Debuccalization or deoralization is a

sound change In historical linguistics, a sound change is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic chan ...

or alternation in which an oral

consonant In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract, except for the h sound, which is pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Examples are and pronou ...

loses its original

place of articulation In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is an approximate location along the vocal tract where its production occurs. It is a point where a constriction is made between an active and a pa ...

and moves it to the

glottis The glottis (: glottises or glottides) is the opening between the vocal folds (the rima glottidis). The glottis is crucial in producing sound from the vocal folds. Etymology From Ancient Greek ''γλωττίς'' (glōttís), derived from ''γ ...

(, , or ). The pronunciation of a consonant as is sometimes called aspiration, but in

phonetics Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds or, in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Linguists who specialize in studying the physical properties of speech are phoneticians ...

, aspiration is the burst of air accompanying a stop. The word comes from

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

, meaning "cheek" or "mouth". Debuccalization is usually seen as a subtype of

lenition In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them "weaker" in some way. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language ...

, which is often defined as a sound change involving the weakening of a consonant by progressive shifts in pronunciation. As with other forms of lenition, debuccalization may be synchronic or diachronic (i.e. it may involve alternations within a language depending on context or sound changes across time). Debuccalization processes occur in many different types of environments such as the following: * word-initially, as in

Kannada Kannada () is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly in the state of Karnataka in southwestern India, and spoken by a minority of the population in all neighbouring states. It has 44 million native speakers, and is additionally a ...

* word-finally, as in Burmese * intervocalically, as in a number of

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Culture, language and peoples * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England * ''English'', an Amish ter ...

varieties (e.g. ''litter'' ), or in Tuscan (''the house'' → )

Glottal stop

Arabic

is debuccalized to in several

Arabic varieties Varieties of Arabic (or dialects or vernaculars) are the linguistic systems that Arabic speakers speak natively. Arabic is a Semitic language within the Afroasiatic family that originated in the Arabian Peninsula. There are considerable variation ...

, such as northern

Egyptian ''Egyptian'' describes something of, from, or related to Egypt. Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to: Nations and ethnic groups * Egyptians, a national group in North Africa ** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of year ...

, Lebanese, western

Syrian Syrians () are the majority inhabitants of Syria, indigenous to the Levant, most of whom have Arabic, especially its Levantine and Mesopotamian dialects, as a mother tongue. The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Syrian people is a blend ...

, and urban

Palestinian Palestinians () are an Arab ethnonational group native to the Levantine region of Palestine. *: "Palestine was part of the first wave of conquest following Muhammad's death in 632 CE; Jerusalem fell to the Caliph Umar in 638. The indigenous p ...

dialects, partially also in

Jordanian Arabic Jordanian Arabic is a dialect continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of Arabic spoken in Jordan. Jordanian Arabic can be divided into sedentary and Bedouin varieties. Sedentary varieties belong to the Levantine Arabic dialect continuum. ...

(especially by female speakers). The

Maltese language Maltese (, also or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language derived from Siculo-Arabic, late medieval Sicilian Arabic with Romance languages, Romance Stratum (linguistics), superstrata. It is the only Semitic languages, Semitic language pred ...

, which was originally an Arabic dialect, also shows this feature.

Indo-European languages

British and American English

Most English-speakers in England and many speakers of

American English American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of variety (linguistics), varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the Languages of the United States, most widely spoken lang ...

debuccalize to a glottal stop in two environments: in word-final position before another consonant (American English IPA) *''get ready'' *''not much'' *''not good'' *''it says'' Before a

syllabic A syllable is a basic unit of organization within a sequence of speech sounds, such as within a word, typically defined by linguists as a ''nucleus'' (most often a vowel) with optional sounds before or after that nucleus (''margins'', which are ...

following , , , a vowel, or a diphthong. The may then also be nasally released. (American English IPA) *''Milton'' *''Martin'' *''mountain'' *''cotton'' *''Latin'' *''Layton''

Cockney English

Cockney English Cockney is a dialect of the English language, mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by Londoners with working-class and lower middle class roots. The term ''Cockney'' is also used as a demonym for a person from the East End ...

, is often realized as a glottal stop between vowels,

liquid Liquid is a state of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape. Liquids adapt to the shape of their container and are nearly incompressible, maintaining their volume even under pressure. The density of a liquid is usually close to th ...

s, and nasals (notably in the word ''bottle''), a process called

t-glottalization In English phonology, ''t''-glottalization or ''t''-glottalling is a sound change in certain English dialects and accents, particularly in the United Kingdom, that causes the phoneme to be pronounced as the glottal stop in certain positio ...

German

The

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...

ending ''-en'' is commonly realized as an assimilated

syllabic nasal A syllabic consonant or vocalic consonant is a consonant that forms the nucleus of a syllable on its own, like the ''m'', ''n'' and ''l'' in some pronunciations of the English words ''rhythm'', ''button'' and ''awful'', respectively. To represe ...

. Preceding voiceless stops are then glottally released: ('laths'), ('nape of the neck'). When such a stop is additionally preceded by a

homorganic In phonetics, a homorganic consonant (from Latin and ) is a consonant sound that is articulated in the same place of articulation as another. For example, , and are homorganic consonants of one another since they share the bilabial place of ...

sonorant In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages. Vowels a ...

, it tends to be debuccalized entirely and create the clusters . For example, ('rag'), ('banks'). Voiced stops are not usually debuccalized. However, many

Upper German Upper German ( ) is a family of High German dialects spoken primarily in the southern German-speaking area (). History In the Old High German time, only Alemannic and Bairisch are grouped as Upper German. In the Middle High German time, East F ...

and

East Central German East Central German or East Middle German () is the eastern Central German language and is part of High German. Present-day Standard German as a High German variant, has actually developed from a compromise of East Central (especially Upper Saxo ...

dialects merge voiced and unvoiced stops at least word-internally, and the merged consonants may be debuccalized. For example, in Bavarian, both ('ducks') and ('Andes') are pronounced . Speakers are often unaware of that. However,

Standard German Standard High German (SHG), less precisely Standard German or High German (, , or, in Switzerland, ), is the umbrella term for the standard language, standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for commun ...

spoken in

Luxembourg Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembour ...

often lacks syllabic sonorants under the influence of

Luxembourgish Luxembourgish ( ; also ''Luxemburgish'', ''Luxembourgian'', ''Letzebu(e)rgesch''; ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg. About 400,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide. The language is standardized and officiall ...

, so that is pronounced , rather than or .

Austronesian languages

Indonesian and Malay

In both languages, syllable-final ''-k'' is either realized as or .

Sulawesi languages

Debuccalization is very common in parts of

Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...

. Especially in the South Sulawesi branch, most languages have turned word-final ''*t'' and ''*k'' into a glottal stop. In every Gorontalic language except Buol and Kaidipang, ''*k'' was replaced by a glottal stop, and lost altogether in word-initial position: ''*kayu'' →

Gorontalo Gorontalo ( Gorontaloan: ''Hulontalo'') is a province of Indonesia on the island of Sulawesi. Located on the Minahasa Peninsula, Gorontalo was formerly part of the province of North Sulawesi until its inauguration as a separate province on 5 De ...

''ayu'' , ''*konuku'' → ''olu'u'' . However, if it followed ''*ŋ'', then ''*k'' voiced into ''g'' in Gorontalo (''*koŋkomo'' → ''onggomo'' ). Debuccalization is also common in the Sangiric branch. In Sangir and Bantik, all final voiceless stops were reduced into ''ʔ'' (''*manuk'' → ''manu''' "bird"). Also in Ratahan, final ''*t'' became ''ʔ'' (''*takut'' → ''taku''' "to fear"). In

Talaud The Talaud Islands Regency () is a regency of North Sulawesi province, Indonesia. The Talaud Islands form an archipelago situated to the northeast of the Minahasa Peninsula, with a land area of 1,251.02 km2. It had a population of 83,434 at the 2 ...

, all instances of Proto-Sangiric ''*k'' were debuccalized into ''ʔ'' except when following ''*ŋ'' (''*kiki'' → ''i'i'' "to bite", but ''*beŋkol'' → ''bengkola'' "bent"). Other newer instances of ''k'' resulted from ''*R'' when geminated or being word-final (''ʐ'' elsewhere), e.g. ''*bəRu'' → ''bakku'' "new", ''*bibiR'' → ''biwikka'' "lip", ''*bəŋaR'' → ''bangngaka'' "molar".

Polynesian languages

Many

Polynesian languages The Polynesian languages form a genealogical group of languages, itself part of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian family. There are 38 Polynesian languages, representing 7 percent of the 522 Oceanic languages, and 3 percent of the Austr ...

lost the original glottal stop *ʔ of their ancestor

Proto-Polynesian Proto-Polynesian (abbreviated PPn) is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Polynesian languages descend. It is a descendant of the Proto-Oceanic language (the language associated with the Lapita civilization), itself a descend ...

, but then debuccalized other consonants into a glottal stop . This applied to different consonants depending on the language, for example:See p.93-95 of: * Samoan < *k * Tahitian < PPn *k, *ŋ *

Marquesan The Marquesas Islands ( ; or ' or ' ; Marquesan: ' ( North Marquesan) and ' ( South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southern Pacific O ...

< PPn *l, *r *

Mangarevan Mangareva, Mangarevan ( autonym , ; in French ) is a Polynesian language spoken by about 600 people in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia (especially the largest island Mangareva) and by Mangarevians emigrants on the islands of Tahiti and ...

< PPn *f, *s *

Rurutu Rūrutu is the northernmost island in the Austral archipelago of French Polynesia, and the name of a commune consisting solely of that island. It is situated south of Tahiti. Its land area is .Hawaiian < PPn *k, *l, *r.

Glottal fricative

Indo-European languages

Slavic

Older was spirantized and later debuccalized in languages such as

Belarusian Belarusian may refer to: * Something of, or related to Belarus * Belarusians, people from Belarus, or of Belarusian descent * A citizen of Belarus, see Demographics of Belarus * Belarusian language * Belarusian culture * Belarusian cuisine * Byelor ...

, the

Czech–Slovak languages The Czech–Slovak languages (or Czecho-Slovak) are a subgroup within the West Slavic languages comprising the Czech and Slovak languages. Most varieties of Czech and Slovak are mutually intelligible, forming a dialect continuum (spanning the ...

, Ukrainian, and

Upper Sorbian Upper Sorbian (), occasionally referred to as Wendish (), is a minority language spoken by Sorbs in the historical province of Upper Lusatia, today part of Saxony, Germany. It is a West Slavic language, along with Lower Sorbian, Czech, Poli ...

, e.g. Serbian ''bog'', Russian ''box'', Czech ''bůh'', Ukrainian ''bih''.

English

=Scots and Scottish English

= In some varieties of Scots and

Scottish English Scottish English is the set of varieties of the English language spoken in Scotland. The transregional, standardised variety is called Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English (SSE). Scottish Standard English may be defined ...

, particularly on the West Coast, a non word-final ''th'' shifted to , a process called th-debuccalization. For example, is realized as .

=Scouse

= Pre-pausally, may be debuccalized to eg. ''it'', ''lot'', ''that'', ''what'' pronounced .

Proto-Greek

Proto-Greek The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean Greek, the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic, Ionic, Ae ...

, shifted to initially and between

s (

vowel A vowel is a speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract, forming the nucleus of a syllable. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness a ...

liquids Liquid is a state of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape. Liquids adapt to the shape of their container and are nearly incompressible, maintaining their volume even under pressure. The density of a liquid is usually close to th ...

, and

nasal Nasal is an adjective referring to the nose, part of human or animal anatomy. It may also be shorthand for the following uses in combination: * With reference to the human nose: ** Nasal administration, a method of pharmaceutical drug delivery * ...

s). *

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-Euro ...

→ Proto-Greek →

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...

() "seven" (vs.

) Intervocalic had been lost by the time of

, and vowels in

hiatus Hiatus may refer to: * Hiatus (anatomy), a natural fissure in a structure * Hiatus (stratigraphy), a discontinuity in the age of strata in stratigraphy *''Hiatus'', a genus of picture-winged flies with sole member species '' Hiatus fulvipes'' * G ...

were contracted in the

Attic An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building. It is also known as a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because they fill the space between the ceiling of a building's t ...

dialect. * post-PIE ''*ǵénesos'' → Proto-Greek → Ionic () :

() "of a race" Before a liquid or nasal, an was assimilated to the preceding vowel in Attic-Ionic and Doric and to the following nasal in

Aeolic In linguistics, Aeolic Greek (), also known as Aeolian (), Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of dialects of Ancient Greek spoken mainly in Boeotia; in Thessaly; in the Aegean island of Lesbos; and in the Greek colonies of Aeolis in Anat ...

. The process is also described as the loss of and the subsequent lengthening of a vowel or consonant, which kept the syllable the same

length Length is a measure of distance. In the International System of Quantities, length is a quantity with Dimension (physical quantity), dimension distance. In most systems of measurement a Base unit (measurement), base unit for length is chosen, ...

(

compensatory lengthening Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda, or of a vowel in an adjacent syllable. Lengthening triggered ...

). * PIE → Proto-Greek → Attic-Ionic () : Aeolic () "I am"

Sanskrit

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...

, becomes (written in transliteration) before a pause: e.g. ('desire') becomes . Additionally, the Proto-Indo-European aspirated voiced palato-velar ''*ǵʰ'' became through successive affrication, assibilation and debuccalization: e.g. "arm" becomes Sanskrit .

Bengali

In many

Eastern Bengali Eastern Bengali, Baṅgālī () or Vaṅga () is a nonstandard dialect cluster of Bengali spoken in most of Bangladesh and Tripura, thus covering majority of the land of Bengal and surrounding areas. Names It is also known as Baṅgālī (), ...

dialects, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant can become debuccalized to glottal or , e.g. "wife's brother" is , and "sea" is . The tenuis and aspirated forms of the labial stop and velar stop can get lenited to and respectively, but also be further debuccalized to or , e.g. "mad" is and "beggar, faqir" is . In some cases, even the glottal fricative is dropped, e.g. "(he / she / it) came" is .

West Iberian

=Spanish

= A number of

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...

dialects A dialect is a variety of language spoken by a particular group of people. This may include dominant and standardized varieties as well as vernacular, unwritten, or non-standardized varieties, such as those used in developing countries or iso ...

debuccalize to or at the

end End, END, Ending, or ENDS may refer to: End Mathematics *End (category theory) * End (topology) * End (graph theory) * End (group theory) (a subcase of the previous) * End (endomorphism) Sports and games *End (gridiron football) *End, a division ...

of a

syllable A syllable is a basic unit of organization within a sequence of speech sounds, such as within a word, typically defined by linguists as a ''nucleus'' (most often a vowel) with optional sounds before or after that nucleus (''margins'', which are ...

or intervocalically in certain instances.

=Galician

= In many varieties of Galician, as well as in Galician-influenced Spanish, the phoneme may debuccalize () to in most or all instances; and are also possible realizations. There is also an inverse

hypercorrection In sociolinguistics, hypercorrection is the nonstandard use of language that results from the overapplication of a perceived rule of language-usage prescription. A speaker or writer who produces a hypercorrection generally believes through a ...

process of older or less educated Galician speakers replacing the phoneme of the Spanish language with , which is called .

=Portuguese

= Portuguese is much less affected by debuccalization, but it is especially notable in its Brazilian variety. Throughout Brazil, the phoneme (historically an alveolar trill that moved to an uvular position) has a rather long inventory of allophones: . Only is uncommon. Few dialects, such as and , give preference to voiced allophones; elsewhere, they are common only as coda, before voiced consonants. In such dialects, especially among people speaking an educated variety of Portuguese, it is usual for the rhotic coda in the

syllable rhyme A syllable is a basic unit of organization within a sequence of speech sounds, such as within a word, typically defined by linguists as a ''nucleus'' (most often a vowel) with optional sounds before or after that nucleus (''margins'', which are ...

to be an alveolar tap, as in European Portuguese and many registers of Spanish, or to be realized as or . In the rest of the country, it is generally realized as , even by speakers who either do not normally use that allophone or delete it entirely, as is common in the vernacular. However, in some - and -influenced rural registers, is used but as an allophone of (rhotic consonants are most often deleted), a merger, instead of the much more common and less-stigmatized merger characteristic of all Brazilian urban centers except for those bordering

Mercosur The Southern Common Market (commonly known by abbreviation ''Mercosur'' in Spanish and ''Mercosul'' in Portuguese) is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994. Its full me ...

countries, where coda was preserved, and the entire

North North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography. Etymology T ...

and

Northeast The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A '' compass rose'' is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—eac ...

regions. Its origin is the replacement of indigenous languages and by Portuguese, which created , and

r-colored vowel An r-colored or rhotic vowel (also called a retroflex vowel, vocalic r, or a rhotacized vowel) is a vowel that is modified in a way that results in a lowering in frequency of the third formant. R-colored vowels can be articulated in various w ...

as allophones of both (now mostly ) and (now mostly ) phonemes in the coda since Native Brazilians could not easily pronounce them (

caipira dialect Caipira (Caipira pronunciation: ajˈpiɹɐor ajˈpiɹ ) is a dialect of the Portuguese language spoken in localities of Caipira influence, mainly in the interior of the state of São Paulo, in the eastern south of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the ...

). The later Portuguese influence from other regions made those allophones become rarer in some areas, but the merger remained in a few isolated villages and towns. Finally, many registers, especially those of the poor and of the youth, most northern and northeastern dialects, and, to a much minor degree, all other Brazilian dialects, debuccalize but less so than in Spanish. However, a merger or even a merger occurs: "but even so" or "though, right, the same (f) one" ; light "lighter, more slim", or also "less caloric/fatty" ; "but from me, no" or "not more from me" . A coda rhotic in the Brazilian dialects in the

Centro-Sul Centro-Sul (, ''South-Central'') is a geographic area that encompasses the Southeastern, Southern and Central-West regions of Brazil (see Brazil Regional Division), excluding the north of Minas Gerais, most of Mato Grosso, and parts of Tocan ...

area is hardly ever glottal, and the debuccalized is unlikely to be confused with it.

Romanian

In the Moldavian dialect of

Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...

, is debuccalized to and so, for example, becomes . The same occurred in

Old Spanish Old Spanish (, , ; ), also known as Old Castilian or Medieval Spanish, refers to the varieties of Ibero-Romance spoken predominantly in Castile and environs during the Middle Ages. The earliest, longest, and most famous literary composition in O ...

, Old Gascon, and still occurs in Sylheti.

Goidelic languages

Scottish Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including: *Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland *Scottish English *Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...

and

Irish Gaelic Irish (Standard Irish: ), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic ( ), is a Celtic language of the Indo-European language family. It is a member of the Goidelic languages of the Insular Celtic sub branch of the family and is indigeno ...

, ''s'' and ''t'' changed by

to , spelled ''sh'' and ''th''.

Faliscan

Inscription in Faliscan from the 4th century BC on show occasional debuccalization of to (e.g. ''hileo'' : Latin ''filius''). Whether the shift is displayed in the inscriptions is highly irregular, with some forms even showing an ostensibly opposite shift of written ''f'' in place of an expected ''h'' (e.g. ''fe'' : Latin ''hic''), possibly by means of

Austronesian languages

Malay

In several Malay dialects in the peninsular, final ''-s'' is realized as .

Batak languages

In the

Batak Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of closely related Austronesian peoples, Austronesian ethnic groups predominantly found in North Sumatra, Indonesia, who speak Batak languages. The term is used to include the Karo people ( ...

branch, all southern languages (but not the northern ones including Karo), have debuccalized ''*k'' into ''h'', except when word-final or followed ''*ŋ''. Both Angkola and

Mandailing The Mandailing (also known as Mandailing Batak) people are an ethnic group in Sumatra, Indonesia that is commonly associated with the Batak people. They are found mainly in the northern section of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. They came und ...

have restored ''k'' within the sequence ''hVhV'' (Angkola ''kehe'', Mandailing ''ke'', but Toba ''hehe''), or when following a consonant in Mandailing (''ala'' "scorpion" → ''parkalahan''). Mandailing, however has also further deleted ''*h'' (''*kalak'' → ''alak'' "person"), except in the sequence ''-aha-'' (''dahan'' "mushroom", not ''*dan'').Adelaar, K. A. (1981). "Reconstruction of Proto-Batak Phonology". In Robert A. Blust (ed.), ''Historical Linguistics in Indonesia: Part I'', 1–20. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.

Polynesian languages

commonly reflect debuccalization not only into a glottal stop , but also into a glottal fricative . The exact distribution depends on the language: * most languages reflect a regular change *s > * in several languages, the outcome of PPn *f is irregular across the lexicon, with no obvious conditioning:
PPn *f > Tahitian , ;

Māori Māori or Maori can refer to: Relating to the Māori people * Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group * Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand * Māori culture * Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the Co ...

, ; Hawaiian , , etc.

Other families

Yoruboid languages

Debuccalization occurs extensively within the dialectal continuum of Yoruboid languages, particularly among the Olukumi language,

Igala language Igala or IGALA may refer to: * IGALA, the International Gender and Language Association, an interdisciplinary academic organization * Igala Kingdom, a pre-colonial West African state * Igala language, a Volta–Niger language * Igala people, a ...

, the Northeast Yoruba dialect known as

Owe Owe is a surname or given name, a spelling variation of Ove (given name), Ove. Notable people with the name include: Given name *Owe Adamson (born 1935), Swedish cyclist and Olympic competitor *Owe Hellberg (born 1953), Swedish politician *Owe J ...

, and Southeastern dialects of the Yoruba language, such as Ikale. Many of these shifts came from

Proto-Yoruboid language Proto-Yoruboid is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Yoruboid languages, a subgroup of the Volta-Niger languages. It was likely spoken in what is now Nigeria and the confluence of the Niger River and Benue River. The ancestors of the Proto ...

(or its descendant language, Proto-Edekiri), and descendant languages shifted from to . In other cases shifts from to also occur from Proto-Yoruboid to Standard Yoruba. Many other alternatives shift from to , but it is unclear if that process is associated with the debuccalization occurring. * Proto-Yoruboid → Igala , Proto-Edekiri ''*sè'' →

, Olukumi ''hè'', Ikale "to cook" (vs. Standard Yoruba ) * Proto-Yoruboid → Igala , Proto-Edekiri ''*è-ho'' →

, Olukumi ''èhojin'' "fruit, seed (something that is sowed)" (vs. Standard Yoruba ) * Proto-Edekiri ''*V̀-sʊ̃'' → Ikale , Olukumi ''ùhọn'' "ground squirrel" (vs. Ekiti Yoruba ) * Proto-Yoruboid → Igala (vs. Standard Yoruba ) Debuccalization also occurs in other Volta-Niger languages, including

Igbo Igbo may refer to: * Igbo people, an ethnic group of Nigeria * Igbo language, their language * anything related to Igboland, a cultural region in Nigeria See also * Ibo (disambiguation) * Igbo mythology * Igbo music * Igbo art * * Igbo-Ukwu, a t ...

, the Ayere-Ahan languages, and the

Edo Edo (), also romanized as Jedo, Yedo or Yeddo, is the former name of Tokyo. Edo, formerly a (castle town) centered on Edo Castle located in Musashi Province, became the '' de facto'' capital of Japan from 1603 as the seat of the Tokugawa shogu ...

Japanese

Early Modern Japanese was the stage of the Japanese language after Middle Japanese and before Modern Japanese. It is a period of transition that shed many of the characteristics that Middle Japanese had retained during the language's development from Old Japanese, ...

, the labial fricative (derived from

Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language, recorded in documents from the Nara period (8th century). It became Early Middle Japanese in the succeeding Heian period, but the precise delimitation of the stages is controversial. Old Ja ...

*) was debuccalized to when followed by one of the vowels . (It remained labial before , and was palatalized to before .)

Kannada

old Kannada Old Kannada or Halegannada () is the Kannada language which transformed from ''Purvada halegannada'' or ''Pre-old Kannada'' during the reign of the Kadambas of Banavasi (ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka 345–525 CE). The Modern Kannada la ...

at around 10th-14th century, most of the initial debuccalized into a e.g. OlKn. ''pattu'', MdKn. ''hattu'' "ten".

Slavey

All coda consonants in

Slavey The Slavey (also Awokanak, Slave, and South Slavey) are a First Nations in Canada, First Nations group of Indigenous peoples in Canada. They speak the Slavey language, a part of the Athabaskan languages. Part of the Dene people, their homeland ...

must be glottal. When a non-glottal consonant would otherwise be positioned in a syllable coda, it debuccalizes to : * → ('hat') * → ('scar') * → ('rope')

Loanwords

Debuccalization can be a feature of

loanword A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing. Borrowing is a metaphorical term t ...

phonology. For example, debuccalization can be seen in

Indonesian Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to: * Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia ** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago ** Indonesian ...

loanwords into Selayar.

References

Bibliography

* * *

External links

"Debuccalization"
(Chapter 4 of Paul D. Fallon's ''The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives'' outledge, 2001 gives many other terms that have been proposed for the phenomenon.
Debuccalization and supplementary gestures
{Dead link, date=July 2019 , bot=InternetArchiveBot , fix-attempted=yes Phonology