Common Iora

The common iora (''Aegithina tiphia'') is a small passerine bird found across the tropical Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, with populations showing plumage variations, some of which are designated as subspecies. A species found in scrub and forest, it is easily detected from its loud whistles and the bright colours. During the breeding season, males display by fluffing up their feathers and spiral in the air appearing like a green, black, yellow, and white ball.

Taxonomy

In 1747 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the common iora in the second volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "The Green Indian Fly-Catcher". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a specimen that had been sent from Bengal to the silk-pattern designer and naturalist Joseph Dandridge in London. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his ''Systema Naturae'' for the tenth edition, he placed the common iora in the genus '' Motacilla''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name ''Motacilla tiphia'' and cited Edwards' work. The common iora is now placed in the genus '' Aegithina'' that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot. The genus name ''Aegithina'' is from Ancient Greek ''aigithos'' or ''aiginthos'', a mythical bird mentioned by Aristotle and other classical authors. The etymology of specific epithet ''tiphia'' is uncertain. It may be from the Ancient Greek ''tuphē'', ''tiara'', from Tiphys who in Greek mythology was the helmsman of the Argonauts.

Eleven subspecies are recognised:
* ''A. t. multicolor'' ( Gmelin, JF, 1789) – southwest India and Sri Lanka
* ''A. t. deignani'' Hall, BP, 1957 – south, east India and north, central Myanmar
* ''A. t. humei'' Baker, ECS, 1922 – central peninsular India
* ''A. t. tiphia'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – north India to west Myanmar
* ''A. t. septentrionalis'' Koelz, 1939 – northwest Himalayas
* ''A. t. philipi'' Oustalet, 1886 – south-central China, east Myanmar, north Thailand and north, central Indochina
* ''A. t. cambodiana'' Hall, BP, 1957 – southeast Thailand, Cambodia and south Vietnam
* ''A. t. horizoptera'' Oberholser, 1912 – southeast Myanmar and southwest Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and nearby islands
* ''A. t. scapularis'' ( Horsfield, 1821) – Java and Bali
* ''A. t. viridis'' ( Bonaparte, 1850) – central, south Borneo
* ''A. t. aequanimis'' Bangs, 1922 – north Borneo and west Philippines

Description

Ioras have a pointed and notched beak with a culmen that is straight. The common iora is sexually dimorphic, males in the breeding season have a black cap and back adding to a black wing and tail at all seasons. Females have greenish wings and an olive tail. The undersides of both are yellow and the two white bars on the wings of the male are particularly prominent in their breeding plumage. The males in breeding plumage have a very variable distribution of the black on the upperparts and can be confused with Marshall's iora, however, the latter always has white tips to the tail. The nominate subspecies is found along the Himalayas and males of this population are very similar to females or have only a small amount of black on the crown. In northwestern India, ''septentrionalis'' is brighter yellow than others and in the northern plains of India ''humei'' males in breeding plumage have a black cap and olive on the upper mantle. In southwestern India and Sri Lanka ''multicolor'' has the breeding males with a jet black cap and mantle. The forms in the rest of southern India are intermediate between ''multicolor'' and ''humei'' with more grey-green on the rump (formerly considered as ''deignani'' but now used for the Burmese population).

Several other populations across Southeast Asia are designated as subspecies including ''philipi'' of southern China and northern Thailand/Laos, ''deignani'' of Myanmar, ''horizoptera'' of southern Myanmar and the island chain of Sumatra, ''cambodiana'' of Cambodia, ''aeqanimis'' of Palawan and northern Borneo, ''viridis'' of Borneo and ''scapularis'' of Java and Bali.

Behaviour and ecology

Ioras forage in trees in small groups, gleaning among the branches for insects. They sometimes join mixed species feeding flocks. The call is a mixture of ''churrs'', chattering and whistles, and the song is a trilled ''wheeeee-tee''. They may sometimes imitate the calls of other birds such as drongos.

During the breeding season, mainly after the monsoons, the male performs an acrobatic courtship display, darting up into the air fluffing up all his feathers, especially those on the pale green rump, then spiralling down to the original perch. Once he lands, he spreads his tail and droops his wings. Two to four greenish white eggs are laid in a small and compact cup-shaped nest made out of grass and bound with cobwebs and placed in the fork of a tree. Both male and female incubate and eggs hatch after about 14 days. Nests predators include snakes, lizards, crow-pheasant and crows. Nests may also be brood-parasitized by the banded bay cuckoo.

Ioras moult twice in a year and the plumage variation makes them somewhat complicated for plumage based separation of the populations.

A species of '' Haemoproteus'', ''H. aethiginae'', was described from a specimen of the common iora from Goa.

File:Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) in Hyderabad W IMG 8862.jpg, ''A. t. multicolor'': male calling in Hyderabad, India.
File:Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) in Hyderabad W IMG 5622.jpg, ''A. t. multicolor'': female in Hyderabad
File:Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) in Hyderabad W IMG 5618.jpg, ''A. t. multicolor'': female in Hyderabad
File:Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) in Narshapur, AP W IMG 1144.jpg, ''A. t. multicolor'': female in Narsapur, Medak district, India
Image:Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) in Hyderabad, AP W2 IMG 9809.jpg, ''A. t. multicolor'': male in Hyderabad
File:Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) in Kawal, AP W IMG 1517.jpg, ''A. t. multicolor'': female in Narsapur
File:Common Iora (Aegithina tiphia) calling W IMG_7709.jpg, ''A. t. multicolor'': male calling in Shamirpet, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India
Image:Aegithina tiphia-20080910.jpg, Adult breeding male, Singapore
Image:Aegithina tiphia-20080910B.jpg, Adult breeding male, Singapore
Image:Common Iora scientific name Aegithina tiphia by Sumita Roy Dutta at Sajnekhali Bird Sanctuary IMG 8289.jpg, Common Iora: female at Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary

File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.92893 1 - Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs, 1922 - Irenidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg, ''Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs, 1922'', male
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.92893 2 - Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs, 1922 - Irenidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg, ''Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs, 1922'', male, same specimen
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.92894 1 - Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs, 1922 - Irenidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg, ''Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs, 1922'', female
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.92894 2 - Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs, 1922 - Irenidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg, ''Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Bangs, 1922'', female, same specimen
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.126754 1 - Aegithina tiphia multicolor (Gmelin, 1789) - Irenidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg, ''Aegithina tiphia multicolor (Gmelin, 1789)'', male
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.126754 2 - Aegithina tiphia multicolor (Gmelin, 1789) - Irenidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg, ''Aegithina tiphia multicolor (Gmelin, 1789)'', male, same specimen
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.126760 1 - Aegithina tiphia multicolor (Gmelin, 1789) - Irenidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg, ''Aegithina tiphia multicolor (Gmelin, 1789)'', female
File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.126760 2 - Aegithina tiphia multicolor (Gmelin, 1789) - Irenidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg, ''Aegithina tiphia multicolor (Gmelin, 1789)'', female, same specimen

References

External links

BirdLife Species Factsheet

Common Iora videos, photos & sounds
on the Internet Bird Collection
* , describing ''Aegithina tiphia singapurensis'', now considered a synonym of ''Aegithina tiphia horizoptera''

{{Taxonbar, from=Q26537

Aegithinidae
Birds of Indomalaya
Birds described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus