Constance Clara Garnett (; 19 December 1861 – 17 December 1946) was an English translator of nineteenth-century Russian literature. She was the first English translator to render numerous volumes of

Anton Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; ; 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer, widely considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his b ...

's work into English and the first to translate almost all of

Fyodor Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in both Russian and world literature, and many of his works are considered highly influent ...

's fiction into English. She also rendered works by

Ivan Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ; rus, links=no, Иван Сергеевич ТургеневIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; – ) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poe ...

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution re ...

Nikolai Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; ; (; () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the Grotesque#In literature, grotesque in his writings, for example, in his works "The Nose (Gogol short story), ...

Ivan Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov ( , ; rus, Ива́н Алекса́ндрович Гончаро́в, r=Iván Aleksándrovich Goncharóv, p=ɪˈvan ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑ ɡənʲtɕɪˈrof; – ) was a Russian novelist best known for his n ...

, Alexander Ostrovsky, and

Alexander Herzen Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (; ) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the precursor of Russian socialism and one of the main precursors of agrarian populism (being an ideological ancestor of the Narodniki, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Trudo ...

into English. Altogether, she translated 71 volumes of Russian literature, many of which are still in print today.

Life

Garnett was born in

Brighton Brighton ( ) is a seaside resort in the city status in the United Kingdom, city of Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, England, south of London. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the area dates back to the Bronze Age Britain, Bronze Age, R ...

, England, the sixth of the eight children of the solicitor David Black (1817–1892), afterwards town clerk and coroner, and his wife, Clara Maria Patten (1825–1875), daughter of painter George Patten. Her brother was the mathematician Arthur Black, and her sister was the labour organiser and novelist Clementina Black. Her father became paralysed in 1873, and two years later her mother died from a heart attack after lifting him from his chair to his bed. She was initially educated at Brighton and Hove High School. Afterwards she studied

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

and

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

Newnham College, Cambridge Newnham College is a women's constituent college of the University of Cambridge. The college was founded in 1871 by a group organising Lectures for Ladies, members of which included philosopher Henry Sidgwick and suffragist campaigner Millicen ...

, on a government scholarship. In 1883 she moved to London, where she started work as a governess, and then as the librarian at the People's Palace Library. Through her sister, Clementina, she met Dr. Richard Garnett, then the Keeper of Printed Materials at the

British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...

, and his son Edward Garnett, whom she married in Brighton on 31 August 1889. Edward, after working as a publisher's reader for T. Fisher Unwin, William Heinemann, and Duckworth, went on to become a reader for the publisher

Jonathan Cape Jonathan Cape is a British publishing firm headquartered in London and founded in 1921 by Herbert Jonathan Cape, who was head of the firm until his death. Cape and his business partner Wren Howard (1893–1968) set up the publishing house in ...

. In the summer of 1891, then pregnant with her only child, she was introduced by Edward to the Russian exile Feliks Volkhovsky, who began teaching her Russian. He also introduced her to his fellow exile and colleague Sergius Stepniak and his wife Fanny. Soon after, Garnett began working with Stepniak, translating Russian works for publication; her first published translations were '' A Common Story'' by

, and ''

The Kingdom of God is Within You ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You'' ( pre-reform Russian: ; post-reform ) is a non-fiction book written by Leo Tolstoy. A Christian anarchist philosophical treatise, the book was first published in Germany in 1894 after being banned in his home ...

'' by

. The latter was published while she was making her first trip to Russia in early 1894. After visits to Moscow and

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

, she travelled to

Yasnaya Polyana Yasnaya Polyana ( rus, Я́сная Поля́на, p=ˈjasnəjə pɐˈlʲanə, ) is a writer's house museum, the former home of the writer Leo Tolstoy.#Bartlett, Bartlett, p. 25 It is southwest of Tula, Russia, Tula, Russia, and from Moscow. ...

where she met Tolstoy; although the latter expressed interest in having her translate more of his religious works, she had already begun working on the novels of Turgenev and continued with that on her return home. Initially she worked with Stepniak on her translations; after his untimely death in 1895, Stepniak's wife Fanny worked with her. From 1906, her favourite

amanuensis An amanuensis ( ) ( ) or scribe is a person employed to write or type what another dictates or to copy what has been written by another. It may also be a person who signs a document on behalf of another under the latter's authority. In some aca ...

was a young Russian woman, Natalie Duddington whom she had met in Russia and in whom she found "real intellectual companionship". Over the next four decades, Garnett produced English-language versions of dozens of volumes by

Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using pre-reform Russian orthography. ; ), usually referr ...

Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; ; (; () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the grotesque in his writings, for example, in his works " The Nose", " Viy", "The Overcoat", and " Nevsky Prosp ...

, Goncharov, Dostoyevsky, Turgenev, Ostrovsky, Herzen and

Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; ; 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer, widely considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his b ...

. Her son and only child, David Garnett, trained as a biologist and later wrote novels, including the popular ''Lady into Fox'' (1922). By the late 1920s, Garnett was frail and half-blind. She retired from translating after the publication in 1934 of ''Three Plays'' by Turgenev. After her husband's death in 1937, she became reclusive. She developed a heart condition, with attendant breathlessness, and in her last years had to walk with crutches. She died at The Cearne, Crockham Hill, Kent, at the age of 84.

Reception and legacy

Constance Garnett translated 71 volumes of Russian literary works, and her translations received acclaim from numerous critics and authors, including

Joseph Conrad Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, ; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Poles in the United Kingdom#19th century, Polish-British novelist and story writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest writers in the Eng ...

and D. H. Lawrence.

Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway ( ; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized fo ...

admired her translations of

and once told a friend that he was unable to read through

's ''

War and Peace ''War and Peace'' (; pre-reform Russian: ; ) is a literary work by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy. Set during the Napoleonic Wars, the work comprises both a fictional narrative and chapters in which Tolstoy discusses history and philosophy. An ...

'' "until I got the Constance Garnett translation." Despite some complaints about being outdated, her translations are still being reprinted today (most are now in the

public domain The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work to which no Exclusive exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly Waiver, waived, or may be inapplicable. Because no one holds ...

). However, Garnett also has had critics, notably Russian authors

Vladimir Nabokov Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov ( ; 2 July 1977), also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (), was a Russian and American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist. Born in Imperial Russia in 1899, Nabokov wrote his first nine novels in Rus ...

and

Joseph Brodsky Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (; ; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian and American poet and essayist. Born in Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) in the Soviet Union, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled ("strongly ...

. Nabokov said that Garnett's translations were "dry and flat, and always unbearably demure." Commenting on a letter of Joseph Conrad to Edward Garnett, in which Conrad had written that " onstance'stranslation of Karenina is splendid. Of the thing itself .e. Anna KareninaI think but little, so that her merit shines with the greater luster", Nabokov wrote "I shall never forgive Conrad this crack. Actually the Garnett translation is very poor". (Nabokov's criticism of Garnett, however, should be viewed in light of his publicly stated ideal that the translator must be male.) Brodsky criticised Garnett for blurring the distinctive authorial voices of different Russian authors: Ronald Hingley criticized Garnett's translations of colloquial speech in Chekhov's stories, stating "These are not very convincing samples of country speech ... or of a Russian village in the 1890s."

David Foster Wallace David Foster Wallace (February 21, 1962 – September 12, 2008) was an American writer and professor who published novels, short stories, and essays. He is best known for his 1996 novel ''Infinite Jest'', which ''Time (magazine), Time'' magazine ...

criticized Garnett's translations as 'excruciatingly Victorianish'. In her translations, she worked quickly, and smoothed over certain small portions for "readability", particularly in her translations of Dostoyevsky. Her translations of

and

were well regarded by Rachel May in her study on translating Russian classics, ''The Translator in the Text: On Reading Russian Literature in English''. However, May's study also critiqued Garnett for her tendency of "stylistic homogenizing" that "eras dthose idiosyncrasies of narrative voice and dialogue that different authors possessed" and for making prudish word choices that "tamed he Russian classicsfurther." May also analyzed how for decades, Garnett's translations were unquestioningly acclaimed by critics because "she suited the needs of her time so well, that no one knew what questions to ask." Kornei Chukovsky respected Garnett for introducing millions of English readers to Russian literature, and praised her translations of Turgenev, stating that they "fully correspond to the originals in tonality," but condemned her other translations, writing that she had reduced Dostoevsky's style into "a safe blandscript: not a volcano, but a smooth lawn mowed in the English manner—which is to say a complete distortion of the original" and that the same criticisms applied to her translation of Tolstoy's '' The Death of Ivan Ilyich''. He concluded that: In 1994

Donald Rayfield Patrick Donald Rayfield OBE (born 12 February 1942, Oxford) is an English academic and Emeritus Professor of Russian and Georgian at Queen Mary University of London. He is an author of books about Russian and Georgian literature, and about Jos ...

compared Garnett's translations with the most recent scholarly versions of Chekhov's stories and concluded: Later translators such as Rosemary Edmonds and David Magarshack continued to use Garnett's translations as models for their own work. For his Norton Critical Edition of '' The Brothers Karamazov'', Ralph Matlaw based his revised version on her translation. This is the basis for the influential ''A Karamazov Companion'' by Victor Terras. Matlaw published an earlier revision of Garnett's translation of the Grand Inquisitor chapter in a volume paired with '' Notes from Underground''.Matlaw, Ralph E. (1960). ''Notes From Underground and The Grand Inquisitor by Fyodor Dostoevsky''. New York: E. P. Dutton. (Now published by Penguin.)

Selected bibliography

Translations credited to Garnett

Anton Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; ; 29 January 1860 – 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer, widely considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his b ...
(was originally transliterated as "Anton Tchehov")

*''The Darling and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1916) **'' The Darling'' **Critique of ''The Darling'' by

**''

Ariadne In Greek mythology, Ariadne (; ; ) was a Cretan princess, the daughter of King Minos of Crete. There are variations of Ariadne's myth, but she is known for helping Theseus escape from the Minotaur and being abandoned by him on the island of N ...

'' **''Polinka'' **'' Anyuta'' **''The Two Volodyas'' **''The Trousseau'' **''The Helpmate'' **''Talent'' **''An Artist's Story'' **'' Three Years'' *''The Duel and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1916) **'' The Duel'' **''Excellent People'' **''

Mire A peatland is a type of wetland whose soils consist of Soil organic matter, organic matter from decaying plants, forming layers of peat. Peatlands arise because of incomplete decomposition of organic matter, usually litter from vegetation, du ...

'' **''Neighbours'' **''At Home'' **''Expensive Lessons'' **''The Princess'' **''The Chemist's Wife'' *''The Lady with the Dog and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1917) **'' The Lady with the Dog'' **'' A Doctor's Visit'' **''An Upheaval'' **''Ionitch'' **''The Head of the Family'' **'' The Black Monk'' **''Volodya'' **''An Anonymous Story'' **''The Husband'' *''The Party and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1917) **''The Party'' **''Terror'' **''A Woman's Kingdom'' **''A Problem'' **''The Kiss'' **'' Anna on the Neck'' **'' The Teacher of Literature'' **''Not Wanted'' **''Typhus'' **'' A Misfortune'' **''A Trifle from Life'' *''The Wife and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1918) **''The Wife'' **''Difficult People'' **'' The Grasshopper'' **'' A Dreary Story'' **'' The Privy Councillor'' **''The Man in a Case'' **''Gooseberries'' **''About Love'' **''The Lottery Ticket'' *''The Witch and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1918) **'' The Witch'' **'' Peasant Wives'' **''The Post'' **''The New Villa'' **''Dreams'' **''The Pipe'' **''Agafya'' **'' At Christmas Time'' **'' Gusev'' **'' The Student'' **'' In the Ravine'' **'' The Huntsman'' **''

Happiness Happiness is a complex and multifaceted emotion that encompasses a range of positive feelings, from contentment to intense joy. It is often associated with positive life experiences, such as achieving goals, spending time with loved ones, ...

'' **''

A Malefactor "A Malefactor" () is an 1885 short story by Anton Chekhov.Shub, E. M. Commentaries to Егерь. The Works by A.P. Chekhov in 12 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura. Moscow, 1960. Vol. 3, p. 508-509 Publication "A Malefactor" was first publis ...

'' **''Peasants'' *''The Bishop and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1919) **'' The Bishop'' **''The Letter'' **'' Easter Eve'' **''A Nightmare'' **''The Murder'' **'' The Steppe'' *''The Chorus Girl and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1920) **'' The Chorus Girl'' **''Verotchka'' **'' My Life'' **''At a Country House'' **''A Father'' **''On the Road'' **'' Rothschild's Fiddle'' **''Ivan Matveyitch'' **''Zinotchka'' **''Bad Weather'' **'' A Gentleman Friend'' **''A Trivial Incident'' *''Letters of Anton Tchehov to his Family and Friends'' London: Chatto & Windus (1920) *''The Cherry Orchard and Other Plays'' London: Chatto & Windus (1923) **''

The Cherry Orchard ''The Cherry Orchard'' () is the last play by Russian playwright Anton Chekhov. Written in 1903, it was first published by '' Znaniye'' (Book Two, 1904), and came out as a separate edition later that year in Saint Petersburg, via A.F. Marks Pu ...

'' **''

Uncle Vanya ''Uncle Vanya'' ( rus, Дя́дя Ва́ня, r=Dyádya Ványa, p=ˈdʲædʲə ˈvanʲə) is a play by the Russian playwright Anton Chekhov. It was first published in 1897, and first produced in 1899 by the Moscow Art Theatre, directed by Konstan ...

'' **'' The Sea-Gull'' **'' The Bear'' **'' The Proposal'' *''Three Sisters and Other Plays'' London: Chatto & Windus (1923) **'' Three Sisters'' **'' Ivanov'' **'' A Swan-Song'' **''An Unwilling Martyr'' **''The Anniversary'' **''On the High Road'' **'' The Wedding''

Fyodor Dostoyevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in both Russian literature, Russian and world literature, and many of his works are consider ...

*'' The Brothers Karamazov'' London: Heinemann (1912) *''

The Idiot ''The Idiot'' (Reforms of Russian orthography, pre-reform Russian: ; post-reform ) is a novel by the 19th-century Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. It was first published serially in the journal ''The Russian Messenger'' in 1868–1869. The titl ...

'' London: Heinemann (1913) *'' The Possessed'' London: Heinemann (1913; revised to incorporate "Stavrogin's Confession" he censored chapter "At Tikhon's" 1923) *''

Crime and Punishment ''Crime and Punishment'' is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. It was first published in the literary journal '' The Russian Messenger'' in twelve monthly installments during 1866.

'' London: Heinemann (1914) *''The Gambler and Other Stories'' London: Heinemann (1914) **'' The Gambler'' **'' Poor People'' **'' The Landlady'' *'' The House of the Dead'' London: Heinemann (1915) *'' The Insulted and Injured'' London: Heinemann (1915) *'' A Raw Youth'' London: Heinemann (1916) *''The Eternal Husband and Other Stories'' London: Heinemann (1917) **'' The Eternal Husband'' **'' The Double'' **'' A Gentle Spirit'' *''White Nights and Other Stories'' London: Heinemann (1918) **'' White Nights'' **'' Notes from Underground'' **''A Faint Heart'' **'' A Christmas Tree and a Wedding'' **''Polzunkov'' **''A Little Hero'' **'' Mr. Prohartchin'' *''An Honest Thief and Other Stories'' London: Heinemann (1919) **'' An Honest Thief'' **'' Uncle's Dream'' **''A Novel in Nine Letters'' **''An Unpleasant Predicament'' **''Another Man's Wife'' **''The Heavenly Christmas Tree'' **'' The Peasant Marey'' **''

The Crocodile The Crocodile (formerly the Crocodile Cafe, and sometimes called The Croc) is a music club at 2505 1st Avenue at Wall Street in the Belltown neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, United States. Opened by Stephanie Dorgan as the "Crocodile C ...

'' **'' Bobok'' **'' The Dream of a Ridiculous Man'' *''The Friend of the Family; or, Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants and Another Story'' London: Heinemann (1920) **'' The Friend of the Family'' **'' Nyetochka Nyezvanov''

Nikolai Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; ; (; () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the Grotesque#In literature, grotesque in his writings, for example, in his works "The Nose (Gogol short story), ...

*'' Dead Souls'' London: Chatto & Windus (1922) *''The Overcoat and Other Stories'' London: Chatto & Windus (1923) **''

The Overcoat "The Overcoat" (, translit. Shinyél’; sometimes translated as "The Cloak" or "The Mantle") is a short story by Nikolai Gogol, published in 1842. The story has had a great influence on Russian literature. Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé, ...

'' **'' The Carriage'' **''The Nevsky Prospect'' **'' A Madman's Diary'' **''The Prisoner'' **'' The Nose'' **'' The Portrait'' *'' Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka'' London: Chatto & Windus (1926) *''The Government Inspector and Other Plays'' London: Chatto & Windus (1926) **''

The Government Inspector ''The Government Inspector'', also known as ''The Inspector General'' (, literally: "Inspector"), is a satirical play by Russian dramatist and novelist Nikolai Gogol. Originally published in 1836, the play was revised for an 1842 edition. Base ...

'' **''

Marriage Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognised union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children (if any), and b ...

'' **'' The Gamblers'' **'' An Official's Morning'' **'' A Lawsuit'' **'' The Servant's Hall'' **'' A Fragment'' *'' Mirgorod'' London: Chatto & Windus (1928)

Ivan Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov ( , ; rus, Ива́н Алекса́ндрович Гончаро́в, r=Iván Aleksándrovich Goncharóv, p=ɪˈvan ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑ ɡənʲtɕɪˈrof; – ) was a Russian novelist best known for his n ...

*'' A Common Story'' London: Heinemann (1894)

Alexander Herzen Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (; ) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the precursor of Russian socialism and one of the main precursors of agrarian populism (being an ideological ancestor of the Narodniki, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Trudo ...

*'' My Past and Thoughts: The Memoirs of Alexander Herzen'' London: Chatto & Windus (published in six volumes; 1924–1927)

Alexander Ostrovsky

*'' The Storm'' London: Duckworth (1899)

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution re ...

*''

The Kingdom of God Is Within You ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You'' ( pre-reform Russian: ; post-reform ) is a non-fiction book written by Leo Tolstoy. A Christian anarchist philosophical treatise, the book was first published in Germany in 1894 after being banned in his home ...

'' London: Heinemann (1894) *''

Anna Karenina ''Anna Karenina'' ( rus, Анна Каренина, p=ˈanːə kɐˈrʲenʲɪnə) is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in book form in 1878. Tolstoy called it his first true novel. It was initially released in serial in ...

'' (1901) *''The Death of Ivan Ilyitch and Other Stories'' (1902) **'' The Death of Ivan Ilyitch'' **'' Family Happiness'' **''Polikushka'' **''Two Hussars'' **'' The Snowstorm'' **'' Three Deaths'' *''

'' London: Heinemann (1904)

Ivan Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ; rus, links=no, Иван Сергеевич ТургеневIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; – ) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poe ...

*'' A Nest of Gentlefolk'' London: Heinemann (1894) *'' Rudin'' London: Heinemann (1894) *''The Diary of a Superfluous Man and Other Stories'' London: Heinemann (1894) **'' The Diary of a Superfluous Man'' **''A Tour in the Forest'' **''Yakov Pasinkov'' **''Andrei Kolosov'' **''A Correspondence'' *'' A Sportsman's Sketches'' London: Heinemann (1895) *'' Fathers and Children'' London: Heinemann (1895) *'' On the Eve'' London: Heinemann (1895) *''

Smoke Smoke is an aerosol (a suspension of airborne particulates and gases) emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwante ...

'' London: Heinemann (1896) *'' Virgin Soil'' London: Heinemann (1896) *'' Torrents of Spring'' London: Heinemann (1897) *''A Desperate Character and Other Stories'' London: Heinemann (1899) **''A Desperate Character'' **''A Strange Story'' **''Punin and Baburin'' **''Old Portraits'' **''The Brigadier'' **''Pyetushkov'' *''The Jew and Other Stories'' London: Heinemann (1899) **'' The Jew'' **''An Unhappy Girl'' **''The Duellist'' **''Three Portraits'' **''Enough'' *''Three Plays'' London: Cassell & Company (1934) **'' A Month in the Country'' **'' A Provincial Lady'' **''A Poor Gentleman''

References

Notes Sources * * * * *''

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography The ''Dictionary of National Biography'' (''DNB'') is a standard work of reference on notable figures from History of the British Isles, British history, published since 1885. The updated ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (''ODNB'') ...

'' article by Patrick Waddington, "Garnett , Constance Clara (1861–1946)", September 2004
online edn, May 2006
Retrieved 31 December 2006.

External links

* * * * *

a list at ibiblio * {{DEFAULTSORT:Garnett, Constance Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Consametance People educated at Brighton and Hove High School Russian–English translators 1861 births 1946 deaths Translators of Fyodor Dostoyevsky Translators of Leo Tolstoy 20th-century English translators 20th-century English women writers 19th-century English translators 19th-century English women writers Writers from Brighton Literary translators

Life

Reception and legacy

Selected bibliography

Translations credited to Garnett

Fyodor Dostoyevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, essayist and journalist. He is regarded as one of the greatest novelists in both Russian literature, Russian and world literature, and many of his works are consider ...

Nikolai Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; ; (; () was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol used the Grotesque#In literature, grotesque in his writings, for example, in his works "The Nose (Gogol short story), ...

Ivan Goncharov Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov ( , ; rus, Ива́н Алекса́ндрович Гончаро́в, r=Iván Aleksándrovich Goncharóv, p=ɪˈvan ɐlʲɪkˈsandrəvʲɪdʑ ɡənʲtɕɪˈrof; – ) was a Russian novelist best known for his n ...

Alexander Herzen Alexander Ivanovich Herzen (; ) was a Russian writer and thinker known as the precursor of Russian socialism and one of the main precursors of agrarian populism (being an ideological ancestor of the Narodniki, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Trudo ...

Alexander Ostrovsky

Leo Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution re ...

Ivan Turgenev Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ; rus, links=no, Иван Сергеевич ТургеневIn Turgenev's day, his name was written ., p=ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tʊrˈɡʲenʲɪf; – ) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, poe ...

See also

References

External links