Darul Islam Rebellion
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The Darul Islam rebellion ( Indonesian: ''Pemberontakan Darul Islam'') was a war waged between 1949 and 1962 by the Islamic State of Indonesia, commonly known as Darul Islam, to establish an
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in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
. The rebellion was launched by Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo, a former Indonesian nationalist who refused to recognize the new Republic of Indonesia. Instead, he proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Indonesia on 7 August 1949. Kartosuwirjo led Darul Islam's war against the Indonesian government for 13 years before he was captured by the
Indonesian Army The Indonesian Army ( (TNI-AD), ) is the army, land branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It has an estimated strength of 300,400 active personnel. The history of the Indonesian Army has its roots in 1945 when the (TKR) "People's Se ...
in 1962 and executed in 1965. After he was captured, Kartosuwirjo issued orders for his followers to surrender, although some pockets of resistance remained in Southeast Sulawesi until 1965.


Background

After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, ending
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,
Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...
proclaimed the independence of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, and became the nation's first president. While the Japanese soon left the former
Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies (; ), was a Dutch Empire, Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared independence on 17 Au ...
, the Dutch returned to reclaim former colonies in 1946. Indonesian militias fought the Dutch for three years in the
Indonesian National Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during A ...
. One of the militias—the
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of the Indonesian Army, based in
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—was led by Kartosuwirjo, who had initially supported the Japanese during their three years of occupation. The Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia signed the Linggadjati Agreement on 25 March 1947. The agreement gave the Republic control of the islands of
Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...
,
Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...
and
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, while the Dutch controlled the other islands. However, the Netherlands broke the agreement by launching '' Operation Product'' and invading Indonesian territory, and Kartosuwirjo called for a
holy war A religious war or a war of religion, sometimes also known as a holy war (), is a war and conflict which is primarily caused or justified by differences in religion and beliefs. In the modern period, there are frequent debates over the extent t ...
against the Dutch. Under the Renville Agreement, which the Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands ratified on 19 January 1948, all Indonesian troops withdrew and moved from
West Java West Java (, ) is an Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to t ...
to
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( Jogja). Kartosuwirjo saw the agreement as a failure of Indonesian diplomatic strategy because it reduced the Republic's sovereignty. He therefore ordered his troops to engage in
guerrilla warfare Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians, which may include recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrori ...
against the Dutch as a holy war to protect Indonesian independence. The revolution ended on 27 December 1949, after the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, in which the Dutch officially recognised the
Republic of Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
.


Beginning of rebellion

When Indonesia regained independence from the Dutch in 1949, Kartosuwirjo refused to disband his militia. He proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Indonesia on 7 August 1949, and named himself as its imam. His group was supported by many Indonesians, including Daud Beureueh, the governor of
Aceh Aceh ( , ; , Jawi script, Jawoë: ; Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, Old Spelling: ''Atjeh'') is the westernmost Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is located on the northern end of Sumatra island, with Banda Aceh being its capit ...
, who would become the vice imam of the group in 1955. (Beureueh surrendered to the government in 1957.) Elements of the Indonesian Army deserted and joined Darul Islam. Kartosuwirjo also forged an alliance with Raymond Westerling, a former officer in the
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (; KNIL, ; ) was the military force maintained by the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its colony of the Dutch East Indies, in areas that are now part of Indonesia. The KNIL's air arm was the Royal Netherl ...
who was leading a rebellion, known as the
Legion of the Just Ruler The Legion of the Just Ruler (, ; APRA) or the Legion of Ratu Adil was a pro- Dutch militia and private army established in the aftermath of the Indonesian National Revolution. It was founded by the former KNIL Captain Raymond Westerling followin ...
(APRA), against the Indonesian government. APRA was quickly defeated by the Indonesian Army in the army's stronghold at
Bandung Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, the city is the List of Indonesian cities by population, fourth-most populous city and fourth largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, Surabay ...
, and Westerling fled to
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in 1950. Former APRA soldiers who refused to surrender to the government joined Darul Islam. In 1952, Kahar Muzzakar, a former presidential guard of Sukarno, deserted and led a rebellion in Central and
South Sulawesi South Sulawesi () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province in the South Peninsula, Sulawesi, southern peninsula of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province. The capital and largest ci ...
. He initially wanted to create his own militant group, but instead joined Darul Islam in 1953. Darul Islam was also supported by other rebel groups that opposed the central government, like
Permesta Permesta was a rebel movement in Indonesia that was declared on 2 March 1957 by civil and military leaders in Eastern Indonesia. Initially the center of the movement was in Makassar, which at that time was the capital of the province of Sulawe ...
and PRRI. Members of Darul Islam had tried several times to assassinate
Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...
. On 9 March 1960, a Mig-17 of the
Indonesian Air Force The Indonesian Air Force (, sometimes shortened as IDAF / IdAF) is the Air force, aerial branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The Indonesian Air Force is headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia, and is headed by the Chief of Staff of th ...
, flown by flight lieutenant Daniel "Tiger" Maukar, attempted to assassinate
Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...
by firing a
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round on
Merdeka Palace The Merdeka Palace (; also known in Indonesian as and during the Dutch colonial times as ), is one of seven presidential palaces in Indonesia. It is located on the north side of the Merdeka Square, Jakarta, Merdeka Square in Central Jakarta, In ...
. However,
Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...
was not in the palace at the time. Maukar flew his plane to Garut, where he was going to be picked up by another Darul Islam member, but the army captured him before he could escape. Maukar was tried and sentenced to death.
Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...
personally
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ed him and commuted his sentence to life in prison.


Military Operations by Indonesia


Operation Pagar Betis

Operation Pagar Betis was a military operation aiming to eliminate most of Darul Islam forces, blockade and destroyed the suspected Darul Islam regions, and cut off their supplies with "Pagar Betis Tactics". The beginning of this operation infiltrated the Darul Islam regions. But they realized the need of some support of civilians and Nasution decided to help the civilians in their social activity like farming, harvest, and building some towers to spying the Darul Islam forces. With this efforts the civilians finally helping the Indonesian forces and participated into this operations. Finally in 1962 after many of their forces were eliminated, lack of supplies, and the successful blockade by Indonesian forces. Kartosoewirjo deciding to surrender and ended his rebellions.


Operation Gunung Gede

On March 1957 after KKO launched military operation on Indramayu called "Operation Indra the operation successfully defeating the Darul Islam rebels. However the KKO decided to launched second operations called "Operation Gunung Gede" on
Mount Gede Mount Gede (; in Sundanese) is a stratovolcano in West Java, Indonesia. The volcano contains two peaks with Mount Gede as one peak and Mount Pangrango for the other one. Three major cities, Cianjur, Sukabumi, and Bogor, are located in the volc ...
, in order by Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy,the composite of this forces was only 2 platoons led by Captain Boy Abidin,Lieutenant Pratowo Soedibyo, and Lieutenant Soegito. On 19 March they arrived to sukabumi after arrived they reported to Battalion Regiments of 8 TT.III after that they continued crossed into Cibodas to Cipanas. On 21 March they reached on Mount Gede but the heat was cold and make the forces resting on the slope of mountains. the forces launched the attack and faced skirmishes on mountain top however the KKO forces manage to capturing most of Darul Islam documents. On 23 March the KKO faced combat against Darul Islam in Curug Ciheuleng,the assault was success and also killed many former leaders of darul islam forces.Sejarah, ''"Operasi KKO-AL di Gunung Gede Pangrango, Sukabumi"'', ''Marinir'', NO. 137 Edisi Khussus - Februari 2013 MARINIR, hlm. 47-48.


Dissolution and aftermath

Starting in 1956, the government went on the offensive against Darul Islam. The group was severely weakened after its top leaders were killed or captured, and many members surrendered. The government regained full control of Aceh in 1957 after the local branch of Darul Islam surrendered. Factions in
South Kalimantan South Kalimantan () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is the second most populous province on the island of Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of the island of Borneo after West Kalimantan. The provincial capital was Banjar ...
disbanded in 1959 after their leader was killed. By 1962, there were only pockets of resistance in
West Java West Java (, ) is an Indonesian Provinces of Indonesia, province on the western part of the island of Java, with its provincial capital in Bandung. West Java is bordered by the province of Banten and the country's capital region of Jakarta to t ...
and
South Sulawesi South Sulawesi () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province in the South Peninsula, Sulawesi, southern peninsula of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Selayar Islands archipelago to the south of Sulawesi is also part of the province. The capital and largest ci ...
. In June 1962, Kartosuwirjo was captured by the army in his hideout in Garut. He was tried, sentenced to death, and executed three months later in the
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. During his time in prison, Kartosuwirjo ordered his followers to surrender. The last Darul Islam band, in Southeast Sulawesi, did so in 1965. Even after the group was dissolved, some Indonesians continued to support its ideology. Along with some former Darul Islam members, they formed the Komando Jihad, which evolved into the present-day terrorist group Jemaah Islamiyah. Additionally, in 1976, former Darul Islam member Hasan di Tiro created the
Free Aceh Movement The Free Aceh Movement (, GAM; ) was a separatism, separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region of Sumatra, Indonesia. GAM fought against Indonesian government forces in the Insurgency in Aceh, Aceh insurgency from 1976 to 2005. E ...
, which attempted to separate the province of
Aceh Aceh ( , ; , Jawi script, Jawoë: ; Van Ophuijsen Spelling System, Old Spelling: ''Atjeh'') is the westernmost Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. It is located on the northern end of Sumatra island, with Banda Aceh being its capit ...
from Indonesia. Di Tiro waged war against the Indonesian government for 38 years before finally signing a peace treaty in
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in August 2005.{{Cite web, url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/helsinki-agreement-more-promising-basis-peace-aceh, title=The Helsinki Agreement: A More Promising Basis for Peace in Aceh?, date=2005-12-15, website=East-West Center {{! www.eastwestcenter.org, access-date=2016-05-30


References


External links


Kisah Istana Presiden Soekarno dibom Mig-17 TNI AUThe History of Darul Islam (DI) and Kartosuwiryo
20th-century conflicts Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia Separatist rebellion-based civil wars Military history of Indonesia Wars involving Indonesia Insurgencies in Asia Muslim rebellions