This article lists kings of Thrace and Dacia, and includes

Thracian The Thracians (; ; ) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied the area that today is shared between north-eastern Greece, ...

Paeonian In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia () was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians (or Paionians; ). The exact original boundaries of Paeonia, like the early history of its inhabitants, are obscure, but it is known that it roughly corresponds to m ...

Celt The Celts ( , see Names of the Celts#Pronunciation, pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples ( ) were a collection of Indo-European languages, Indo-European peoples. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apoge ...

ic,

Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It thus ro ...

Scythian The Scythians ( or ) or Scyths (, but note Scytho- () in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC fr ...

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

n or

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...

rulers up to the point of its fall to the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

, with a few figures from

Greek mythology Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. These stories conc ...

Mythological

Haemus In Greek mythology, King Haemus (; , ''Haîmos'') of Thrace, was the son of Boreas, the north wind. Mythology Haemus was vain and haughty and compared himself and his wife, Queen Rhodope, to Zeus and Hera. The gods changed him and his wife in ...

, became a mountain

Haemus Mons The Balkan mountain range is located in the eastern part of the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It is conventionally taken to begin at the peak of Vrashka Chuka on the border between Bulgaria and Serbia. It then runs f ...

* Thrax, son of

Ares Ares (; , ''Árēs'' ) is the List of Greek deities, Greek god of war god, war and courage. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for ...

* Tegyrios, mortal *

Eumolpus In Greek Mythology, Eumolpus (; Ancient Greek: Εὔμολπος ''Eúmolpos'', "good singer" or "sweet singing", derived from εὖ ''eu'' "good" and μολπή ''molpe'' "song", "singing") was a legendary king of Thrace. He was described as hav ...

, inherited a kingdom from Tegyrios *

Tereus In Greek mythology, Tereus (; Ancient Greek: Τηρεύς) was a Thracian king,Thucydides: ''History of the Peloponnesian War'' 2:29 the son of Ares and the naiad Bistonis. He was the brother of Dryas. Tereus was the husband of the Athenian pr ...

, the king that was turned into a

hoopoe Hoopoes () are colourful birds found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, notable for their distinctive "Crest (feathers), crown" of feathers which can be raised or lowered at will. Two living and one extinct species are recognized, though for many y ...

Phineus In Greek mythology, Phineus (; ), was a king of Salmydessus in Thrace and seer, who appears in accounts of the Argonauts' voyage. Some accounts make him a king in PaphlagoniaScholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, 2.178, 237; Scholia ''ad eund'' 2.1 ...

Phoenicia Phoenicians were an Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic group of people who lived in the Phoenician city-states along a coastal strip in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily modern Lebanon and the Syria, Syrian ...

n son of

Agenor Agenor (; ) was in Greek mythology and history a Phoenician monarch, king of Tyre, Lebanon, Tyre or Sidon. The Greeks, Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC), born in the city of Halicarnassus under the Achaemenid Empire, estimated that Agen ...

, blind king and seer *

Poltys :'' Poltys'' is also a genus of spiders In Greek mythology, Poltys (Ancient Greek: Πόλτυς) is a mythical king and eponym of the Thracian city of Poltyobria (or ''Poltymbria''; also called Aenus), featured in Apollodorus's account of the sto ...

, son of

Poseidon Poseidon (; ) is one of the twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and mythology, presiding over the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 He was the protector of seafarers and the guardian of many Hellenic cit ...

Pyreneus In Greek mythology, Pyreneus was a king of Thrace. Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 5.274 ff. Mythology In Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'', Pyreneus invites the Muse In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, the Muses (, ) were the Artistic in ...

, died trying to harm the

Muses In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, the Muses (, ) were the Artistic inspiration, inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric p ...

Harpalycus In Greek mythology, the name Harpalycus () may refer to: *Harpalycus, an Arcadian prince as one of the 50 sons of the impious King Lycaon either by the naiad Cyllene, Nonacris or by unknown woman. He and his brothers were the most nefarious and ...

, king of the Amymnaeans *Thoas, founder of

Thoana Tyana, earlier known as Tuwana during the Iron Age, and Tūwanuwa during the Bronze Age, was an ancient city in the Anatolian region of Cappadocia, in modern Kemerhisar, Niğde Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey. It was the capital of a Luwia ...

Mopsus Mopsus (; Ancient Greek: Μόψος, ''Mopsos'') was the name of one of two famous seers in Greek mythology; his rival being Calchas. A historical or legendary ''Mopsos'' or ''Mukšuš'' may have been the founder of a house in power at widespread ...

, killed

Myrine In Greek mythology, the name Myrina, Myrinne or Myrinna () may refer to the following individuals: * Myrina, a queen of the Amazons. According to Diodorus Siculus, she led a military expedition in Libya and won a victory over the people known as th ...

, an amazon queen *

Peirous In Greek mythology, Peirous or Peiroos (Ancient Greek: Πείροος) was a Thracian war leader from the city of Aenus and an ally of King Priam during the Trojan War. Peirous was the son of Imbrasus and father of Rhygmus (who fought at Troy al ...

, a Thracian war leader killed by Thoas the

Aetolian Aetolia () is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. Geography The Achelous River separates Aetolia from Acarnania to the west; on the ...

Rhesus of Thrace Rhesus (; Ancient Greek: Ῥῆσος ''Rhêsos'') is a mythical king of Thrace in '' The Iliad'' who fought on the side of Trojans. Rhesus arrived late to the battle and while asleep in his camp, Diomedes and Odysseus stole his team of horses d ...

, died in the

Trojan War The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology that took place around the twelfth or thirteenth century BC. The war was waged by the Achaeans (Homer), Achaeans (Ancient Greece, Greeks) against the city of Troy after Paris (mytho ...

Cisseus In Greek mythology, Cisseus (Ancient Greek: Κισσεὺς means "wreathe with ivy") may refer to the following personages: *Cisseus, an Egyptian prince as one of the sons of King Aegyptus. His mother was the naiad Caliadne and thus full brothe ...

, father of

Theano In Greek mythology, Theano (; Ancient Greek: Θεανώ) may refer to the following personages: * Theano, wife of Metapontus, king of Icaria. Metapontus demanded that she bear him children, or leave the kingdom. She presented the children of M ...

, the wife of

Antenor __NOTOC__ Antenor (, ''Antḗnōr''; BC) was an Athenian sculptor. He is recorded as the creator of the joint statues of the tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogeiton funded by the Athenians on the expulsion of Hippias. These statues were ...

Diomedes of Thrace In Greek mythology, King Diomedes of Thrace (Ancient Greek: Διομήδης) was the son of Ares and Cyrene. He lived on the shores of the Black Sea ruling the warlike tribe of Bistones. He is known for his man-eating horses, which Heracles s ...

Giant In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: ''wiktionary:gigas, gigas'', cognate wiktionary:giga-, giga-) are beings of humanoid appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word ''gia ...

that ruled over the

Bistones Bistones () is the name of a Thracian people who dwelt between Mount Rhodopé and the Aegean Sea, beside Lake Bistonis, near Abdera extending westward as far as the river Nestus. It was through the land of the Bistones that Xerxes marched on h ...

Lycurgus Lycurgus (; ) was the legendary lawgiver of Sparta, credited with the formation of its (), involving political, economic, and social reforms to produce a military-oriented Spartan society in accordance with the Delphic oracle. The Spartans i ...

, of the

Edoni The Edoni (also ''Edones'', ''Edonians'', ''Edonides'') () were a Thracian tribe who dwelt mostly between the Nestus and the Strymon rivers in southern Thrace, but also once dwelt west of the Strymon at least as far as the Axios. They inhabited ...

Oeagrus In Greek mythology, Oeagrus () was a king of Thrace, and father of Orpheus. Biography Kingdom There are various versions as to where Oeagrus' domain was actually situated. In one version, he ruled over the Edonian kingdom in the region of My ...

, father of

Orpheus In Greek mythology, Orpheus (; , classical pronunciation: ) was a Thracians, Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet. He was also a renowned Ancient Greek poetry, poet and, according to legend, travelled with Jason and the Argonauts in se ...

and Linus *

of the

Cicones The Cicones (; ) or Ciconians were a Homeric ThracianHerodotus, ''The Histories'' (Penguin Classics), edd. John M. Marincola and Aubery de Selincourt, 2003, p. 452 (I10): "The Thracian tribes lying along his route were the Paeti, Cicones, Bist ...

Polymestor In Greek mythology, Polymestor or Polymnestor () was a king of the Bistonians in Thrace. Polymestor appears in Euripides' play ''Hecuba'' and in the Ovidian myth "Hecuba, Polyxena and Polydorus". Polymestor was also the name of a Greek king of A ...

of the

Bistonians Bistones () is the name of a Thracian people who dwelt between Mount Rhodopé and the Aegean Sea, beside Lake Bistonis, near Abdera extending westward as far as the river Nestus. It was through the land of the Bistones that Xerxes marched on h ...

Zalmoxis Zalmoxis is a divinity of the Getae and Dacians (a people of the lower Danube), mentioned by Herodotus in his ''Histories'' Book IV, 93–96, written before 425 BC. Said to have been so called from the bear's skin (ζάλμος) in which ...

of the

Getae The Getae or Getai ( or , also Getans) were a large nation who inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania, throughout much of Classical Antiquity. The main source of informa ...

Charnabon In Greek mythology, Charnabon (Ancient Greek "Χαρναβών", gen. "Χαρναβώντος") was a king of the Getae, mentioned in Sophocles' tragedy '' Triptolemos'' as ruling the Getae, without a precise geographical location of his kingdom. ...

of the

, who came into power when grain was first given to men mentioned by

Sophocles Sophocles ( 497/496 – winter 406/405 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. was an ancient Greek tragedian known as one of three from whom at least two plays have survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or contemporary with, those ...

*''

Pyraechmes In Greek mythology, Pyraechmes (; ) was, along with Asteropaeus, a leader of the Paeonians in the Trojan War. Mythology Pyraechmes came from the city of Amydon. Although Homer mentions Pyraechmes as the leader of the Paeonians early on in th ...

'' of the

Paeonians Paeonians () were an ancient Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European people that dwelt in Paeonia (kingdom), Paeonia. Paeonia was an old country whose location was to the north of Ancient Macedonia, to the south of Dardania (Roman province), Dardania ...

*'' Asteropaios'' of the

Persian

Darius I Darius I ( ; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its territorial peak, when it included much of West A ...

Satrapy A satrap () was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires. A satrapy is the territory governed by a satrap. ...

named

Skudra Skudra () was a province (satrapy) of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in Europe between 510s BC and 479 BC. Its name is attested in Persian and Egyptian inscriptions (an Egyptian record of c. 498–497 BC, and a list on the tomb of Darius the Grea ...

by 516 BC *

, Thrace is resubjucated by Mardonius at 492 BC *

Xerxes I Xerxes I ( – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a List of monarchs of Persia, Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC. He was ...

, retains Thrace from 486 BC to 479 BC

Tribal kings

Olorus Olorus () was the name of a king of Thrace. His daughter Hegesipyle married the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades, who defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC.Herodotus6.39.2 Notes References * Herodotus, ''Histories' ...

, 5th century BC *

Syrmus Syrmus or Syrmos (also ''Syrmios'', Ancient Greek: Σύρμος) was a king of the West Thracian Triballi tribe during the 330s BC. He is mentioned by Arrian, Strabo and Plutarch. After the death of his father, Philip II, Alexander the Great pa ...

, king of the

Triballi The Triballi (, ) were an ancient people who lived in northern Bulgaria in the region of Roman Oescus up to southeastern Serbia, possibly near the territory of the Morava Valley in the late Iron Age. The Triballi lived between Thracians to the ...

4th century BC *

Bergaios Bergaios or Bergaeus (), 400 – 350 BC, was a Thracian king in the Pangaian region. He is known mainly from the several types of coins that he struck, which resemble those of Thasos. Bergaios could mean literally, 'a man from Berge' but the lege ...

, petty king of Pangaeum *

Dromichaetes Dromichaetes () was king of the Getae on both sides of the lower Danube (present day Romania and Bulgaria) around 300 BC. Background The Getae had been federated in the Odrysian kingdom in the 5th century BC. It is not known how the relatio ...

, of the

300 BC *

Langarus Langarus (; died 335 BC), king of the Agrianians, was a contemporary of Alexander the Great (336–323 BC), with whom he ingratiated himself even before the death of Philip II, previous king of Macedon. Langarus rendered Alexander important se ...

, of the

Agrianes The Agrianes (Ancient Greek: Ἀγριᾶνες, ''Agrianes'' or Ἀγρίαι, ''Agriai'') or Agrianians, were a tribe whose country was centered at Upper Strymon, in present-day central Western Bulgaria as well as southeasternmost Serbia, at t ...

Pleuratus Pleuratus I (Ancient Greek: Πλευρᾶτος; ruled 356–335 BC) was an Illyrian king of the Illyrian tribe of the Taulantii. Pleuratus was the father of Glaucias. Pleuratus managed to defeat Philip II during Macedon's expansion, wounding ...

, a

Illyria In classical and late antiquity, Illyria (; , ''Illyría'' or , ''Illyrís''; , ''Illyricum'') was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyrians. The Ancient Gree ...

n king that attacked

Tylis Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion ...

213–208 BC * Diegylis, chieftain of the

Caeni Kainoi () or Caeni is the name of a Thracian tribe, mentioned by the Roman historian Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, title ...

extremely bloodthirsty 145 BC * Ziselmius, Diegylis' son * Mostis, of the

, king ~130–90 BC * Abrupolis of the

Sapaean Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi (Ancient Greek, "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until ...

s, 2nd century BC * King Blachernai a local Royal thracian of the Odrysian Astaean Family 2nd century BC mentioned by Dionysus of Byzantium. * Rabocentus of the

Bessi The Bessi (; , or , ) or Bessae, were a Thracian tribe that inhabited the upper valley of the Hebros and the lands between the Haemus and Rhodope mountain ranges in historical Thrace. Geography The exact geographic location of the Bessi is ...

mentioned by

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

* Cosingas, chieftain and priest of Hera to the tribes of

Cebrenii Cebrenii () is a Thracian tribe. They are mentioned by Polyaenus Polyaenus: Stratagems - BOOK 7: The generals of the Cebrenii and Sycaeboae, two Thracian tribes, were chosen from among the priests of Hera. Cosingas, according to the tradition of ...

and Sucaeboae * Getas, king of the

Edones The Edoni (also ''Edones'', ''Edonians'', ''Edonides'') () were a Thracian tribe who dwelt mostly between the Nestus and the Strymon rivers in southern Thrace, but also once dwelt west of the Strymon at least as far as the Axios. They inhabite ...

Getic and Dacian

, king of the Getae as mentioned by Sophocles in

Triptolemus Triptolemus (), also known as Buzyges (), was a hero of Eleusis (Boeotia), Eleusis in Greek mythology, central to the Eleusinian Mysteries and is worshipped as the inventor and patron of agriculture. Triptolemus is credited with being the fir ...

- 5th century BC *

Cothelas Cothelas (), also known as Gudila (fl. 4th century BC), was a king of the Getae who ruled an area near the Black Sea, between northern Thrace and the Danube. His polity also included the important port of Odessos. Around 341 BC, he concluded a tr ...

, father of Meda of Odessa – 4th century BC * Rex Histrianorum, ruler in Histria, mentioned by Trogus Pompeius and Justinus - 339 BC *

Dual Dual or Duals may refer to: Paired/two things * Dual (mathematics), a notion of paired concepts that mirror one another ** Dual (category theory), a formalization of mathematical duality *** see more cases in :Duality theories * Dual number, a nu ...

– 3rd century BC * Moskon – 3rd century BC *

– 3rd century BC * Zalmodegicus – around 200 BC *

Rhemaxos Rhemaxos was an ancient king who ruled to the north of Danube around 200 BC and who was the protector of the Greek colonies in Dobruja Dobruja or Dobrudja (; or ''Dobrudža''; , or ; ; Dobrujan Tatar: ''Tomrîğa''; Ukrainian language, Ukr ...

– around 200 BC * Rubobostes – around 200 BC *

Zoltes Zoltes was a chief of the southern Thracians, living in the Haemus mountains area. Leading small groups, he often made incursions into the Pontic cities and within their territories. He attacked the city of Histria, calling off the siege only a ...

– 200 BC * Oroles – 2nd century BC * Dicomes – 1st century BC *

Rholes Rholes or Roles (Ancient Greek Ῥώλης) was a Getae chieftain in Scythia Minor (modern Dobruja) mentioned by Cassius Dio in his ''Roman History''. According to Dio, he helped Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus defeat the Bastarnae, and when ...

– 1st century BC *

Dapyx Dapyx was a 1st-century BC chieftain of a Getae tribe or a tribe union in Scythia Minor (nowadays in Dobruja). The Roman historian Cassius Dio talks about him in his report on the campaigns of Marcus Licinius Crassus Marcus Licinius Crassus ...

– 1st century BC * Zyraxes – 1st century BC *

Burebista Burebista () was the king of the Getae and Dacian tribes from 82/61BC to 45/44BC. He was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom, which comprised the area located between the Danube, Tisza, and Dniester rivers, ...

– 82–44 BC * Deceneus – 44 BC - around 27 BC High Priest * Thiamarkos - 1st century BC - 1st century AD, Dacian king (inscription "Basileys Thiamarkos epoiei") *

Cotiso Cotiso, Cotish or Cotison (flourished c. 30 BC) was a Dacian or Getic king who apparently ruled the mountains between Banat and Oltenia (modern-day Romania). Horace and Florus call him a Dacian; Suetonius calls him king of the Getae. Florus wrot ...

– c. 40 BC - c.9 BC *

Comosicus Comosicus was a Dacian king and high priest who lived in the 1st century BC. The only reference to Comosicus is a passage in the writings of the Roman historian Jordanes. Sources Jordanes refers to Burebista as king of Dacia, but then goes on to ...

Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 72, "At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo/Corilus/Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian kings" – 9 BC–30 AD *

Scorilo Scorilo (died maybe 70) was a Dacian king who may have been the father of Decebalus. Evidence for his life and reign is fragmentary. Sources A Dacian king (''dux Dacorum'') called Scorylo is also mentioned by Frontinus, who says he was in powe ...

– c.30–70 AD *

Coson The Kosons are the only gold coins that have been minted by the Dacians, named after the Greek alphabet inscription "ΚΟΣΩΝ" on them.Bogdan Constantinescu et al.,Archaeometallurgical Characterization Of Ancient Gold Artifacts From Romanian Mus ...

Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Kings Coson (who minted his own coins) and Duras" * Duras – c. 69–87 *

Decebalus Decebalus (; ), sometimes referred to as Diurpaneus, was the last Dacians, Dacian king. He is famous for fighting three wars, with varying success, against the Roman Empire under two emperors. After raiding south across the Danube, he defeated a R ...

– 87–106 **106 AD, Dacia becomes a province of the

conquered by

Trajan Trajan ( ; born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. He was a philanthropic ruler and a successful soldier ...

. * Pieporus, king of Dacian

Costoboci The Costoboci (; , or Κιστοβῶκοι) were a Dacian tribe located, during the Roman imperial era, between the Carpathian Mountains and the river Dniester river, Dniester. During the Marcomannic Wars the Costoboci invaded the Roman Empire i ...

– 2nd century AD (inscription) * Tarbus – 2nd century AD.

Dio Cassius Lucius Cassius Dio (), also known as Dio Cassius ( ), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the history of ancient Rome, beginning with the arrival of Aeneas in Italy. The volumes documented the ...

mentioned him without specifying his origin. Some authors consider a possible Dacian ethnicity

Paeonian

* See: List of Paeonian kings

Celtic rulers in Thrace

Cerethrius Cerethrius was a GallicThe Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe (Oxford Illustrated Histories) by Barry Cunliffe,2001,page 380 king in Thrace Thrace (, ; ; ; ) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe rough ...

Critasirus Critasiros (Celtic: (''Great Terror''), Ancient Greek: ''Κριτασίρος'') was a king of the Celtic tribes of the Boii and Taurisci. In 59 BC The Boii and Taurisci were defeated under the leadership of Critosiros by the Dacians in today's Aus ...

, a

* Bathanatos of the

Scordisci The Scordisci (; ) were an Iron Age cultural group who emerged after the Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe, and who were centered in the territory of present-day Serbia, at the confluence of the Savus (Sava), Dravus (Drava), Margus (Morav ...

Celtic rulers of
Tylis Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion ...
in Thrace

Source: * Comontorius Celtic military commander, first king of Tylis (c. 277 BC-?) * Orsoaltius (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain) * Cersibaulus (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain) *

Cavarus Copper coin of Cavarus Cavarus was a Celtic king in Thrace and the last king of Tylis. Under Cavarus, Tylis was destroyed by the Thracians in 212 BC.Polybius Polybius (; , ; ) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period. He is not ...

, last king of Tylis; overthrown by the Thracians (?-212 BC)

Greek-Macedonian

Philip II of Macedon Philip II of Macedon (; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king (''basileus'') of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. He was a member of the Argead dynasty, founders of the ...

, annexed Thrace, 341–336 BC *

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip ...

retains Thrace and suppresses rebellion, 335–323 BC *

Lysimachus Lysimachus (; Greek language, Greek: Λυσίμαχος, ''Lysimachos''; c. 360 BC – 281 BC) was a Thessaly, Thessalian officer and Diadochi, successor of Alexander the Great, who in 306 BC, became king of Thrace, Anatolia, Asia Minor and Mace ...

, one of the

Diadochi The Diadochi were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC. The Wars of the Diadochi mark the beginning of the Hellenistic period from the Mediterran ...

, includes Thrace in his kingdom, 323–281 BC *

Philip V of Macedon Philip V (; 238–179 BC) was king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by the Social War (220–217 BC), Social War in Greece (220-217 BC) ...

controls all cities of Thrace up to the

hellespont The Dardanelles ( ; ; ), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli (after the Gallipoli peninsula) and in classical antiquity as the Hellespont ( ; ), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey t ...

, 238–179 BC *

Perseus of Macedon Perseus (; – 166 BC) was king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon from 179 until 168BC. He is widely regarded as the last List of kings of Macedonia, king of Macedonia and the last ruler from th ...

continues controlling the part of Thrace his father left him, 212–166 BC

Odrysian Kingdom

The list below includes the known Odrysian kings of Thrace, but much of it is conjectural, based on incomplete sources, and the varying interpretation of ongoing numismatic and archaeological discoveries. Various other Thracian kings (some of them non-Odrysian) are included as well. Odrysian kings though called Kings of Thrace never exercised sovereignty over all of Thrace. Control varied according to tribal relationships. Odrysian kings (names are presented in Latin forms): *

Teres I Teres I (, ; reigned (Unknown–445 BC)The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms) by Christopher Webber and Angus McBride, 2001, , page 5 was the first king of a large, unified Odrysian kingdom of Thrace. Teres, who united the 40 or more Thracian ...

, son of ? Odryses, (480/450/430 BC) * Sparatocus, son of

(c. 465?-by 431 BC) *

Sitalces Sitalces (Sitalkes) (; ; reigned 431–424 BC) was one of the kings of the Thracian Odrysian state. The Suda called him Sitalcus (Σίταλκος). He was the son of Teres I, and on the sudden death of his father in 431 BC succeeded to t ...

, son of Teres I (by 431-424 BC) *

Seuthes I Seuthes I (; , ''Seuthēs'') was king of the Odrysians in Thrace from 424 BC until at least 411 BC. Seuthes was the son of Sparatocos (Sparadocus), and the grandson of Teres I. While his father Sparadocus is the first Odrysian monarch to have l ...

, son of Sparatocus (424-396 BC) * Maesades, father of

Seuthes II Seuthes II (, ''Seuthēs'') was a ruler in the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace, attested from 405 to 387 BC. While he looms large in the historical narrative thanks to his close collaboration with Xenophon, most scholars consider Seuthes II to have bee ...

, local ruler in eastern Thrace? * Teres II, local ruler in eastern Thrace * Saratocus (= Sadocus, son of

?), local ruler in western Thrace? * Metocus ( = Amadocus I?), son of ?

Amadocus I Amadocus I (, Amadokos, also Amatokos, perhaps more accurately Μήτοκος/Μήδοκος, Mētokos/Mēdokos, of which the Latin form would be Medocus) was a Thracian king of the Odrysae in the late 5th to early 4th century BC (attested from be ...

, son of ? Metocus (unless identical to him) or of

(by 405-after 390 BC) *

, son of Maesades, descendant of

, local ruler in eastern Thrace (by 405?-after 387 BC) *

Hebryzelmis Hebryzelmis (Ancient Greek: Εὐρύζελμις, Ἑβρύζελμις, Ἑβροζέλμης, Εὐρύτελμις) was an Odrysian king of Thrace, attested as ruling in 386/385 BC. The origins of Hebryzelmis are unclear, although it has been ...

, son or brother of ?

(c. 386 BC) * Cotys I, son of ?

(by 384–360 or 359 BC) *

Cersobleptes Cersobleptes (, also found in the form Cersebleptes, Kersebleptēs) was the son of Cotys I, king of the Odrysians in Thrace, on whose death in September 360 BC he inherited the throne. Early troubles From the beginning of his reign, howeve ...

, son of Cotys I, ''king in eastern Thrace'' (360 or 359-341 BC) *

Berisades Berisades () was a ruler in Thrace, who inherited, in conjunction with Amadocus II and Cersobleptes, the dominions of the Thracian king Cotys on the death of the latter in 360 BC. Berisades was probably a son of Cotys and a brother of the other tw ...

, rival of

, ''king in western Thrace in Strimos'' (359-352 BC) *

Amadocus II Amadocus (, also Amatokos) was an Odrysian ruler in Thrace, who ruled from 360 to c. 351 BC. Amadocus II was the son of Amadocus I (Medocus), according to a fragment of Theopompus, which specifies that there were two kings named Amadocus, father ...

, son of

and rival of

, ''king in central Thrace in Chersonese and

Maroneia Maroneia () is a village and a former municipality in Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a municipal unit. The munic ...

'' (359-351 BC) *

Cetriporis Cetriporis (), also known as Ketriporis, an anthroponym from the Thracian language, was a king of the Odrysian kingdom in western Thrace from c. 357-356 BC, in succession to his father Berisades, with whom he may already have been a co-ruler. He ...

, son of

, ''king in western Thrace in Strimos'' (358-347 BC) *

Teres III Teres III () was a king of the Odrysians in Thrace in 149 BC, the son of Cotys IV. References See also * List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia () including possibly or partly Thracian or Dacian tribes, a ...

, son of ?

, ''king in central Thrace in Chersonese and

'' (351-342 BC) ** The kings of Thrace are forced to submit to Macedonian rule or overlordship by 341 BC *

Seuthes III Seuthes III (, Seuthēs) was a Thracian king of Odrysia, a part of Thrace, during the late 4th century BC (securely attested between 324 and 312 BC). Historical background Following the campaigns of Philip II in 347–342 BC a significant part ...

, son of ?

or Cotys I, opposed Macedonian rule (by 324–after 312 BC) ** The succession to Seuthes III is unclear; the area was partitioned among Thracian dynasts and Macedonian kings, after 277 also by the Celts of

Odrysian rulers in eastern Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

Source: * Cotys II, son of Seuthes ( III?) (attested 330 BC, while still prince, if son of Seuthes III?) * Rhaezdus ( Rhoegus?), son of ? Cotys II * Cotys III, son of Rhaezdus (c. 270 BC) * Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys III (?-by 212 BC?)

Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

Source: * Teres IV, son of Seuthes (III?) (c. 295 BC?) *

Seuthes IV Seuthes IV (Ancient Greek: Σεύθης, Seuthēs) was a possible king of the Odrysians in Thrace during the 3rd century BC. Seuthes IV is an obscure figure, and the little that is known depends on inference from very limited information that may a ...

, son of Teres (IV?) * Teres V, son of ? Seuthes IV (c. 255 BC) * Rhoegus, son of Seuthes (IV?) (mid-Third Century, buried in the

Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak (, ''Kazanlǎška grobnica'') is a vaulted-brickwork "beehive" (beehive tomb, tholos) tomb that is located near the town of Kazanlak in central Bulgaria. The tomb is part of a large royal Thracians, Thracian necropoli ...

) * Seuthes V, son of ? Rhoegus * Amadocus III, son of ? Seuthes V (c. 184 BC) *

Cotys IV Cotys IV (Ancient Greek: Κότυς, Kotys) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom, Odrysians in Thrace from before 171 until after 166 BC. He was the son of Seuthes V and succeeded either his father or another king, Amatokos III, Amadocus III, who was ...

, son of Seuthes V (by 171-after 166) * Teres VI, son of ? Amadocus III (c. 148 BC) * Beithys (Bithys), son of Cotys IV (c.146 BC?) ** The line may have continued as the Odryso-Astaean dynasty listed below

Various Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC

Source: * Spartocus, ruler of Cabyle? (c. 295 BC) * Scostocus, ruler in southern Thrace near Aenus and Sestus (c. 280-after 273 BC) * Sadalas, ruler near Messembria (c. 275 BC), descendant of Cotys, Medistas, Taruntinus, and Mopsyestis (order and relationships unknown) * Odoroes (c. 280-273 BC) (?) * Adaeus, Thracian or Macedonian ruler near Cypsela (c. 260-c. 240 BC)

Various non-Odrysian rulers in Thrace

Source: * Abrupolis of the

Sapaeans Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi (Ancient Greek, "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until ...

, fought with Antigonid Macedonia (by 197-172 BC) * Autlesbis of the ?

, fought with

as Roman ally (c. 168 BC) * Diegylis of the

(by 150-after 144 BC) * Zibelmius of the

, son of Diegylis, murdered (c. 141 BC) * Sothimus of the ?

Maedi The Maedi (also ''Maidans'', ''Maedans'', or ''Medi''; ) were a Thracian tribe in antiquity. Their land was called Maedica (Μαιδική). In historic times, they occupied the area between Paionia and Thrace, on the southwestern fringes of ...

, ally of Mithradates VI, invaded Roman Macedonia (c. 89 BC)

Illyrian rulers

Source: *

Pleuratus I Pleuratus I (Ancient Greek: Πλευρᾶτος; ruled 356–335 BC) was an Illyrian king of the Illyrian tribe of the Taulantii. Pleuratus was the father of Glaucias. Pleuratus managed to defeat Philip II during Macedon's expansion, wounding ...

ruler near Skodra (before c. 250 BC) * Agron, son of Pleuratus II (c. 250-230 BC) *

Pinnes Pinnes (; also Pinnius; c. 230 – 217 BC) was the son of Agron, king of the Ardiaei in Illyria, and Agron's first wife Triteuta. He officially succeeded his father as king in 230 BC, but the Ardiaean kingdom was ruled by Agron's second wife, ...

, son of Agron (230-212 BC); under regency of stepmother

Teuta Teuta ( Illyrian: ''*Teutana'', 'mistress of the people, queen'; ; ) was the queen regent of the Ardiaei tribe in Illyria, who reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228/227 BC. Following the death of her spouse Agron in 231 BC, she assumed ...

230-228 BC and of stepfather

Demetrius of Pharos Demetrius of Pharos (also Pharus; ) was a ruler of Pharos involved in the First Illyrian War, after which he ruled a portion of the Illyrian Adriatic coast on behalf of the Romans, as a client king. Demetrius was a regent ruler to Pinnes, ...

228-219 BC *

Scerdilaidas Scerdilaidas or Skerdilaid (; ruled 218–206 BC) was an Illyrian ruler of the Illyrian kingdom under the Labeatan dynasty. Before taking the throne, Scerdilaidas was commander of the Illyrian armies and played a major role in the Illyrian War ...

, son of Pleuratus I (212-206 BC) * Pleuratus II, son of Scerdilaidas (associated 212, 206-180 BC) *

Gentius Gentius (, ''Génthios''; 181–168 BC) was an Illyrian king who belonged to the Labeatan dynasty. He ruled in 181–168 BC, being the last attested Illyrian king. He was the son of Pleuratus III, a king who kept positive relations with Rome. ...

(Genthius), son of Pleuratus II (180-168 BC) ** 168 BC Illyria annexed by the Roman Republic

Odryso-
Astae Asti () is the name of a Thracian tribe which is mentioned by Livy. It is believed that they lived around the old Thracian capital of Bizye. List of rulers A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning fr ...
an Kingdom

A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning from Bizye (now

Vize Vize (; ; ) is a town in Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is the seat of Vize District.Sadalas I, son of Cotys V (by 87–after 79 BC) ** Amadocus, Odrysian royal sent to the aid of Sulla at

Chaeronea Chaeronea ( English: , ) is a village and a former municipality in Boeotia, Greece, located about 35 kilometers east of Delphi. The settlement was formerly known as (), and renamed to () in 1916. Since the 2011 local government reform it is pa ...

in 86 BC *

Cotys VI Cotys VI (Ancient Greek: Κότυς) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace. References See also *List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia () including possibly or partly Thracian or Dacian tribes, ...

, son of Sadalas I (by 57–48 BC) *

Sadalas II Sadalas II (Ancient Greek: Σαδάλας) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from 48 BC to 42 BC. He was the son of Cotys VI. References See also *List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia () ...

, son of Cotys VI (48–42 BC) *

Sadalas III Sadalas III (Ancient Greek: Σαδάλας) was a king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from 42 BC to 31 BC. He was possibly the son of Sadalas II. See also *List of Thracian tribes This is a list of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia () inc ...

, kinsman of Sadalas II (42-31 BC) * Cotys VII, son of

by Polemocratia (31–18 BC) *

Rhescuporis II (Astaean) Rhescuporis II was king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from ca. 18 BC to ca. 13 BC, in succession to his father Cotys VII. In 48 BC, before he became king, he led a body of auxiliaries his father sent to the aid of Pompey for use in the Rom ...

, son of Cotys VII by daughter of the Sapaean king Cotys II, killed by the

(18–11 BC) ** 11 BC Astaean Thrace conferred on Rhescuporis II's maternal uncle, the Sapaean king Rhoemetalces I, by the Roman emperor Augustus, thereby uniting Thrace

Sapaean Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi (Ancient Greek, "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until ...
Kingdom and unified Thrace

Originally a local power in the Rhodope area of southern Thrace, the Sapaean kings increased in power and influence and, with Roman blessing, found themselves masters of a unified kingdom of Thrace from 11 BC until the Roman annexation in AD 46. * Cotys I, son of ? Rhoemetalces, 57?–by 48 BC * Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys I, by 48 BC–41 BC ** Rhascus, son of Cotys I, associate ruler? c. 42 BC * Cotys II, son of Rhescuporis I, 42 BC–31 BC **Thrace becomes a unitary

client state A client state in the context of international relations is a State (polity), state that is economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful controlling state. Alternative terms for a ''client state'' are satellite state, ...

of Rome in 11 BC *

Rhoemetalces I Rhoemetalces I () was king of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace from 15 BC to 12 AD in succession to his nephew Rhescuporis II. Rhoemetalces I was a loyal ally to the first Roman Emperor Augustus. He was a direct descendant of the Thracian King ...

, son of Cotys II, 31 BC–AD 12 (monarch of all Thrace from 11 BC) *

Rhescuporis II file:Monete ellenistiche, regno di tracia, Rescuporide II, in bronzo, 12-18 dc.jpg, Coin of Rhescuporis II of Thracia Rhescuporis II (Greek language, Greek: Ρησκούπορις) was king of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace from 12 to 19 AD. He rul ...

, son of Cotys II, in western Thrace, deposed by the Roman emperor Tiberius I, 12–19 * Cotys III, son of Rhoemetalces I, in eastern Thrace, killed by his uncle Rhescuporis II, 12–19; married

Antonia Tryphaena Antonia Tryphaena also known as Tryphaena of Thrace or Tryphaena (Ancient Greek, Greek: Ἀντωνία Τρύφαινα or Τρυφαίνη, 10 BC – 55 AD) was a Kingdom of Pontus, Pontian Princess and a Ancient Rome, Roman Client Queen of Sapa ...

Rhoemetalces II Rhoemetalces II (Greek: Ροιμητάλκης) was a Client Ruler in association with his mother Antonia Tryphaena of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace under the Romans. He ruled from 19 until 38 AD.Antonia Tryphaena Antonia Tryphaena also known as Tryphaena of Thrace or Tryphaena (Ancient Greek, Greek: Ἀντωνία Τρύφαινα or Τρυφαίνη, 10 BC – 55 AD) was a Kingdom of Pontus, Pontian Princess and a Ancient Rome, Roman Client Queen of Sapa ...

(Queen), co-ruler of her son

Rhoemetalces III Rhoemetalces III () was a king of the Sapaean Thracians. He was the son of Rhescuporis II. In association with his wife Pythodoris II, (daughter of his cousin Cotys III), they were client rulers of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace under the Romans ...

;

, son of Rhescuporis II, 38-46; married his cousin's daughter Pythodoris II (daughter of Cotys III and Antonia Tryphaena), murdered by wife ** 46 annexation by the

, by the Roman emperor Claudius I

Scythian

* Spargapeithes,Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, , 2006, page 26: "... Ariapeithes, the Scythian king, had several sons, among them, ... by Spargapeithes, king of the Agathyrsi; whereupon Scylas succeeded to the throne, and married one of ..." king of the

Agathyrsi The Agathyrsi were an ancient people belonging to the Scythian cultures who lived Pryazovia before being later displaced by the Scythians into the Transylvanian Plateau, in the region that later became Dacia. The Agathyrsi are largely known fro ...

Notes

References

*''The Histories'', translated by G. C. Macaulay, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 2004. * Z. Archibald, ''The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace'', Oxford, 1998. * * P. Delev, "Cotys son of Rhascuporis," in: M. Slavova, N. Šarankov (eds.), ''Studia Classica Serdicensia V. Monuments and Texts in Antiquity and beyond. Essays for the Centenary of Georgi Mihailov (1915-1991)'', Sofia, 2016a: 119-129. * P. Delev, "Za genealogijata na Sapejskata dinastija" in: P. Delev (ed.), ''Symposion. Studies in memory of prof. Dimitar Popov'', Sofia, 2016b: 148-173. * H. Dessau, "Reges Thraciae qui fuerint imperante Augusto," ''Ephemeris Epigraphica'' 9 (1913) 696-706. * J. Jurukova, ''Monetite na trakijskite plemena i vladeteli'', vol. 1., Sofia, 1992. * M. Manov, "Dekret na Apolonija s novo datirane," ''Numizmatika, Sfragistika i Epigrafika'' 11 (2015) 167-173. * R. D. Sullivan, ''Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC'', Toronto, 1990. * M. Tačeva, ''Istorija na bălgarskite zemi v drevnostta prez elinističeskata i rimskata epoha,'' Sofia, 1997. * S. Topalov, ''The Odrysian Kingdom from the Late 5th to the Mid-4th C. B.C.'', Sofia, 1994. * S. Topalov, ''Contributions to the Study of the Coinage and History in the Lands of Eastern Thrace from the End of the 4th C. B.C. to the end of the 3rd C. B.C.'', Sofia, 2001. * R. Werner, in: W.-D. von Barloewen (ed.), ''Abriss der Geschichte antiker Randkulturen'', Munich, 1961: 83-150, 239-242. {{DEFAULTSORT:Thracian Kings * Paeonia (kingdom) Ancient Thrace * Thrace and Dacia bg:Тракийски владетели fr:Liste des rois de Thrace he:מלכי דאקיה

Mythological

Persian

Tribal kings

Getic and Dacian

Paeonian

Celtic rulers in Thrace

Celtic rulers of Tylis Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion ... in Thrace

Greek-Macedonian

Odrysian Kingdom

Odrysian rulers in eastern Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

Various Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC

Various non-Odrysian rulers in Thrace

Illyrian rulers

Odryso-Astae Asti () is the name of a Thracian tribe which is mentioned by Livy. It is believed that they lived around the old Thracian capital of Bizye. List of rulers A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning fr ...an Kingdom

Sapaean Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi (Ancient Greek, "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until ... Kingdom and unified Thrace

Scythian

See also

Notes

References

Celtic rulers of
Tylis Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion ...
in Thrace

Odryso-
Astae Asti () is the name of a Thracian tribe which is mentioned by Livy. It is believed that they lived around the old Thracian capital of Bizye. List of rulers A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning fr ...
an Kingdom

Sapaean Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi (Ancient Greek, "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until ...
Kingdom and unified Thrace