Shangarai Chasset (Shaarei Chesed) was a nineteenth-century New Orleans

Orthodox Orthodox, Orthodoxy, or Orthodoxism may refer to: Religion * Orthodoxy, adherence to accepted norms, more specifically adherence to creeds, especially within Christianity and Judaism, but also less commonly in non-Abrahamic religions like Neo-pag ...

(and later Reform)

synagogue A synagogue, ', 'house of assembly', or ', "house of prayer"; Yiddish: ''shul'', Ladino: or ' (from synagogue); or ', "community". sometimes referred to as shul, and interchangeably used with the word temple, is a Jewish house of worshi ...

History

Shangarai Chasset was founded in New Orleans on December 20, 1827,Emily Ford, Barry Stiefel (2012. ''The Jews of New Orleans and the Mississippi Delta: A History of Life and Community Along the Bayou'', Arcadia Publishing, Chapter 2. and chartered by the Louisiana legislature on March 27, 1828 by Jacob Solis. The synagogue’s members were primarily of Sephardic Portuguese background. Around the same time the synagogue was founded, a related benevolent society was established with the same name, "Shaare Chessed," (the first interment therein was that of a Hyam Harris on June 28, 1828). Though Judah Touro was not initially interested in the congregation, he eventually gave generously to it. The congregation constructed a synagogue building in 1845 on Rampart Street between St. Louis and Conti Streets, the first permanent synagogue building in Louisiana. A plaque remains at the site.Shangarai Chasset: Gates of Mercy Synagogue

Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation The Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation (JASHP) is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) volunteer historical society. The society locates sites of American and Jewish historical interest and importance. It works with local community org ...

,''www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org''. Accessed August 29, 2019. By 1846, the Jewish population had become more French and German because of the migration of Jews from Alsace-Lorraine. As a result, a Sephardic businessman, Gershom Kursheedt, convinced Judah Touro to establish a new Sephardic synagogue which he did on the corner of Bourbon St. and Canal St. The new congregation was called Nefutsoth Judah, Dispersed of Judah. By 1881, the two congregations couldn't exist separately and re-united under the name of ''The Gates of Mercy of the Dispersed of Judah''. Eventually the congregation was called Touro Synagogue in honor of their mutual benefactor, but the name wasn't changed until 1937. Far from established Jewish communities, the congregation’s membership attempted to create a semblance of Jewish life and community in the new territory opened to them as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Upon its founding, most Jewish people were reportedly indifferent and not affiliated with the synagogue. Of those affiliated with the congregation, their level of observance was minimal.

Jacob Rader Marcus Jacob Rader Marcus (March 5, 1896 –14 November 1995) was a scholar of Jewish history and a Reform rabbi. Biography Born in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, United States into a traditional Jewish family and raised in Homestead, Pennsylvania, M ...

, a noted historian, comments that the lack of affiliation to the synagogue may have in part resulted in many of the Jewish men in the Louisiana Territory taking non-Jewish wives and having non-Jewish children. However, the high intermarriage rate did not preclude the congregation from appointing men with gentile wives to leadership positions in the synagogue. Despite shortcomings in their religious observance, their love of their religion, and service to their community was nonetheless noteworthy, as it paved the way for future generations of Jewish life in New Orleans.

Synagogue leadership

Some of the rabbis to lead the congregation were considered the greatest rabbis in their era. Among them: * Manis Jacobs (1828–1839) * Albert "Roley" Marks (1839–1845) : Eli Evans in ''The Provincials'' writes that Marks was a "fake rabbi..." and a "ludicrous but likable part-time comic actor and fireman." It appears that Marks was appointed to lead the congregation primarily due to his ability to lead services. Historians Jonathan Sarna and

noted in various works that during that era most U.S. "rabbis" were not ordained; calling him a fake may have been too strong a critique of his pastoral abilities. Nonetheless, he is usually noted negatively, as sources cite that Marks was known to run out of services to assist his fire brigade, was not particularly careful with

kosher (also or , ) is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jewish people are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher ( in English, yi, כּשר), fro ...

laws or observance of Passover, and was married to a Catholic woman. Multiple sources including Evans cite a story about an incident in synagogue in which he argued with a congregant displeased with his conduct, during the High Holiday services. (Although not cited elsewhere, it is possible that the congregant objected to Marks' being appointed to lead the services, as halachic sources recommend a respectable individual represent the congregation for High Holiday services.) In response to the congregant, Marks reportedly "banged on the podium and screamed" unpleasantries at the congregant, asserting his "... right to pray!" : Marks appears to have died sometime around 1850. Sources differ about his burial, but again, neither were favorable from a traditional Jewish standpoint. Some record the story that the rabbi’s widow, a Catholic, was restrained only with difficulty from putting a crucifix in (or on) his grave. Other sources cite that he returned to the northeast before his death, living in Philadelphia. Upon news of her father falling gravely ill, Marks’ daughter, Sarah Marks Stockton, living in Princeton, New Jersey had him baptized by her

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minister. His grave is located in Princeton, New Jersey. * Ferdinand Hirsch (1845–?) * Dr.

Hermann Kohlmeyer Hermann Kohlmeyer (1814 – 1883) was an American rabbi in charge of Congregation Shangarai Chasset in New Orleans, Louisiana. On January 17, 1847, the synagogue board unanimously elected Kohlmeyer to serve as its leader. In the edition of T ...

(1847–1850) *

James Koppel Gutheim James Koppel Gutheim (November 15, 1817 – May 11, 1886) was the rabbi of Congregation Shangarai Chasset of New Orleans. He was born near Münster in Westphalia, Germany. In 1843, Gutheim arrived in the United States and immediately thrust hi ...

(1850–1853, 1865–1868) * Joseph Levin, (1855–1859) : December, 1855: Reverend Jos. Levin is elected Rabbi. ''One Hundredth Anniversary of Touro Synagogue, 1828–1928'' * Solomon Jacob (also referred to as Jacobs), (1859–1860) : A native of London, England, Jacob was the rabbi and cantor through his death in 1860. Jacob also published a Jewish newspaper called the ''Cornerstone'' until his death. : The Occident notes a rabbi with a similar name as having been a leader of the Ashkenazi Jewish community in

Kingston Kingston may refer to: Places * List of places called Kingston, including the five most populated: ** Kingston, Jamaica ** Kingston upon Hull, England ** City of Kingston, Victoria, Australia ** Kingston, Ontario, Canada ** Kingston upon Thames, ...

, Jamaica in various editions, (August 1846 and January and February 1851 to name a few) and it is possible that this was the same individual. The community members that later approached Rabbi Jacob's successor, Rabbi Illowy to determine the

status of the Muscovy duck, cited that the duck had been ruled to be a kosher bird by the rabbinic authorities in Jamaica. : In the "One Hundredth Anniversary of Touro Synagogue, 1828–1928", it is noted that in August, 1860, "Rev. Solomon Jacobs dies. Burial conducted by Rev. Herman Kohlmeyer." * Dr.

Yissochar Dov Bernard Illowy Rabbi Dr. Bernard (Yissochar Dov) Illowy (born 1814 in Kolín, Bohemia – d. June 22, 1871 in Cincinnati, Ohio) was a rabbi and leader of Orthodox Judaism in the United States. Biography Illowy descended from a family of religious scholars; ...

(1861–1865) *

Isaac Leucht Isaac Leucht (1844 in Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany – 1916 in New Orleans, Louisiana) was a Reform Rabbi and communal leader in New Orleans. He was the last rabbi of '' Congregation Shangarai Chasset'' before it merged with Congregation ''Nefutzot ...

(1868–1872, 1879–1881, when congregation merged with the ''Nefutzot Yehudah'')

References

* Benjamin, Israel Joseph. ''Three Years in America, 1859-1862''. (Arno Press 1975). . * Evans, Eli N. ''The Provincials''. (Atheneum 1973) * Hill, Samuel S. ''On Jordan's Stormy Banks: Religion in the South: a Southern Exposure'' (Mercer University Press 1983) * Kahn, Catherine C. and Lachoff, Irwin. ''The Jewish Community of New Orleans''. (Arcadia Publishing 2005) * Rader Marcus, Jacob. ''United States Jewry, 1776-1985'' (Wayne State University Press 1989) * Rader Marcus, Jacob. ''The Dynamics of American Jewish History: Jacob Rader Marcus's Essays on American Jewry'' (UPNE 2004) {{ISBN, 1-58465-343-4 * Wiernick, Peter ''History of the Jews in America: From the Period of the Discovery of the New World to the Present'' (The Jewish Press Publishing Company 1912) Alsatian-Jewish culture in the United States French-American culture in Louisiana German-American culture in Louisiana Synagogues in New Orleans Religious organizations established in 1827 1827 establishments in Louisiana Religious buildings and structures in New Orleans Portuguese-Jewish culture in the United States Sephardi Jewish culture in the United States Sephardi synagogues Synagogues completed in 1845

History

Synagogue leadership

See also

References