Conioscyphales is an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

of freshwater and terrestrial

fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

within the division

Ascomycota Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The def ...

. It is in the subclass

Savoryellomycetidae Savoryellomycetidae is a Class (biology), subclass of sac fungi within the class of Sordariomycetes. It contains 4 known order (biology), orders of Conioscyphales, Fuscosporellales, Pleurotheciales and Savoryellales. History In 2011, Boonyuen et ...

and the class

Sordariomycetes Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota). It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide distribution that mostly accommodates terrestrial based taxa, although several can also be found in ...

and the subdivision of

Pezizomycotina Pezizomycotina is the largest subdivision of Ascomycota, containing the filamentous ascomycetes and most lichenized fungi. It is more or less synonymous with the older taxon Euascomycota. These fungi reproduce by fission rather than budding. Thi ...

. It only contains the

monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unisp ...

family ''

Conioscyphaceae ''Conioscypha'' is a genus of terrestrial and freshwater fungus, fungi in the monotypic family Conioscyphaceae and the monotypic order Conioscyphales. They are found on decayed wood, leaves, or bamboo stems. Except for ''Conioscypha japonica'' wh ...

'' and the monotypic genus '' Conioscypha'' (which has 18 species). It was formerly in subclass ''Hypocreomycetidae'' , until 2017, when it was placed in subclass ''Savoryellomycetidae'' . Although still located within class ''Sordariomycetes''. The ''Conioscypha'' clade, based on molecular data, was considered as Ascomycota

incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

with ''Conioscypha'' and '' Conioscyphascus'' considered

congeneric Congener may refer to: * Congener (biology), organisms within the same genus * Congener (chemistry), related chemicals, e.g., elements in the same group of the periodic table * Congener (beverages), a substance other than ethanol produced during t ...

(Réblová and Seifert, 2004, Zelski et al., 2015 ) with ''Conioscypha'' accepted as the recommend name under the one name protocol (Réblová et al. 2016a). In 2016,

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal and protein-coding loci support the placement of several perithecial ascomycetes and dematiaceous hyphomycetes from freshwater and terrestrial environments in two monophyletic clades closely related to the Savoryellales. In the analysis, clade 45 represents the order ''Conioscyphales'', which was established by Réblová et al. (2016a), with a single family ''Conioscyphaceae''. They also introduced two new species, ''Conioscypha aquatica'' and ''Conioscypha submersa''. It is a sister clade to orders ''

Pleurotheciales Pleurotheciaceae is a family of ascomycetous fungi within the monotypic order of Pleurotheciales in the subclass Savoryellomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes. Pleurotheciales, with the single-family ''Pleurotheciaceae'', is the larg ...

'' and ''

Savoryellales Savoryellaceae is a Family (biology), family of aquatic based Fungus, fungi. It is the only family in the monotypic order (biology), order Savoryellales within the class Sordariomycetes, phylum, division Ascomycota. The family contains the gener ...

''.

Description

''Conioscypha'' (the sole genus in the ''Conioscyphales'') is generally characterised by aseptate, dark brown conidia and a unique mode of blastic conidiogenesis, when conidia are born in cyathiform (in the form of a cup, a little widened at the top) to doliiform (shaped like a barrel or cask) blastic conidiogenous cells surrounded by hyaline (transparent), cup-like collarettes with a multilamellar (having (or affecting) multiple

lamellae Lamella (: lamellae) means a small plate or flake in Latin, and in English may refer to: Biology * Lamella (mycology), a papery rib beneath a mushroom cap * Lamella (botany) * Lamella (surface anatomy), a plate-like structure in an animal * Lame ...

) structure (Shearer & Motta 1973).

Distribution

It has a

cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and en ...

across the globe. They have been found in South America, Australia and New Zealand, as well as parts of North America, Europe and Africa.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q56421437 Taxa described in 2018 Ascomycota orders Sordariomycetes Monotypic fungus orders