
Additionally, this damage can also lead to vulnerabilities against pathogenic microorganisms.
If the root damage is severe enough it can lead to a variety of issues including stunted growth,
lodging
Lodging refers to the use of a short-term dwelling, usually by renting the living space or sometimes through some other arrangement. People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging for sleep, rest, food, safety, shel ...
, decreased flowering, decreased size and yield of seeds, or plant death.
There are many factors that will affect the susceptibility of a plant to ''Delia'' oviposition, and subsequent larval infestation. These factors include the species or variety of plant, the morphology of certain plant parts (root shape and size, wax levels on leaves, colour of foliage), and the physiology (age, chemical composition of certain secondary plant substances). For example, as a specialist of
cruciferous
Cruciferous vegetables are vegetables of the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae) with many genera, species, and cultivars being raised for food production such as cauliflower, cabbage, kale, garden cress, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels spr ...
crops, ''D. radicum,'' is attracted to the organic compound
isothiocyanate
In organic chemistry, isothiocyanate is a functional group as found in compounds with the formula . Isothiocyanates are the more common isomers of thiocyanates, which have the formula .
Occurrence
Many isothiocyanates from plants are produce ...
s found in these variety of plants in order to identify it as a suitable host.
In addition to being attracted to the olfactory cues of this type of plant, visual cues such as colour, position, and visual prominence of the flowers influence which plant they will infest.
In addition to the plant itself, studies with ''D. radicum'' and ''D. floralis'' have shown that other environmental factors such as soil moisture,
average daily air temperature, and total precipitation can all have a positive correlation with the crop’s susceptibility to infestation.
Current pest control management
Cultural Controls
Crop Hygiene
Good crop hygiene is one cultural control used to minimize ''Delia'' infestations, particularly ''D. antiqua'' and ''D. radicum''.
Studies have shown that damaged or crushed onion bulbs left behind after harvest were major sources of ''D. antiqua'' food and an
overwintering
Overwintering is the process by which some organisms pass through or wait out the winter season, or pass through that period of the year when "winter" conditions (cold or sub-zero temperatures, ice, snow, limited food supplies) make normal activ ...
site.
Damaged plants release volatile chemicals that attract gravid females while the wounds on the plants provide easy access to newly emerged larvae.
As such, removing waste crop material from harvested fields is recommended to decrease overwintering populations.
Cull piles of harvested onions and volunteer plants from onion fields were originally believed to also be a major source of infestation and thus must be protected against the flies. However, recent studies have observed that neither of these sites are important infestation sources as conditions within deep cull piles are unfavourable to larval survival and larvae are unable to establish on undamaged volunteer plants in the spring.
Crop Rotation
Crop rotations are often used to avoid the depletion of
soil nutrients and the buildup of soil pathogens.
However, crop rotation can serve to geographically distance a crop from known locations of ''Delia'' populations by planting a crop from a different plant family following the harvest of the host crop favoured by the pest.
While crop rotation may be effective on certain soil- inhabiting pests that have low mobility and low dispersal capabilities, this practice is not commonly seen as a control for specialist ''Delia'' species such as ''D. radicum'' and ''D. antiqua'' since they can disperse 2000–3000 meters from the site of infestation and can have a wide host range.
Crop and Soil Covers
Covering seed beds with a physical material, such as
cheesecloth
Cheesecloth is a loose-woven gauze-like carded cotton cloth used primarily in cheesemaking and cooking. The fabric has holes large enough to quickly allow liquids (like whey) to percolate through the fabric, but small enough to retain solids lik ...
, or covering the soil of crops with tarred felt discs can prevent gravid ''Delia'' flies from laying their eggs on the crop.
Covering crops as a cultural control may also complement and improve the use of biological controls such as
entomopathogenic fungi
Entomopathogenic fungi are parasitic unicellular or multicellular microorganisms belonging to the kingdom of Fungi, that can infect and seriously disable or kill insects.
Pathogenicity for insects is widely distributed in the kingdom of fungi and ...
and
nematodes
The nematodes ( or ; ; ), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. Species in the phylum inhabit a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on microorganisms, but many are parasitic. Parasitic worms (he ...
as it produces a high-humidity climate that is favourable to these pathogens.
However, completely covering crops is not a common practice as the crop covers were found to damage crop growth, can be expensive, and are time consuming to install and remove.
Sowing, Planting, and Harvesting Times
Establishing appropriate times to sow or plant crops has multiple benefits as a cultural control. Primarily, the goal is to avoid invasion by the pest, reduce crop vulnerability to oviposition, and decrease infection from insect vectors.
By sowing or planting at specific times during the growing season, plants are mature enough to tolerate low levels of attack from pests, and farmers have enough time to compensate for crops that have been damaged or destroyed.
Additionally, choosing a planting time when weather conditions are unfavourable to pests or synchronized with the emergence of natural enemies of the pests can also mitigate pest populations.
Chemical Controls
Insecticides
In the past, chemical
insecticide
Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. The major use of insecticides is in agriculture, but they are also used in home and garden settings, i ...
s were used extensively to prevent ''Delia'' infestations. These insecticides were primarily
organochlorines
Organochlorine chemistry is concerned with the properties of organochlorine compounds, or organochlorides, organic compounds that contain one or more carbon–chlorine bonds. The chloroalkane class ( alkanes with one or more hydrogens substituted ...
,
organophosphate
In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure , a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. They can be considered ...
s, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
However, the chemicals used were generally hazardous to the environment and thus are banned or under review and could be banned.
Furthermore, in some cases, such as ''D. antiqua'' flies in the Netherlands, the pests developed a resistance to the insecticides and crops continued to be destroyed.
This rise in resistance and the hazard to the environment has prompted the search for a biological control instead.
Genetic Controls
Sterile Insect Technique
The sterilization of insects in order to minimize population numbers can be accomplished either by using chemosterilants on laboratory reared males and then releasing them into the fields (
SIT
Sitting is a List of human positions, basic action and resting position in which the body weight is supported primarily by the bony ischial tuberosities with the buttocks in contact with the ground or a horizontal surface such as a chair seat, ...
) or using
chemosterilant
A chemosterilant is a chemical compound that causes reproductive sterility in an organism. Chemosterilants are particularly useful in controlling the population of species that are known to cause disease, such as insects, or species that are, in g ...
s on existing populations in the field. Chemosterilants used in some studies include tepa
ris-(l -aziridinyl) phosphine oxidewhich is very effective at sterilizing adult flies but less so on eggs.
The effectiveness of sterilization to as a genetic control against ''Delia spp.'' populations has had mixed results. One study revealed that when chemosterilants were used on exiting populations of ''D. radicum'', multiple factors, such as the tendency for females to disperse, reduction in the competitiveness of sterile males, and the failure of males to re-disperse once sterilized, all limited the population of sterility in field insects therefore not decreasing oviposition rates.
Furthermore, other studies that performed SIT using chemosterilants on laboratory reared ''D. radicum'' males instead of existing populations found that they were no more effective despite releasing significantly more sterile males.
Contrastingly, other studies in the Netherlands have recorded more success in sterilizing ''D. antiqua'' without lowering their competitiveness and thus were able to outcompete the wild population.
However, this method requires that the sterile flies are released for at least five years before they start having a significant effect on population numbers
''.'' Additionally, SIT projects on ''D. antiqua'' in Quebec have also shown a reduction in fertile adult populations, and the continuation of this technique is expected to result in a decrease in both the release rates of sterile insects and the overall cost of the program.
Biological Controls
Parasitoids
Studies have shown that there are three abundant and widely distributed parasitoids of ''Delia'' species - ''Trybliographa rapae, Aleochara bilineata,'' and ''Aleochara bipustulata.''
''Trybliographa rapae'' is a
parasitic wasp
Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps ( Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causi ...
from the
Figitidae
Figitidae is a family of parasitoid wasps. The full diversity of this wasp family is not yet known, but about 1400 species have been described to over 130 genera. For example, the largest subfamily, Eucoilinae (previously considered as a separa ...
family. The larvae of these wasps are a
koinobiont
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism ...
endoparasite
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The en ...
to several species of ''Delia'' including ''D. radicum, D. floralis,'' and ''D. platura''.
As Delia larvae feed on the roots of cruciferous plants and other crops, they damage the tissue which then induces the plant to emit volatile compounds.
These volatiles act as chemical cues to attract predators and parasitoids of the herbivore feeding on the plant as a defensive measure.
Female ''T. rapae'' are attracted to these signals and use them to identify the location of ''Delia'' larvae.
Once attracted to the infested crops, ''T. rapae'' females may use antennal searching, ovipositor probing, or vibrotaxis to locate the ''Delia'' larvae buried within the plant and lay their eggs within them. ''Trybliographa rapae'' may parasitize any of the three larval instars of ''Delia''.
''Aleochara bilineata'' is a
rove beetle
The rove beetles are a family (biology), family (Staphylinidae) of beetles, primarily distinguished by their short elytra (wing covers) that typically leave more than half of their abdominal segments exposed. With over 66,000 species in thousand ...
within the
Staphylinidae
The rove beetles are a family (biology), family (Staphylinidae) of beetles, primarily distinguished by their short elytra (wing covers) that typically leave more than half of their abdominal segments exposed. With over 66,000 species in thousand ...
family. The adult specimens are a dominant predator of the eggs and larvae of ''D. radicum, D. platura, D. floralis,'' and ''D. planipalis''.
Additionally, the first instar larvae of ''A. bilineata'' are
ectoparasites
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives (at least some of the time) on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The en ...
of the ''Delia'' pupae.
Female ''A''. ''bilineata'' will oviposit near the roots of the cruciferous crops, where ''Delia'' larvae are most likely to be found, and once the eggs hatch, the parasitic instars will chew an entrance hole on the vulnerable puparial wall wherein it will feed on the pupae within and undergoes two more instar stages before pupating. The emergence of ''A. bilineata'' is synchronized with the egg laying of ''Delia'' species since the first instars of ''A. bilineata'' may overwinter within the host pupae in order to emerge as adult in the warmer weather of spring.
Competition occurs between ''A. bilineata'' and ''T. rapae'', which has been shown to be harmful to both specimens, but particularly ''T. rapae''.
''Aleochara bipustulata'' is another species of rove beetle that is a predator to ''Delia'' spp. however much smaller than that of ''A. bilineata''.
Its life cycle is very similar to that of ''A. bilineata,'' but overall it is significantly less abundant and is currently not found in North America.
As opposed to other predators, ''A. bipustulata'' favours ''D. platura'' instead of ''D. radicum'' as the puparial wall is much thinner.
However, some specimens were found in smaller pupae of ''D.'' ''radicum'' and rarely found in ''D. floralis'', as these larvae are significantly larger than other ''Delia'' species.
Two other parasitic wasps of ''Delia'' species were found in North America, ''Phygadeuon sp.'' and ''Aphaereta'' ''sp.,'' however, their presence were so scarce that it is suggested that they may have a more favoured host other than the root maggots.
Entomopathogenic Fungi
Application of
entomopathogenic fungus
Entomopathogenic fungi are parasitic unicellular or multicellular microorganisms belonging to the kingdom of Fungi, that can infect and seriously disable or kill insects.
Pathogenicity for insects is widely distributed in the kingdom of fungi and ...
as a biological control may involve spraying
conidia
A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also ...
on crops at the onset of egg hatching so that the fungus is present in the soil to reduce larval populations, ideally before they penetrate the plants.
While multiple species of fungi have been identified to kill ''Delia'' species, and therefore may possibly act as a biological control, there are several problems associated with using entomopathogenic fungi effectively. First, while
fungal pathogens may thrive in controlled laboratory settings and are successful in killing larvae and/or adults, they may be incredibly susceptible to fluctuating environmental factors, such as temperature and moisture, which can alter their efficacy as a biological control.
Second, the
glucosinolate
Glucosinolates are natural components of many pungent plants such as mustard, cabbage, and horseradish. The pungency of those plants is due to mustard oils produced from glucosinolates when the plant material is chewed, cut, or otherwise damaged. ...
s produced by brassicaceous plants when they are physically damaged, infected or fed on by pests will be converted into
isothiocyanate
In organic chemistry, isothiocyanate is a functional group as found in compounds with the formula . Isothiocyanates are the more common isomers of thiocyanates, which have the formula .
Occurrence
Many isothiocyanates from plants are produce ...
s.
Isothiocyanates are chemical compounds that can be toxic to pathogenic fungi which can result in inhibition of germination and growth.
Studies have suggested that isothiocyanates can cause fungicidal activity by directly interacting with the fungal spores or indirectly through a three-
trophic-level interaction mediated by the host insect.
Studies of laboratory experiments have observed that ''
Metarhizium anisopliae
''Metarhizium anisopliae'' is a fungus, the type species in the ''Metarhizium'' genus. It grows naturally in soils throughout the world and causes disease in various insects by acting as a parasitoid. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Ilya I. Mechnikov nam ...
,
Beauveria bassiana
''Beauveria bassiana'' is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease; it thus belongs to the group of entomopathogenic fungi. It is used as a ...
,'' and ''
Paecilomyces fumosoroseus'' are all pathogenic to the second and third larval instars of ''D. radicum'' and ''D. floralis''.
''Metarhizium anisopliae'' affects larvae directly exposed during application and larvae that came into contact with the fungus in the soil post-application.
''
Entomophthora muscae
''Entomophthora muscae'' is a species of pathogenic fungus in the order Entomophthorales which causes a fatal disease in flies. It can cause epizootic outbreaks of disease in houseflies and has been investigated as a potential biological control ...
'' is another entomopathogenic fungi that thrives in warm, moist environments, and can infect and kill adult ''Delia'' flies, primarily ''D. antiqua''. ''Strongwell-sea castrans'', a fungus commonly found in Europe as opposed to North America, is known to sterilize the adult flies of ''D. radicum''.
Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Entomopathogenic nematode
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are a group of nematodes (thread worms), that cause death to insects. The term ''entomopathogenic'' has a Greek origin, with ''entomon'', meaning ''insect'', and ''pathogenic'', which means ''causing disease''. T ...
s are parasitic worms that have potential as a biological control agent as they have
gram-negative
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is that their cell envelope consists ...
, asporous, entomopathogenic bacteria which can infect and subsequently kill a wide variety of insect hosts, including ''Delia'' spp.
The nematodes enter the insect host through openings such as the mouth, anus, and spiracles, and once inside the body cavity will release bacteria, e.g. ''Xenorhabdus nematophilus'' and ''Xenorhabdus luminescens,'' which will proliferate within the insect’s
hemocoel
In vertebrates, the circulatory system is a organ system, system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the body. It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of ...
causing death.
If nematodes are applied to the soil where the ''Delia'' eggs are laid, the larvae that hatch will be directly exposed to the nematodes.
Studies have shown that both pupae and adults of ''D. radicum'' and ''D. antiqua'' were susceptible to nematodes ''Steinernema feltiae'' and ''
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora
''Heterorhabditis bacteriophora'' is a species of entomopathogenic nematode known commonly as beneficial nematodes. They are microscopic and are used in gardening as a form of biological pest control. They are used to control ants, fleas, moths, ...
'', with ''D. antiqua'' showing greater mortality than D. radicum.
However, since these studies were performed under laboratory conditions that favoured the nematode and were suboptimal to the insect host, the effectiveness of nematodes as a biological control may not be fully replicated in the field.
Common species
Species list
These species belong to the genus ''Delia''
[
* '']Delia abruptiseta
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
, 1935)
* '' Delia absidata'' Xue & Du, 2008
* ''Delia abstracta
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia abundepilosa'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia acadiana'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia aconiti'' (Ringdahl, 1948)
* '' Delia aemene'' (Francis Walker (entomologist)
Francis Walker (31 July 1809 – 5 October 1874) was an English entomologist. He was born in Southgate, London, on 31 July 1809 and died at Wanstead, England on 5 October 1874. He was one of the most prolific authors in entomology, and stirred ...
, 1849)
* ''Delia alaba
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Francis Walker (entomologist)
Francis Walker (31 July 1809 – 5 October 1874) was an English entomologist. He was born in Southgate, London, on 31 July 1809 and died at Wanstead, England on 5 October 1874. He was one of the most prolific authors in entomology, and stirred ...
, 1849)
* ''Delia alaskana
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1966)
* '' Delia alatavensis'' Hennig, 1974
* ''Delia albula
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', '' Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to rec ...
'' (Carl Fredrik Fallén
Carl Fredrik Fallén (born 22 September 1764 in Kristinehamn – 26 August 1830) was a Sweden, Swedish botanist and entomologist.
Fallén taught at the Lund University. He wrote ''Diptera Sueciae'' (1814–27).
Fallén described very many specie ...
, 1825)
* ''Delia alternata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1951)
* '' Delia ancylosurstyla'' Xue, 2002
* '' Delia andersoni'' (Malloch, 1924)
* ''Delia angusta
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1898)
* ''Delia angustaeformis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
, 1933)
* ''Delia angustifrons
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen (3 May 1764 – 11 July 1845) was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera.
Life
Early years
Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margare ...
, 1826)
* '' Delia angustissima'' (Stein, 1907)
* ''Delia angustiventralis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia angustiventris'' (Zetterstedt, 1845)
* ''Delia aniseta
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''O ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1920)
* '' Delia annularis'' Tiensuu, 1946
* ''Delia antiqua
''Delia antiqua'', commonly known as the onion fly, is a cosmopolitan pest of crops. The larvae or maggots feed on onions, garlic, and other bulbous plants.
Morphology and biology
The onion fly has an ash-grey body and resembles a housef ...
'' (Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen (3 May 1764 – 11 July 1845) was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera.
Life
Early years
Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margare ...
, 1826)
* '' Delia apicifloralis'' Xue, 2002
* ''Delia aquitima
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1929)
* '' Delia arambourgi'' (Séguy, 1938)
* '' Delia arenicola'' Griffiths, 1991
* ''Delia armata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1920)
* '' Delia atrifrons'' Fan, 1982
* '' Delia attenuata'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1920)
* '' Delia augusta'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia auricolor'' Suwa, 1974
* '' Delia aurosialata'' Fan, 1993
* '' Delia bacilligera'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia banksiana'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia beringiana'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia bernardinensis'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia bifascinata'' Griffiths, 1992
* '' Delia bipartita'' Suwa, 1977
* ''Delia bipartitoides
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' Michelsen, 2007
* '' Delia bisciliata'' (Emden, 1941)
* ''Delia bisetosa
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1907)
* ''Delia bracata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Camillo Rondani
Camillo Rondani (21 November 1808 – 17 September 1879) was an Italian entomology, entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera.
Early life, family and education
Camillo Rondani was born in Parma when the city was part of the French Empi ...
, 1866)
* '' Delia brassicaeformis'' (Ringdahl, 1926)
* '' Delia brevipalpis'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* '' Delia brunnescens'' (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Biography
Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 1845)
* '' Delia bucculenta'' (Daniel William Coquillett
Daniel William Coquillett (23 January 1856 – 7 July 1911) was an American entomologist who specialised in flies
Flies are insects of the Order (biology), order Diptera, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek δι- ''di-' ...
, 1904)
* '' Delia byersi'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia caledonica'' Assis-Fonseca, 1966
* '' Delia calviloba'' Griffiths, 1993
* ''Delia cameroonica
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Ackland, 2008)
* '' Delia canalis'' Fan & Wu, 1984
* '' Delia canariensis'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia capdellae'' Michelsen, 2012
* '' Delia capensis'' (Malloch, 1924)
* '' Delia capito'' (Coquillett, 1902)
* '' Delia cardui'' (Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen (3 May 1764 – 11 July 1845) was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera.
Life
Early years
Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margare ...
, 1826)
* '' Delia carduiformis'' (Schnabl in Schnabl & Dziedzicki, 1911)
* '' Delia carri'' Griffiths, 1991
* ''Delia cerealis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Gillette, 1904)
* '' Delia chillcotti'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia chirisana'' Suh & Kwon, 1986
* '' Delia chortophilina'' (Hennig, 1969)
* ''Delia cilifera
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1918)
* '' Delia cilitarsis'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia clandestina'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia clavata'' Griffiths, 1993
* ''Delia coarctata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Carl Fredrik Fallén
Carl Fredrik Fallén (born 22 September 1764 in Kristinehamn – 26 August 1830) was a Sweden, Swedish botanist and entomologist.
Fallén taught at the Lund University. He wrote ''Diptera Sueciae'' (1814–27).
Fallén described very many specie ...
, 1825)
* ''Delia coarctoides
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' Michelsen, 2007
* '' Delia coei'' Ackland, 1967
* '' Delia commixta'' (Séguy, 1925)
* '' Delia concorda'' (Huckett, 1966)
* '' Delia conjugata'' Deng & Li, 1994
* '' Delia conversatoides'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* '' Delia coronariae'' (Friedrich Georg Hendel
Friedrich Georg Hendel (14 December 1874 in Vienna – 26 June 1936 in Baden bei Wien) was an Austrian high school director and entomologist mainly interested in Diptera. He described very many new species and made important contributions to the ...
, 1925)
* '' Delia cortesiana'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia cregyoglossa'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia crinita'' Hennig, 1974
* ''Delia criniventris
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Biography
Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 1860)
* ''Delia cuneata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' Tiensuu, 1946
* ''Delia cupricrus
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', '' Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to rec ...
'' (Francis Walker (entomologist)
Francis Walker (31 July 1809 – 5 October 1874) was an English entomologist. He was born in Southgate, London, on 31 July 1809 and died at Wanstead, England on 5 October 1874. He was one of the most prolific authors in entomology, and stirred ...
, 1849)
* ''Delia curvipes
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1918)
* '' Delia curvistylata'' Suwa, 2013
* '' Delia cyclocerca'' Hsue, 1981
* '' Delia danae'' Griffiths, 1992
* '' Delia dentiaedeagus'' Xue & Du, 2017
* '' Delia deviata'' (Huckett, 1965)
* ''Delia diluta
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1916)
* '' Delia discalis'' (Séguy, 1925)
* ''Delia dissimilipes
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia diversa'' (Wiedemann, 1830)
* '' Delia dolichosternita'' Cao, Liu & Xue, 1985
* '' Delia dovreensis'' Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
, 1954
* '' Delia duplicipectina'' Fan, 1993
* ''Delia echinata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Eugène Séguy
Eugène Séguy (21 April 1890 – 1 June 1985) was a French entomologist and artist who specialised in Diptera. He held a chair of entomology at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris from 1956 to 1960. He is also known for establishin ...
, 1923)
* '' Delia echinopyga'' Suwa, 1974
* ''Delia egleformis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1929)
* '' Delia elongata'' (Pokorny, 1889)
* ''Delia endorsina
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' Ackland, 2008
* '' Delia euremena'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia eurymetopa'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia expansa'' Suh & Kwon, 1985
* ''Delia extensa
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1951)
* ''Delia extenuata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Huckett, 1952)
* ''Delia fabricii
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (August Emil Holmgren
August Emil Algot Holmgren (10 November 1829 – 30 December 1888) was a Swedish entomologist mainly interested in the Hymenoptera, especially Ichneumonidae
The Ichneumonidae, also known as ichneumon wasps, ichneumonid wasps, ichneumonids, or ...
, 1872)
* '' Delia falciforceps'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* '' Delia fallax'' (Loew, 1873)
* '' Delia fasciventris'' (Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
, 1933)
* '' Delia felsicanalis'' Fan & Wu, 1984
* '' Delia fimbrifascia'' Xue & Du, 2009
* '' Delia flavibasis'' (Stein, 1903)
* '' Delia flavicommixta'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* '' Delia flavipes'' Tian & Ma, 1999
* '' Delia flavitibiella'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia flavogrisea'' (Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
, 1926)
* '' Delia floraliformis'' Hennig, 1974
* ''Delia floralis
''Delia floralis'', commonly known as the turnip root fly or summer cabbage fly, is a cosmopolitan pest of crops. The larvae or maggots feed on the roots of various plants in the family Brassicaceae.
Morphology and biology
This species resembl ...
'' (Carl Fredrik Fallén
Carl Fredrik Fallén (born 22 September 1764 in Kristinehamn – 26 August 1830) was a Sweden, Swedish botanist and entomologist.
Fallén taught at the Lund University. He wrote ''Diptera Sueciae'' (1814–27).
Fallén described very many specie ...
, 1824)
* '' Delia floricola'' Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
* '' Delia florilega'' (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Biography
Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 1845)
* '' Delia formosana'' Suwa, 1994
* ''Delia fracta
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1918)
* ''Delia frontella
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Biography
Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 838])
* '' Delia frontulenta'' (Huckett, 1929)
* ''Delia fulvescens
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1966)
* '' Delia fulviposticrus'' Li & Deng, 1981
* '' Delia gallica'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia gansuensis'' Fan, 1988
* '' Delia garretti'' (Huckett, 1929)
* '' Delia giresunensis'' Hennig, 1974
* ''Delia glabritheca
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1966)
* '' Delia gracilibacilla'' Chen, 1982
* ''Delia gracilipes
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1920)
* '' Delia gracilis'' (Stein, 1907)
* '' Delia groenlandica'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia heraclei'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia hirticrura'' (Rondani, 1871)
* '' Delia hirtitibia'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1916)
* '' Delia hohxiliensis'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* '' Delia hudsonica'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia hystricosternita'' Hsue, 1981
* '' Delia impilosa'' Suwa, 1977
* ''Delia inconspicua
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1924)
* '' Delia ineptifrons'' (Huckett, 1951)
* ''Delia integralis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Huckett, 1965)
* ''Delia interflua
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Louis Pandellé
Louis Pandellé (1 March 1824, Plaisance, Gers – 27 February 1905, Tarbes) was a French entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera and Diptera.
Works
Partial
*1869. Études monographique sur les staphylins européens de la tribu des Tachyporin ...
, 1900)
* '' Delia intimata'' (Huckett, 1965)
* ''Delia ismayi
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Ackland, 2008)
* '' Delia jilinensis'' Chen, 1988
* '' Delia judicariae'' (Pokorny, 1893)
* '' Delia kigeziana'' (Emden, 1941)
* ''Delia kullensis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
, 1933)
* '' Delia kumatai'' Suwa, 1977
* ''Delia lamellicauda
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1952)
* ''Delia lamelliseta
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1900)
* '' Delia lamellisetoides'' Hsue, 1981
* ''Delia lasiosternum
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia latifrons'' (Ackland, 1971)
* '' Delia latissima'' (Fan, Ma & Li, 1982)
* '' Delia lavata'' (Carl Henrik Boheman
Carl Henrik Boheman (10 July 1796 – 2 November 1868) was a Sweden, Swedish entomologist. He collected specimens in Norway and became a curator of the Swedish museum of natural history and described numerous beetle species.
Life and work
Bohem ...
, 1863)
* '' Delia leechi'' Griffiths, 1993
* ''Delia leptinostylos
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia leucophoroides'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia linearis'' (Stein, 1898)
* ''Delia lineariventris
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Biography
Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 1845)
* '' Delia lobistyla'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia longiabdomina'' Xue & Du, 2017
* '' Delia longiarista'' Xue, 2002
* ''Delia longicauda
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Gabriel Strobl
Gabriel Strobl (3 November 1846 in Unzmarkt, Styria, Austrian Empire – 15 March 1925 in Admont, Benediktinerstift) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest and entomologist who specialised in Diptera.
In 1866 the then 20-year-old Gabriel St ...
, 1898)
* '' Delia longicercula'' Yudin, 1976
* '' Delia longimastica'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* '' Delia longisetigera'' Fan, 1984
* '' Delia longitheca'' Suwa, 1974
* '' Delia lophota'' (Pandellé, 1900)
* ''Delia lupini
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Daniel William Coquillett
Daniel William Coquillett (23 January 1856 – 7 July 1911) was an American entomologist who specialised in flies
Flies are insects of the Order (biology), order Diptera, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek δι- ''di-' ...
, 1901)
* '' Delia lupinoides'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia mackinleyana'' Griffiths, 1993
* ''Delia madagascariensis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Ackland, 2008)
* '' Delia madoensis'' Fan, 1988
* '' Delia majuscula'' (Pokorny, 1889)
* '' Delia manitobensis'' Griffiths, 1992
* '' Delia martini'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia mastigella'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* '' Delia mastigophalla'' Xue, Wang & Li, 1993
* ''Delia megacephala
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1966)
* '' Delia megatricha'' (Kálmán Kertész
Kálmán Kertész (2 January 1867 Prešov, Sáros County – 28 December 1922 Budapest) was a Hungarian entomologist mainly interested in Diptera.
He was the director of the Zoological Department of the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest.
Ke ...
, 1901)
* '' Delia metatarsata'' (Stein, 1914)
* '' Delia mexicana'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia micans'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia minutigrisea'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* ''Delia montana
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1919)
* ''Delia montezumae
Delia montezumae is a species of root fly from ''Delia genus'', Anthomyiidae
The Anthomyiidae are a large and diverse family (biology), family of Muscoidea fly, flies. Most look rather like small houseflies. Most species are drab grey to ...
'' (Griffiths, 1991)
* ''Delia monticola
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1966)
* '' Delia montium'' Hennig, 1974
* ''Delia montivagans
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1952)
* '' Delia mutans'' (Huckett, 1929)
* '' Delia nemoralis'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia nemostylata'' Deng & Li, 1984
* '' Delia neomexicana'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1918)
* '' Delia nepalensis'' Ackland, 1967
* '' Delia nigeriposticrus'' Xue & Du, 2018
* ''Delia nigrescens
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Camillo Rondani
Camillo Rondani (21 November 1808 – 17 September 1879) was an Italian entomology, entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera.
Early life, family and education
Camillo Rondani was born in Parma when the city was part of the French Empi ...
, 1877)
* '' Delia nigriabdominis'' Xue, 2001
* '' Delia nigribasis'' (Stein, 1907)
* '' Delia nigricaudata'' (Huckett, 1929)
* '' Delia nigrihalteres'' Xue & Du, 2017
* '' Delia nigripennis'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia nivalis'' Griffiths, 1991
* ''Delia normalis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1919)
* '' Delia notobata'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia nubilalis'' (Huckett, 1966)
* '' Delia nudicosta'' (Ringdahl, 1949)
* ''Delia opacitas
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', '' Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to rec ...
'' (Huckett, 1965)
* '' Delia oppidans'' (Huckett, 1929)
* '' Delia oregonensis'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia orwelliana'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia pacifica'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia pallipennis'' (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Biography
Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 1838)
* '' Delia pamirensis'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia pansihirta'' Jin & Fan, 1981
* ''Delia paradisi
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' Xue, 2018
* '' Delia parafrontella'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia partivitra'' Fan, 1993
* '' Delia parvicanalis'' Fan, 1984
* '' Delia paupercula'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia pectinator'' Suwa, 1984
* '' Delia pectinitibia'' Jin & Fan, 1981
* ''Delia penicillaris
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Camillo Rondani
Camillo Rondani (21 November 1808 – 17 September 1879) was an Italian entomology, entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera.
Early life, family and education
Camillo Rondani was born in Parma when the city was part of the French Empi ...
, 1866)
* '' Delia penicillella'' Fan, 1984
* '' Delia penicilliventris'' Ackland, 2010
* '' Delia penicillosa'' Willi Hennig
Emil Hans Willi Hennig (20 April 1913 – 5 November 1976) was a German biologist and zoologist who is considered the founder of phylogenetic systematics, otherwise known as cladistics. In 1945 as a prisoner of war, Hennig began work on his th ...
, 1974
* '' Delia persica'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia pilicerca'' Suwa, 1974
* ''Delia pilifemur
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
, 1933)
* '' Delia pilimana'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1920)
* '' Delia piliseritibia'' Fan & Zheng, 1993
* '' Delia pilitarsis'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1920)
* '' Delia pilitibia'' (Stein, 1916)
* '' Delia piliventris'' (Pokorny, 1889)
* '' Delia piniloba'' Hsue, 1981
* ''Delia planipalpis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', '' Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to rec ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1898)
* ''Delia platura
''Delia platura'', the seedcorn maggot or the bean seed fly, is a fly species in the family Anthomyiidae.
''D. platura'' is an agricultural pest of peas and beans. It is a vector of bacteria that cause potato blackleg. No-till fields are genera ...
'' (Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen (3 May 1764 – 11 July 1845) was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera.
Life
Early years
Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margare ...
, 1826)
* '' Delia pluvialis'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1918)
* '' Delia podagricicauda'' Xue, 1997
* '' Delia polaris'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia propinquina'' (Huckett, 1929)
* '' Delia prostriata'' (Huckett, 1965)
* ''Delia pruinosa
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Biography
Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 1845)
* '' Delia pseudechinata'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia pseudextensa'' Griffiths, 1992
* ''Delia pseudofugax
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Gabriel Strobl
Gabriel Strobl (3 November 1846 in Unzmarkt, Styria, Austrian Empire – 15 March 1925 in Admont, Benediktinerstift) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest and entomologist who specialised in Diptera.
In 1866 the then 20-year-old Gabriel St ...
, 1898)
* '' Delia pseudorainieri'' Griffiths, 1992
* ''Delia pseudoventralis
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Ackland, 2008)
* '' Delia quadrilateralis'' Fan & Zhong, 1982
* ''Delia quadripila
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1916)
* '' Delia quercupinetorum'' Griffiths, 1993
* ''Delia radicum
''Delia radicum'', known variously as the cabbage fly, cabbage root fly, root fly or turnip fly, is a pest of crops. The larvae of the cabbage root fly are sometimes known as the cabbage maggot or root maggot. ''Delia brassicae'' (or ''Hylemya b ...
'' (Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,#Blunt, Blunt (2004), p. 171. was a Swedish biologist and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming o ...
, 10th edition of Systema Naturae
The 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'' (Latin; the English title is ''A General System of Nature'') is a book written by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus and published in two volumes in 1758 and 1759, which marks the starting point of zoologic ...
)
* '' Delia rainieri'' (Huckett, 1951)
* '' Delia recurva'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1919)
* '' Delia recurvata'' Fan, 1986
* ''Delia reliquens
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1951)
* '' Delia repens'' Ackland, 1967
* ''Delia repleta
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1929)
* '' Delia rimiventris'' Michelsen, 2007
* '' Delia rossica'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia sanctijacobi'' (Jacques-Marie-Frangile Bigot
Jacques Marie François Bigot (14 October 1818 – 14 April 1893) was a French naturalist and entomologist most noted for his studies of Diptera. He was one of two sons of physician Jacques Bigot (1757–1842) and Marie Françoise Euphrosine (n� ...
, 1885)
* '' Delia saxatilis'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia schistophalla'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia sclerostylata'' Fan, 1993
* '' Delia scrofifacialis'' Xue & Zhang, 1996
* ''Delia segmentata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Frederik Maurits van der Wulp
Frederik Maurits van der Wulp (13 December 1818, The Hague – 27 November 1899, The Hague) was a Dutch entomologist mainly interested in Diptera.
He was a civil servant in the Dutch Audit Office.
His collection is divided between Natura Artis ...
, 1896)
* '' Delia sequoiae'' (Huckett, 1967)
* '' Delia seriata'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1920)
* '' Delia serrulata'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia seticauda'' Suwa, 1984
* ''Delia setifirma
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Huckett, 1951)
* '' Delia setigera'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1920)
* '' Delia setiseriata'' (Huckett, 1952)
* '' Delia setisissima'' (Huckett, 1929)
* ''Delia setitarsata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1924)
* ''Delia setiventris
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1898)
* '' Delia sierricola'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia sileni'' Michelsen, 2012
* '' Delia silvicola'' (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)
* '' Delia simpla'' (Daniel William Coquillett
Daniel William Coquillett (23 January 1856 – 7 July 1911) was an American entomologist who specialised in flies
Flies are insects of the Order (biology), order Diptera, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek δι- ''di-' ...
, 1900)
* '' Delia simpliciana'' Yudin, 1976
* ''Delia simulata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Huckett, 1952)
* '' Delia sinuiforcipis'' Zhong, 1985
* '' Delia sobrians'' (Huckett, 1951)
* '' Delia solidilamina'' Fan & Zheng, 1993
* '' Delia sphaerobasis'' Fan & Qian, 1984
* '' Delia spicularis'' Fan, 1984
* '' Delia steiniella'' (Emden, 1951)
* '' Delia stenostyla'' Deng & Li, 1994
* '' Delia subalpina'' (Ringdahl, 1926)
* '' Delia subatrifrons'' Xue & Du, 2009
* ''Delia subconversata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' Du & Xue, 2018
* ''Delia subdolichosternita
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' Du & Xue, 2018
* '' Delia subinterflua'' Xue & Du, 2008
* '' Delia submetallica'' Griffiths, 1992
* '' Delia subnemostylata'' Xue & Du, 2018
* '' Delia subnigribasis'' Fan & Wang, 1982
* '' Delia suburbana'' (Huckett, 1966)
* '' Delia subvesicata'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia takizawai'' Suwa, 1974
* '' Delia taonura'' Deng & Li, 1994
* ''Delia tarsata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
, 1918)
* '' Delia tarsifimbria'' (Louis Pandellé
Louis Pandellé (1 March 1824, Plaisance, Gers – 27 February 1905, Tarbes) was a French entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera and Diptera.
Works
Partial
*1869. Études monographique sur les staphylins européens de la tribu des Tachyporin ...
, 1900)
* '' Delia tenuiformis'' Suwa, 1977
* '' Delia tenuipenis'' Fan & Zhong, 1982
* '' Delia tenuiventris'' (Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt
Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Sweden, Swedish Naturalism (philosophy) , naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Biography
Zetterstedt studied at the Lund University, University of Lund, where ...
, 1860)
* '' Delia terpsichore'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia tibila'' Ackland, 2008
* '' Delia tiensuui'' (Ringdahl, 1934)
* '' Delia tornensis'' (Ringdahl, 1926)
* '' Delia trispinosa'' (Karl, 1937)
* '' Delia tuberisurstyla'' Xue & Du, 2017
* '' Delia tumidula'' (Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. He described many new species from Sweden and Lappland.
Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lun ...
), 1949
* '' Delia turcmenica'' Hennig, 1974
* '' Delia turkestanica'' (Enderlein, 1934)
* '' Delia unduliloba'' Griffiths, 1993
* '' Delia unguitigris'' Xue, 1997
* '' Delia unica'' Griffiths, 1991
* '' Delia uniseriata'' (Paul Stein (entomologist)
Paul Stein (1852–1921) was a German museum curator and entomologist. He specialised in Diptera especially the family Anthomyiidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species.
Stein worked with Theodor ...
, 1914)
* '' Delia unispina'' Yudin, 1976
* '' Delia urbana'' (Malloch, 1924)
* '' Delia ventralis'' (Stein, 1914)
* ''Delia vesicata
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek mythology, Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a Abbreviation, short form of ''Adela (name), Adelia'', ''Bridget (given name), Bedelia'', '' ...
'' (Huckett, 1952)
* '' Delia virgithorax'' (Stein, 1913)
* '' Delia vockerothi'' Griffiths, 1991
* ''Delia wangi
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' Xue, 2018
* ''Delia winnemana
DeliaDella as a diminutive is a feminine given name either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis, or else representing a short form of ''Adelia'', '' Bedelia'', ''Cordelia'' or ''Odelia''.
Meanings and origins
According to reco ...
'' (John Russell Malloch
John Russell Malloch (16 November 1875 – 1963) was a Scotland, Scottish Entomology, entomologist who specialised in Fly, Diptera and Hymenoptera.
Malloch was born at Milton of Campsie in Stirlingshire, Scotland. His widowed father had one son, ...
, 1919)
* '' Delia xanthobasis'' (Huckett, 1965)
References
External links
''Delia platura''
on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures website.
{{Authority control
Anthomyiidae
Schizophora genera
Agricultural pest insects
Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Robineau-Desvoidy