''Confractosuchus'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...

eusuchian crocodyliform from the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...

Winton Formation of

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...

. Described as a macro-generalist, ''Confractosuchus'' was found with the bones of a juvenile

ornithopod Ornithopoda () is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs, called ornithopods (). They represent one of the most successful groups of herbivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous. The most primitive members of the group were bipedal and relatively sm ...

dinosaur in its abdomen. It currently contains a single species, ''Confractosuchus sauroktonos,'' which literally means "broken dinosaur killer." The discovery of ''Confractosuchus'' was announced by the Australian Age of Dinosaurs museum on 11 February 2022, and was published in the journal '' Gondwana Research''. It is the second extinct eusuchian crocodyliform genus discovered from the Winton Formation, after ''

Isisfordia ''Isisfordia'' is an extinct genus of crocodyliform closely related to crocodilians that lived in Australia during the Middle Cretaceous (Albian–Cenomanian). Description The type species, ''I. duncani''. (named after the discoverer; former ...

'' that was discovered during the mid-1990s and named in 2006.

Discovery and naming

''Confractosuchus'' was found in the upper layers of the Winton Formation in central-western

Queensland Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...

. It was discovered in 2010 during the excavation of poorly preserved

sauropod Sauropoda (), whose members are known as sauropods (; from '' sauro-'' + '' -pod'', 'lizard-footed'), is a clade of saurischian ('lizard-hipped') dinosaurs. Sauropods had very long necks, long tails, small heads (relative to the rest of their b ...

material within a concretion that formed between black soil and

volcano A volcano is commonly defined as a vent or fissure in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface. On Earth, volcanoes are most oft ...

genic clay. The fossil is largely articulated, but missing most material from the pelvis to the tail.

Osteoderms Osteoderms are bony deposits forming scales, plates, or other structures based in the dermis. Osteoderms are found in many groups of Extant taxon, extant and extinct reptiles and amphibians, including lizards, crocodilians, frogs, Temnospondyli, ...

were preserved in association. In addition to the Eusuchian bones, the specimen also preserved the partially digested bones of a juvenile ornithopod the animal fed on shortly prior to its death. Initial

CT scan A computed tomography scan (CT scan), formerly called computed axial tomography scan (CAT scan), is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body. The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers or ...

s of the abdominal cavity were unsuccessful as the dense matrix was opaque to laboratory and medical X-rays. Subsequent neutron tomography using the "Dingo" neutron imaging instrument at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation serendipitously revealed the entirely embedded ornithopod. The bones indicate that the dinosaur was a juvenile and that its body could have weighed about 1.7 kg, and about the size of a chicken. Since the digestive secretions in the stomach of crocodiles are strong, the preserved dinosaur means that it was eaten shortly before the crocodyliform's death. The dinosaur is also likely an unknown (new) species. The name ''Confractosuchus'' derives from the Latin ''confractus'' meaning "broken" and the Greek ''suchus'' for "crocodile." The species name is composed of the Greek ''sauros'' (meaning "lizard") and ''ktonos'' (meaning "killer"), chosen to reflect the preserved gut contents of the animal.

Description

Most of the remains of ''Confractosuchus'' are badly crushed. Much of the posterior parts including the hind limbs and tail are missing. Reconstruction based on available bones indicate that the entire body of ''Confractosuchus'' was around 2 to 2.5 meters long. The skull contains about 35% of the total bones. It measures 28.5 cm long and 19 cm wide and triangular in shape, differing noticeably from the broad and flattened skulls of the susisuchids it shared its environment with. The external nares are wider than they are long and the

nasal bone The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face and by their junction, form the bridge of the upper one third of the nose. Eac ...

overhangs the rear edge of the nares. There is a small constriction behind the nares where the 4th dentary tooth is received by the upper jaw. Two pairs of ridges extend over the cranium from the approximate location of the 4th dentary to just before the orbits. These ridges, originating from the lacrimal and prefrontal bone respectively, are similar to those seen in extant alligatoroids. They are almost parallel and converge towards the tip of the snout. Other ornamentation of the skull is present in the form of grooves and pits visible on the back of the skull, while the rostrum, aside from the aforementioned ridges, does not seem to preserve notable ornamentation. However, this may be due to preservation. The jugal is arched below the orbits, but flattened at its border with the intertemporal fenestra, mimicking the condition seen in susisuchids. The mandibles were preserved tightly shut with the upper jaw and only show ornamentation on its rear end. The upper jaw preserves 16 teeth on each side (4 premaxillary and 12 maxillary) and 17 dentary teeth. The vertebral column is incompletely preserved. The centra and neural arches of the

thoracic vertebrae In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. In humans, there are twelve thoracic vertebra (anatomy), vertebrae of intermediate size between the ce ...

are fused, however those of the cervical vertebrae aren't, suggesting the animal was a sub-adult at the time of its death. The

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...

of ''Confractosuchus'' vertebrae varies, some showing a procoelous and others showing an amphicoelous condition. This morphology varies between susisuchids, with ''Susisuchus'' possessing exclusively amphicoelous vertebrae while ''Isisfordia'' shows beginning procoelous vertebrae. As both susisuchids and ''Confractosuchus'' are nested close to the base of Eusuchia, ''Confractosuchus'' may represent a transitional form. None of the osteoderms of ''Confractosuchus'' were found in articulation. They are ovoid in shape and deeply pitted, with a central keel running down their surface. The lack of twin-keeled (biserial) osteoderms suggests that the paravertebral armor of the animal was entirely segmented. This adaptation greatly increases the flexibility of the animal in water when compared to the more tightly interlocking armor of goniopholids and pholidosaurids that increased stability when highwalking.

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis recovered ''Confractosuchus'' as a basal Eusuchian nested outside a clade formed by susisuchids and hylaeochampsids.

Paleoecology

''Confractosuchus'' is a rare example of a fossil crocodyliform with preserved stomach content, and is the first evidence of a crocodyliform eating a dinosaur. Its prey, a juvenile ornithopod, is represented by multiple

vertebrae Each vertebra (: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal ...

and limb bones most likely belonging to a single individual. The vertebrae are partly articulated, party associated, suggesting the animal was not fully digested by the time the crocodyliform died. Analysis of the skull morphology suggests that ''Confractosuchus'' was a macro-generalist, meaning it would have been capable of taking prey larger than itself. It was likely an opportunistic feeder rather than a dinosaur specialist. The preservation of its prey indicates that the

holotype A holotype (Latin: ''holotypus'') is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of s ...

of ''Confractosuchus'' died shortly after ingesting its last meal and it is not possible to determine whether or not the gut of ''Confractosuchus'' was more or less acidic than that of modern crocodiles. However, the condition the ornithopod vertebrae were found in suggests that it was dismembered in a similar fashion that modern crocodilians do.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q110929426 Neosuchia Late Cretaceous crocodylomorphs Cenomanian genera Late Cretaceous reptiles of Australia Fossils of Australia Fossil taxa described in 2022 Prehistoric pseudosuchian genera