''Ctenus'' is a
genus of
wandering spiders first described by
Charles Athanase Walckenaer
Baron Charles Athanase Walckenaer (25 December 1771 – 28 April 1852) was a French civil servant and scientist.
Biography
Walckenaer was born in Paris and studied at the universities of University of Oxford, Oxford and University of Glasgow ...
in 1805.
It is widely distributed, from South America through Africa to East Asia.
Little is known about the toxic potential of the genus ''Ctenus''; however, ''
Ctenus medius
''Ctenus'' is a genus of wandering spiders first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805. It is widely distributed, from South America through Africa to East Asia. Little is known about the toxic potential of the genus ''Ctenus''; howev ...
'' has been shown to share some toxic properties with ''
Phoneutria nigriventer'', such as
proteolytic,
hyaluronidase and
phospholipase activities, in addition to producing
hyperalgesia and
edema
Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's Tissue (biology), tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin which feels t ...
. The venom of ''C. medius'' also interferes with the
complement system
The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and at ...
in concentrations in which the venom of ''P. nigriventer'' is inactive, indicating that some species in the genus may have a medically significant venom.
The venom of ''C. medius'' interferes with the
complement component 3 (C3) of the complement system; it affects the central factor of the cascades of the complement, and interferes with the lytic activity of this system, which causes stronger activation and consumption of the complement components. Unlike ''C. medius'', the venom of ''P. nigriventer'' does not interfere with lytic activity.
[
]
Species
it contains 157 species:Keyserling Keyserling is the surname of several members of the noble House of Keyserlingk:
* Alexander Keyserling (1815–1891), Russian geologist, paleontologist, botanist and zoologist
* Eugen von Keyserling (1833–1889), German arachnologist
* Hermann ...
, 1877) – Colombia
*'' C. agroecoides'' ( Thorell, 1881) – Australia (Queensland)
*'' C. albofasciatus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
*'' C. alienus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala
*'' C. amanensis'' Strand, 1907 – East Africa
*'' C. amphora'' Mello-Leitão, 1930 – Colombia, Brazil, Guyana
*'' C. anahitaeformis'' Benoit, 1981 – Burundi
*'' C. anahitiformis'' Strand, 1909 – Brazil
*'' C. auricomus'' Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
*'' C. avidus'' Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
*'' C. bahamensis'' Strand, 1907 – Bahama Is.
*'' C. bicolor'' ( Bertkau, 1880) – Brazil
*'' C. bigibbosus'' Benoit, 1980 – Congo
*'' C. bilobatus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
*'' C. blumenauensis'' Strand, 1909 – Brazil
*'' C. bolivicola'' Strand, 1907 – Bolivia
*'' C. bueanus'' Strand, 1916 – Cameroon
*'' C. calcaratus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala
*'' C. calderitas'' Alayón, 2002 – Mexico
*'' C. caligineus'' Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
*'' C. captiosus'' Gertsch
Willis John Gertsch (October 4, 1906 – December 12, 1998) was an American arachnologist. He described over 1,000 species of spiders, scorpions, and other arachnids, including the Brown recluse spider and the Tooth cave spider.
Gertsch was born ...
, 1935 – USA
*'' C. capulinus'' ( Karsch, 1879) – West, Central Africa
*'' C. catherine'' Polotow & Brescovit, 2012 – Jamaica
*'' C. cavaticus'' Arts, 1912 – Congo, Angola
*'' C. celisi'' Benoit, 1981 – Congo
*'' C. coccineipes'' Pocock, 1903 – West, Central Africa
*'' C. colombianus'' Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia
*'' C. colonicus'' Arts, 1912 – East Africa
*'' C. complicatus'' Franganillo, 1946 – Cuba
*'' C. constrictus'' Benoit, 1981 – Congo
*'' C. convexus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico to Costa Rica
*'' C. cruciatus'' Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
*'' C. crulsi'' Mello-Leitão, 1930 – Brazil
*'' C. darlingtoni'' Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
*'' C. datus'' Strand, 1909 – Ecuador
*'' C. decemnotatus'' Simon, 1910 – Guinea-Bissau
*'' C. decorus'' ( Gerstäcker, 1873) – East Africa
*'' C. delesserti'' (Caporiacco
Ludovico di Caporiacco (22 January 1900, in Udine – 18 July 1951, in Parma) was an Italian arachnologist.
Caporiacco took part in an expedition to the Jebel Uweinat, a mountain massif in the boundary region of Sudan, Libya, and Egypt. On t ...
, 1947) – Guyana
*'' C. denticulatus'' Benoit, 1981 – Congo
*'' C. dilucidus'' Simon, 1910 – Congo
*'' C. doloensis'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
*'' C. drassoides'' (Karsch, 1879) – Colombia
*'' C. dreyeri'' Strand, 1906 – Cameroon
*'' C. dubius'' Walckenaer, 1805 (type
Type may refer to:
Science and technology Computing
* Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc.
* Data type, collection of values used for computations.
* File type
* TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file.
* Ty ...
) – French Guiana
*'' C. efferatus'' Arts, 1912 – Congo
*'' C. elgonensis'' Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
*'' C. ellacomei'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – Suriname
*'' C. embolus'' Benoit, 1981 – Congo
*'' C. ensiger'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
*'' C. esculentus'' Arts, 1912 – Cameroon, Congo
*'' C. excavatus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico
*'' C. exlineae'' Peck, 1981 – USA
*'' C. facetus'' Arts, 1912 – Congo, East Africa
*'' C. falcatus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – St. Lucia
*'' C. falciformis'' Benoit, 1981 – Congo
*'' C. falconensis'' Schenkel, 1953 – Venezuela
*'' C. fasciatus'' Mello-Leitão, 1943 – Brazil
*'' C. fernandae'' Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
*'' C. feshius'' Benoit, 1979 – Congo
*'' C. guantanamo'' (Alayón, 2001) – Cuba
*'' C. gulosus'' Arts, 1912 – South Africa
*'' C. haina'' Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
*'' C. haitiensis'' Strand, 1909 – Hispaniola
*'' C. hibernalis'' Hentz, 1844 – USA
*'' C. hiemalis'' Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
*'' C. holmi'' Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
*'' C. humilis'' (Keyserling, 1887) – Nicaragua
*'' C. hygrophilus'' Benoit, 1977 – Congo
*'' C. idjwiensis'' Benoit, 1979 – Congo
*'' C. igatu'' Polotow, Cizauskas & Brescovit, 2022 – Brazil
*'' C. inaja'' Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994 – Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
*'' C. insulanus'' Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
*'' C. jaminauensis'' Mello-Leitão, 1936 – Brazil
*'' C. jaragua'' Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
*'' C. kenyamontanus'' Benoit, 1978 – Kenya
*'' C. kipatimus'' Benoit, 1981 – Tanzania
*'' C. lacertus'' Benoit, 1979 – Congo
*'' C. latitabundus'' Arts, 1912 – Central, East Africa
*'' C. lejeunei'' Benoit, 1977 – Congo
*'' C. leonardi'' Simon, 1910 – West Africa
*'' C. levipes'' Arts, 1912 – Tanzania
*'' C. longicalcar'' Kraus, 1955 – El Salvador
*'' C. lubwensis'' Benoit, 1979 – Congo
*'' C. macellarius'' Simon, 1910 – Congo
*'' C. maculatus'' Franganillo, 1931 – Cuba
*'' C. maculisternis'' Strand, 1909 – Bolivia, Brazil
*'' C. magnificus'' Arts, 1912 – West Africa
*'' C. malvernensis'' Petrunkevitch, 1910 – Jamaica
*'' C. manauara'' Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994 – Brazil
*'' C. manni'' Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
*'' C. medius'' Keyserling, 1891 – Panama, Brazil
*'' C. minimus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – North America
*'' C. minor'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
*'' C. mitchelli'' Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
*'' C. modestus'' Simon, 1897 – Tanzania (Zanzibar, Kenya)
*'' C. monticola'' Bryant, 1948 – Hispaniola
*'' C. musosanus'' Benoit, 1979 – Congo
*'' C. naranjo'' Alayón, 2004 – Hispaniola
*'' C. nigritarsis'' (Pavesi, 1897) – Ethiopia
*'' C. nigritus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
*'' C. nigrolineatus'' Berland, 1913 – Ecuador
*'' C. nigromaculatus'' Thorell, 1899 – Central, West Africa
*'' C. noctuabundus'' Arts, 1912 – Kenya
*'' C. obscurus'' (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia
*'' C. oligochronius'' Arts, 1912 – East Africa
*'' C. ornatus'' (Keyserling, 1877) – Brazil
*'' C. ottleyi'' (Petrunkevitch, 1930) – Puerto Rico
*'' C. paranus'' Strand, 1909 – Brazil
*'' C. parvoculatus'' Benoit, 1979 – South Africa
*'' C. parvus'' (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia
*'' C. paubrasil'' Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
*'' C. pauloterrai'' Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil
*'' C. peregrinus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala, Costa Rica
*'' C. pilosus'' Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba
*'' C. pogonias'' Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon
*'' C. potteri'' Simon, 1901 – Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
*'' C. pulchriventris'' (Simon, 1897) – Zimbabwe, South Africa
*'' C. racenisi'' Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela
*'' C. ramosi'' Alayón, 2002 – Cuba
*'' C. ravidus'' (Simon, 1886) – Argentina
*'' C. rectipes'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil, Guyana
*'' C. renivulvatus'' Strand, 1906 – Ghana
*'' C. rivulatus'' Pocock, 1900 – Cameroon, Gabon
*'' C. rubripes'' Keyserling, 1881 – Panama, Ecuador
*'' C. rwandanus'' Benoit, 1981 – Rwanda
*'' C. saltensis'' Strand, 1909 – Argentina, Bolivia
*'' C. satanas'' Strand, 1909 – Ecuador
*'' C. serratipes'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil
*'' C. serrichelis'' Mello-Leitão, 1922 – Brazil
*'' C. sexmaculatus'' Roewer, 1961 – Senegal
*'' C. siankaan'' Alayón, 2002 – Mexico
*'' C. sigma'' (Schenkel, 1953) – Venezuela
*'' C. silvaticus'' Benoit, 1981 – Congo
*'' C. similis'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil
*'' C. somaliensis'' Benoit, 1979 – Somalia
*'' C. spectabilis'' Lessert, 1921 – DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa
*'' C. spiculus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Colombia
*'' C. spiralis'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Costa Rica
*'' C. supinus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Costa Rica
*'' C. tenuipes'' Denis, 1955 – Guinea
*'' C. torvus'' Pavesi, 1883 – Ethiopia
*'' C. transvaalensis'' Benoit, 1981 – South Africa
*'' C. trinidensis'' (Alayón, 2001) – Trinidad
*'' C. uluguruensis'' Benoit, 1979 – Tanzania
*'' C. undulatus'' Steyn & Van der Donckt, 2003 – Ivory Coast
*'' C. unilineatus'' Simon, 1898 – St. Vincent
*'' C. vagus'' Blackwall, 1866 – West Africa
*'' C. validus'' Denis, 1955 – Guinea
*'' C. valverdiensis'' Peck, 1981 – USA
*'' C. vatovae'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
*'' C. vehemens'' Keyserling, 1891 – Brazil
*'' C. vespertilio'' Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia
*'' C. villasboasi'' Mello-Leitão, 1949 – Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil
*'' C. vividus'' Blackwall, 1865 – Central Africa
*'' C. w-notatus'' Petrunkevitch, 1925 – Panama
*'' C. walckenaeri'' Griffith, 1833 – possibly South America
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q609703
Araneomorphae genera
Cosmopolitan spiders
Ctenidae
Taxa named by Charles Athanase Walckenaer