Condorraptor
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''Condorraptor'' is an
extinct Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its Endling, last member. A taxon may become Functional extinction, functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to Reproduction, reproduce and ...
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
megalosauroid Megalosauroidea (meaning 'great/big lizard forms') is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily (or clade) of Tetanurae, tetanuran theropod dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous period. The group is defined as ''Megalosaurus, M ...
theropod Theropoda (; from ancient Greek , (''therion'') "wild beast"; , (''pous, podos'') "foot"">wiktionary:ποδός"> (''pous, podos'') "foot" is one of the three major groups (clades) of dinosaurs, alongside Ornithischia and Sauropodom ...
dinosaur Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic Geological period, period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago (mya), although the exact origin and timing of the #Evolutio ...
. Its genus name means 'robber from
Cerro Condor Cerro is Spanish for "hill" or "mountain". People * Francisco Cerro (born 1988), Argentine footballer * Francisco Cerro Chaves (born 1957), Spanish prelate, theologian, and philosopher of the Catholic Church * Ian Cerro (born 1996), American f ...
', referencing a nearby village, while its species name, ''currumili'', is named after Hipolito Currumil, the landowner and discoverer of the locality. It was among the earliest large South American theropods, having been found in
Lower Jurassic The Early Jurassic Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic Series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic Period. The Early Jurassic starts immediately after the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, 201.3 Ma&nb ...
strata of the
Cañadón Asfalto Formation The Cañadón Asfalto Formation is a geological formation from the Lower Jurassic, with doubtful layers of Late Jurassic age previously referred to it. The Cañadón Asfalto Formation is located in the Cañadón Asfalto Basin, a rift basin in th ...
in the
Cañadón Asfalto Basin The Cañadón Asfalto Basin () is an irregularly shaped sedimentary basin located in north-central Patagonia, Argentina. The basin stretches from and partly covers the North Patagonian Massif in the north, a high forming the boundary of the basin ...
of
Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...
. The
type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
, described in 2005, is ''Condorraptor currumili''. It is based on a
tibia The tibia (; : tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two Leg bones, bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outsi ...
, with an associated partial skeleton that may belong to the same individual. Initially described as a basal tetanuran, Benson (2010) found it to be a piatnitzkysaurid megalosauroid and the sister taxon of ''
Piatnitzkysaurus ''Piatnitzkysaurus'' ( ; meaning "Piatnitzky's lizard") is a genus of tetanuran theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 179 to 177 million years ago during the lower part of the Jurassic Period in what is now Argentina. ''Piatnitzkysaurus'' wa ...
,'' a finding supported by later studies.


Description

The
holotype A holotype (Latin: ''holotypus'') is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of s ...
of ''Condorraptor'' is MPEF-PV 1672, a left tibia. Additional remains (MPEF-PV 1673 through 1697 and MPEF-PV 1700 through 1705) have also been referred to the species, including
vertebra Each vertebra (: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spina ...
e, teeth, rib and chevron fragments, partial hip bones,
femur The femur (; : femurs or femora ), or thigh bone is the only long bone, bone in the thigh — the region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee. In many quadrupeds, four-legged animals the femur is the upper bone of the hindleg. The Femo ...
s, a
metatarsal The metatarsal bones or metatarsus (: metatarsi) are a group of five long bones in the midfoot, located between the tarsal bones (which form the heel and the ankle) and the phalanges ( toes). Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are ...
IV, and a
pedal phalanx The phalanges (: phalanx ) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates. In primates, the thumbs and big toes have two phalanges while the other digits have three phalanges. The phalanges are classed as long bones. Structure ...
. All of these remains were from the same locality of the holotype and likely represent the same individual. In 2007, various media outlets reported that an articulated skeleton of this species was discovered by a team led by Oliver Rauhut, but this find has not been described or referenced in literature. Also in 2007, Rauhut described a fragmentary partial skull, MPEF 1717, from the Canadon Asfalto Formation. Due to the skull's size, locality,
tetanuran Tetanurae (/ˌtɛtəˈnjuːriː/ or "stiff tails") is a clade that includes most theropod dinosaurs, including megalosauroids, allosauroids, and coelurosaurs (which includes tyrannosauroids, ornithomimosaurs, compsognathids and maniraptoran ...
characteristics, and differences from the cranial material of ''Piatnitzkysaurus'', it is possible that it belongs to ''Condorraptor''. The type specimen was a juvenile that was about 4.5 metres long and it weighed about 200 kg. Paul, G. S. (2010). '' The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs''. Princeton University Press, p. 89. ''Condorraptor'' is notably similar to another theropod from the same formation, ''Piatnitzkysaurus''. Unique among tetanurans, these two share a flat anterior surface of the anterior presacral centra. However, it can be distinguished from ''Piatnitzkysaurus'' and other megalosauroids by several diagnostic features. Although some features considered diagnostic by the original description were later shown to be present in other megalosauroids, several features are still only known in ''Condorraptor''. These include: * A pleurocoel in the anterior cervical vertebrae located immediately posterodorsal to the parapophysis. * A shallow depression on the lateral surface of the tibia at the base of the
cnemial crest The cnemial crest is a crestlike prominence located at the front side of the head of the tibiotarsus or tibia in the legs of many mammals and reptiles (including birds and other dinosaurs). The main extensor muscle of the thigh In anatomy, the ...
. * A metatarsal IV with a distinct dorsal step between the shaft and the distal articular facet. In addition, ''Condorraptor'' differs from ''Piatnitzkysaurus'' by the shape of the underside of its sacral centra. In ''Condorraptor'', the second centra has a broad and flat base while the third is gently concave. In ''Piatnitzkysaurus'', the second centra's base is smoothly rounded while the third's is flat along its midline.


Classification

The most basal clade within
Megalosauroidea Megalosauroidea (meaning 'great/big lizard forms') is a superfamily (or clade) of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous period. The group is defined as '' Megalosaurus bucklandii'' and all taxa ...
contains ''Condorraptor'', ''
Marshosaurus ''Marshosaurus'' is a genus of medium-sized carnivorous Theropoda, theropod dinosaur, belonging to the family Piatnitzkysauridae, from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah and possibly Colorado. Discovery and naming During the 1960s, o ...
'', ''
Piatnitzkysaurus ''Piatnitzkysaurus'' ( ; meaning "Piatnitzky's lizard") is a genus of tetanuran theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 179 to 177 million years ago during the lower part of the Jurassic Period in what is now Argentina. ''Piatnitzkysaurus'' wa ...
'' and '' Xuanhanosaurus''. The next most basal clade comprises ''
Chuandongocoelurus ''Chuandongocoelurus'' ( ) is a genus of carnivorous tetanuran theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of China. Discovery and naming The type species ''Chuandongocoelurus primitivus'' was first described and named by Chinese paleontologist He ...
'' and ''
Monolophosaurus ''Monolophosaurus'' ( ; meaning "single-crested lizard") is an extinct genus of tetanuran theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Shishugou Formation in what is now Xinjiang, China.Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2011) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, ...
''. However, the affiliation of these clades with Megalosauroidea is poorly supported by tree support metrics, and it is possible that they will be classified outside of Megalosauroidea by future analyses.


References

{{Portal bar, Dinosaurs Piatnitzkysauridae Dinosaur genera Toarcian dinosaurs Cañadón Asfalto Formation Fossil taxa described in 2005 Dinosaurs of Argentina