''Conogethes'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

moth Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...

s in the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

Spilomelinae Spilomelinae is a very species-rich subfamily of the lepidopteran family Crambidae, the crambid snout moths. With 4,180 described species in 351 genera worldwide, it is the most speciose group among pyraloidea, pyraloids. Description Imagines ...

of the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Crambidae Crambidae comprises the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, with the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass stems where they are inconspicuous, while other subfamilies ...

. The currently 17 recognized species are distributed in the

Indomalayan The Indomalayan realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms. It extends across most of South and Southeast Asia and into the southern parts of East Asia. Also called the Oriental realm by biogeographers, Indomalaya spreads all over the Ind ...

and

Australasian realm The Australasian realm is one of eight biogeographic realms that is coincident with, but not (by some definitions) the same as, the geographical region of Australasia. The realm includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (comprising Papua Ne ...

. The genus contains several species that are considered

pests PESTS was an anonymous American activist group formed in 1986 to critique racism, tokenism, and exclusion in the art world. PESTS produced newsletters, posters, and other print material highlighting examples of discrimination in gallery represent ...

on economically important food plants such as ''

Ipomoea ''Ipomoea'' () is the largest genus in the plant family Convolvulaceae, with over 600 species. It is a large and diverse group, with common names including morning glory, Ipomoea aquatica, water convolvulus or water spinach, sweet potato, ...

'', ''

Elettaria ''Elettaria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Zingiberaceae. They are native to India and Sri Lanka, but cultivated and naturalized elsewhere. One member of the genus, '' E. cardamomum'', is a commercially important spice used as ...

'' and ''

Curcuma ''Curcuma'' () is a genus of plants in the ginger family Zingiberaceae that contains such species as turmeric and Siam tulip. They are native to Southeast Asia, southern China, the Indian Subcontinent, New Guinea and northern Australia. Some spe ...

'', on ornamental plants like ''

Alpinia ''Alpinia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. Species are native to Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, where they occur in tropical and subtropical climates.Shorea Fruit of a ''Shorea'' species ''Shorea'' is a genus of about 47 species of mainly rainforest trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The timber of trees of the genus is sold under the common names lauan, luan, lawaan, meranti, seraya, balau, bang ...

'', ''

Dipterocarpus '' D. retusus'' in Köhler ''Dipterocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plants and the type genus of family Dipterocarpaceae. ''Dipterocarpus'' is the third-largest and most diverse genus among the Dipterocarpaceae. The species are well known for ...

'' and several genera of the

pine family The Pinaceae (), or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, piñons, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales ...

, which are used as

timber Lumber is wood that has been processed into uniform and useful sizes (dimensional lumber), including beams and planks or boards. Lumber is mainly used for construction framing, as well as finishing (floors, wall panels, window frames). ...

trees. Within Spilomelinae, ''Conogethes'' is placed in the species-rich tribus Margaroniini, where it was found to be closely related to the genera ''

Azochis ''Azochis'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker (entomologist), Francis Walker in 1859. Species *''Azochis camptozonalis'' Hampson, 1913 *''Azochis cirrhigeralis'' Dognin, 1908 *''Azochis curviline ...

'', ''

Ghesquierellana ''Ghesquierellana'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae Crambidae comprises the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, with the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on ...

'' and ''

Megastes ''Megastes'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae Crambidae comprises the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, with the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on grass ...

''. Imagines of ''Conogethes'' resemble in their wing pattern those of ''

Marwitzia ''Marwitzia'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae Crambidae comprises the grass moth family of lepidopterans. They are variable in appearance, with the nominal subfamily Crambinae (grass moths) taking up closely folded postures on gras ...

'', the ''

Polygrammodes eleuata ''Polygrammodes'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. Species *'' Polygrammodes atricosta'' Hampson, 1913 *'' Polygrammodes auropurpuralis'' Dognin, 1903 *'' Polygrammodes baeuscalis'' Dyar, 1913 *'' Polygrammodes biangulalis'' Dognin, 1 ...

'' species complex and ''

Syllepte incomptalis ''Syllepte incomptalis'' is a moth in the family Crambidae, described by Jacob Hübner in 1823. It lives in Suriname Suriname, officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America, also considered as part of the Cari ...

'', and to a lesser degree ''

Dichocrocis ''Dichocrocis'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was described by Julius Lederer in 1863. ''Dichocrocis'' in its current composition is considered polyphyletic, with many of its species misplaced. However, the type species ...

'', ''

Notarcha ''Notarcha'' is a genus of moths in the family Crambidae described by Edward Meyrick in 1884. Species *''Notarcha aurolinealis'' (Walker, 1859) *'' Notarcha auroralis'' (Moore, 1888) *'' Notarcha butyrina'' Meyrick, 1886 *'' Notarcha cassusalis' ...

'' and ''

Trigonobela ''Trigonobela'' is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae described by Alfred Jefferis Turner Alfred Jefferis Turner (3 October 1861 in Guangzhou, Canton – 29 December 1947 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) was a pediatrician and amateu ...

''. The

polyphagous Feeding is the process by which organisms, typically animals, obtain food. Terminology often uses either the suffixes -vore, -vory, or -vorous from Latin ''vorare'', meaning "to devour", or -phage, -phagy, or -phagous from Greek φαγε ...

Conogethes punctiferalis ''Conogethes punctiferalis'', the durian fruit borer or yellow peach moth, is a moth of the family Crambidae. Description Full-grown larvae are about 20 mm long. It is considered a pest on fruit trees. Adults have a wingspan of 14–20&nb ...

'' is a major pest species in

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...

and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

and has therefore been the focus of extensive research. In several cases, populations of ''C. punctiferalis'' associated with different hosts were found, eventually resulting in the recognition of different species, such as '' C. parvipunctalis'', '' C. pinicolalis'' and '' C. sahyadriensis''.

DNA barcoding DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. The premise of DNA barcoding is that by comparison with a reference library of such DNA sections (also called " sequences"), an indiv ...

data indicates several additional undescribed species, and a comprehensive

taxonomic revision In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon), and these groups are given ...

of the genus is required to unravel the validity and circumscription of these new species.

DNA barcode DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. The premise of DNA barcoding is that by comparison with a reference library of such DNA sections (also called "sequences"), an indivi ...

data for altogether 25

operational taxonomic unit An operational taxonomic unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals. The term was originally introduced in 1963 by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in the context of numerical taxonomy, wh ...

s or BINs (Barcode Index Numbers) of ''Conogethes'' are stored in the

Barcode of Life Data System The Barcode of Life Data System (commonly known as BOLD or BOLDSystems) is a web platform specifically devoted to DNA barcoding. It is a cloud-based data storage and analysis platform developed at the Centre for Biodiversity Genomics in Canada. It ...

(BOLD), although only sequences of 19 of these BINs (or putative species) are publicly accessible.

Species

*''

Conogethes clioalis ''Conogethes clioalis'' is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found on Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23 ...

'' (Walker, 1859) *'' Conogethes diminutiva'' Warren, 1896 *'' Conogethes ersealis'' (Walker, 1859) *'' Conogethes evaxalis'' (Walker, 1859) *'' Conogethes haemactalis'' Snellen, 1890 *''

Conogethes minimastis ''Conogethes minimastis'' is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1897. It is found in the Sangihe Islands of Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and O ...

'' Meyrick, 1897 *'' Conogethes pandamalis'' (Walker, 1859) *'' Conogethes parvipunctalis'' Inoue & Yamanaka, 2006 *''

Conogethes pinicolalis ''Conogethes pinicolalis'' is a moth in the diverse subfamily Spilomelinae of the family Crambidae. It was described by Hiroshi Inoue and Hiroshi Yamanaka in 2006, and is found in East and Southeast Asia, with records from Japan, Korea, China (Gu ...

'' Inoue & Yamanaka, 2006 *''

Conogethes pluto ''Conogethes pluto'' is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1887. It is found on the Solomon Islands and in Burma, Thailand and Australia. The habitat consists of dry sclerophyll forests and wet lowland tr ...

'' (Butler, 1887) *''

'' (Guenée, 1854) *'' Conogethes sahyadriensis'' Shashank, Kammar, Mally & Chakravarthy, 2018 *'' Conogethes semifascialis'' (Walker, 1866) *''

Conogethes spirotricha ''Conogethes'' is a genus of moths in the subfamily Spilomelinae of the family (biology), family Crambidae. The currently 17 recognized species are distributed in the Indomalayan realm, Indomalayan and Australasian realm. The genus contains seve ...

'' Meyrick, 1934 *'' Conogethes tenuialalis'' Chaovalit & Yoshiyasu in Chaovalit, Yoshiyasu, Hirai & Pinkaew, 2019 *'' Conogethes tharsalea'' (Meyrick, 1887) *'' Conogethes umbrosa'' Meyrick, 1886

Species

References

Further reading