The Cornales are an order of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s, early diverging among the

asterids Asterids are a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 Order_(biology), orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked cl ...

, containing about 600 species. Plants within the Cornales usually have four-parted flowers,

drupaceous In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the ''pip'' (UK), ''pit'' (US), ''stone'', or ''pyrena'') of hardened endocarp with a seed ...

fruits, and inferior to half-inferior

gynoecia Gynoecium (; ; : gynoecia) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) ...

topped with disc-shaped

nectar Nectar is a viscous, sugar-rich liquid produced by Plant, plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollination, pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to an ...

ies.

Taxonomy

In the classification system of Dahlgren the Cornales were in the

superorder Order () is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized ...

Corniflorae (also called Cornanae). Under the

APG IV system The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was publish ...

, the Cornales order includes these families: *

Cornaceae The Cornaceae are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants in the order Cornales. The family contains approximately 85 species in two genera, '' Alangium'' and '' Cornus''. They are mostly trees and shrubs, which may be deciduous or evergreen, ...

(the

dogwood ''Cornus'' is a genus of about 30–60 species of woody plants in the family Cornaceae, commonly known as dogwoods or cornels, which can generally be distinguished by their blossoms, berries, and distinctive bark. Most are deciduous ...

family) *

Curtisiaceae ''Curtisia dentata'' (commonly known as the Assegai tree or Cape lancewood, , , ) is a flowering plant, flowering tree from South Africa, Southern Africa. It is the sole species in genus ''Curtisia'', which was originally classed as a type of Cor ...

(cape lancewood) *

Grubbiaceae ''Grubbia'' is a genus of flowering plants.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. 2007. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. . It is the sole genus in the family Grubbiaceae ...

(the

sillyberry ''Grubbia'' is a genus of flowering plants.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. 2007. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. . It is the sole genus in the family Grubbiaceae ...

family) *

Hydrangeaceae Hydrangeaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Cornales, with a wide distribution in Asia and North America, and locally in southeastern Europe. Description The genera are characterised by leaves in opposite pairs (rarely whorled or ...

(the

hydrangea ''Hydrangea'' ( or ) is a genus of more than 70 species of Flowering plant, flowering plants native plant, native to Asia and the Americas. Hydrangea is also used as the common name for the genus; some (particularly ''Hydrangea macrophylla, H. m ...

family) *

Hydrostachyaceae ''Hydrostachys'' is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants native to Madagascar and southern and central Africa. It is the only genus in the family Hydrostachyaceae. All species of ''Hydrostachys'' are aquatic, growing on rocks in fast-m ...

Loasaceae Loasaceae is a family of 15–20 genera and about 200–260 species of flowering plants in the order Cornales, native to the Americas and Africa. Members of the family include annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants, and a few shrubs ...

(the stickleaf family) *

Nyssaceae Nyssaceae is a family of flowering trees sometimes included in the dogwood family (Cornaceae). Nyssaceae is composed of 37 known species in the following five genera:Averyanov, L. V. & Hiep, N. T. (2002). ''Diplopanax vietnamensis'', a New Speci ...

, (the

tupelo Tupelo commonly refers to: * Tupelo (tree), a small genus of deciduous trees with alternate, simple leaves * Tupelo, Mississippi, the county seat and the largest city of Lee County, Mississippi Tupelo may also refer to: Places * Tupelo, Arka ...

s) The oldest fossils assigned with confidence to the order are '' Hironoia fusiformis'', described from

Coniacian The Coniacian is an age or stage in the geologic timescale. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series and spans the time between 89.8 ± 1 Ma and 86.3 ± 0.7 Ma (million years ago). The Coniacian is preceded by ...

age Japanese coalified fruits, and '' Suciacarpa starrii'' described from American

permineralized Permineralization is a process of fossilization of bones and tissues in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms. Carried by water, these minerals fill the spaces within organic tissue. Because of the nature of the casts, perminera ...

fruits of

Campanian The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campa ...

age.

Phylogeny

The Cornales order is sister to the remainder of the large and diverse

asterid Asterids are a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked clades lamiids (8 orders) and ...

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

. The Cornales are highly geographically disjunct and morphologically diverse, which has led to considerable confusion regarding the proper circumscription of the groups within the order and the relationships between them.Xiang, Q. Y.,

Soltis, D. E. Douglas Soltis is a Distinguished Professor in the Laboratory of Molecular Systematics & Evolutionary Genetics (Soltis lab), Florida Museum of Natural History, and Department of Biology at the University of Florida. His research interests are in ...

, Morgan, D. R., and Soltis, P. S. (1993). Phylogenetic relationships of ''Cornus'' L ''sensu lato'' and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 80, 723-734. Under the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a list of systems of plant taxonomy, taxonomic classification system of angiosperms, flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of ...

, the order comprised the families Cornaceae, Nyssaceae,

Garryaceae Garryaceae is a small family of plants known commonly as the silktassels.Garryaceae.
Flora ...

, and

Alangiaceae Alangiaceae was recognized as a small family of small dicotyledon trees, shrubs or lianas, closely related to the Cornaceae (dogwood family). There is only one genus, '' Alangium'', with seventeen species. The APG II states that Alangiaceae is ...

, and was placed among the

Rosidae Under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being th ...

, but this interpretation is no longer followed. Many families and genera previously associated with the Cornales have been removed, including Garryaceae, '' Griselinia'', ''

Corokia ''Corokia'' is a genus in the Argophyllaceae family. The genus was first described in 1839. It comprising six species native to New Zealand, Australia and Rapa Iti. ''Corokia'' species are shrubs or small tree In botany, a tree is a per ...

'', and ''

Kaliphora ''Kaliphora madagascarensis'' is a species of evergreen shrub or small tree. It is endemic to Madagascar, where it inhabits subhumid woodlands and forests in eastern Madagascar, in the provinces of Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, and M ...

'', among others. Likely cladogram for Cornales:Based on Figure 11.10 in Molecular data suggest four clades are within the Cornales: ''

Cornus ''Cornus'' is a genus of about 30–60 species of woody plants in the family Cornaceae, commonly known as dogwoods or cornels, which can generally be distinguished by their blossoms, berries, and distinctive bark. Most are deciduous ...

Alangium ''Alangium'' is a small genus of flowering plants. The genus is included either in a broad view of the dogwood family Cornaceae, or as the sole member of its own family Alangiaceae.Qiu-Yun (Jenny) Xiang, David T. Thomas, and Qiao Ping Xiang. 2 ...

'', nyssoids-mastixioids, Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and '' Grubbia-

Curtisia ''Curtisia dentata'' (commonly known as the Assegai tree or Cape lancewood, , , ) is a flowering tree from Southern Africa. It is the sole species in genus ''Curtisia'', which was originally classed as a type of "dogwood" (''Cornaceae''), but i ...

'', with the Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.Fan, C. Z., and Xiang, Q. Y. (2003). Phylogenetic analyses of Cornales based on 26S rRNA and combined 26S rDNA-matK-rbcL sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' 90, 1357-1372. However, the relationship between these clades is unclear, and as a result of many historical taxonomic interpretations and differing opinions regarding the significance of morphological variations, rankings of taxa within the order are inconsistent.Eyde, R. H. (1988). Comprehending ''Cornus'' - puzzles and progress in the systematics of the dogwoods. ''Botanical Review'' 54, 233-351. These difficulties in interpreting the systematics of Cornales may represent an early and rapid diversification of the groups within the order.

References

External links

* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137865/Cornales {{Authority control Angiosperm orders