Comics packaging is a publishing activity in which a

publishing company Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, the term publishing refers to the creation and distribu ...

outsources the myriad tasks involved in putting together a

comic book A comic book, comic-magazine, or simply comic is a publication that consists of comics art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panel (comics), panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by descriptive prose and wri ...

— writing, illustrating, editing, and even printing — to an outside service called a packager. Once the comics packager has produced the comic, they then sell it to the final publishing company. In this arrangement, the comics-packaging company acts as a liaison between a publishing company and the writers, artists, and editors that design and produce the comic book. Comics packagers thus blend the roles of agent, editor, and publisher (as distinct from

syndicates A syndicate is a self-organizing group of individuals, companies, corporations or entities formed to transact some specific business, to pursue or promote a shared interest. Etymology The word ''syndicate'' comes from the French language, Fren ...

, which perform a similar function in the

comic strip A comic strip is a Comics, sequence of cartoons, arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often Serial (literature), serialized, with text in Speech balloon, balloons and Glossary of comics terminology#Captio ...

industry). Comics packagers, often operated by notable artists such as Will Eisner and Jack Binder, formed in the 1930s to supply cheaply produced material to the burgeoning American comics industry. Some comics publishers used packaging services in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s as well. Comics packagers and art studios also played role in the British comics industry. Although not as prevalent as it once was, comics packaging still forms a segment of the modern comics industry.

Business model

There are two main reasons for utilizing a comics packager: a publisher new to the comics industry that does not have an in-house staff or access to a network of freelancers; or a business outside the comics industry that decides to produce comics for advertising or informational purposes. In these latter cases, the comic is first conceived as a

marketing Marketing is the act of acquiring, satisfying and retaining customers. It is one of the primary components of Business administration, business management and commerce. Marketing is usually conducted by the seller, typically a retailer or ma ...

concept, and the packager is then hired to write and produce the comic on a

work for hire In copyright law, a work made for hire (work for hire or WFH) is a work whose copyright is initially owned by an entity other than the actual creator as a result of an employment relationship or, in some cases, a commission. It is an exception to t ...

basis. Some packagers only provide art for the comics, with the writing done by in-house talent.

Eisner & Iger Eisner & Iger was a comic book packager that produced comics on demand for publishers entering the new medium during the late-1930s and 1940s, a period fans and historians call the Golden Age of Comic Books. Founded by Will Eisner and Jerry Ige ...

, one of the first packagers, had 15 writers, artists and letterers on staff, according to co-founder Will Eisner: "They were working for me full-time, on salary. I tried to avoid dealing with freelancers on a per-page basis." At the same time, Eisner & Iger charged publishers $5 to $7 per finished page. Historically, comics packagers (such as the Chesler shop, the Sangor Studio, and Eisner & Iger) were set up as physical studios. As explained by comics historian Hames Ware, however, Lloyd Jacquet's Funnies Inc. "was distinct from the other major shops. It was set up more like a clearinghouse than a conventional shop. While at the other classic shops, there were actually buildings and offices housing... many artists who often collaborated on jobs, most of Jacquet's artists worked from home and did solo work."

Remuneration and credit

While the comics-packaging sector is little-known outside the publishing world, it provides employment to many freelance authors and illustrators. Most packagers pay a flat project or page rate. Packagers do not pay

royalties A royalty payment is a payment made by one party to another that owns a particular asset, for the right to ongoing use of that asset. Royalties are typically agreed upon as a percentage of gross or net revenues derived from the use of an asset or ...

, which means that even if a package-produced comic becomes a bestseller, the creators do not receive additional payment. Artist

Joe Kubert Joseph Kubert (; September 18, 1926 – August 12, 2012) was a Poland, Polish-born Americans, American comic book artist, art teacher, and founder of The Kubert School. He is best known for his work on the DC Comics characters Sgt. Rock and Hawk ...

recalled Harry "A" Chesler paying him $5 a week, at age 12 (c. 1938) to apprentice at his studio after school.Abstract
accessed on January 17, 2012. Similarly, artist

Carmine Infantino Carmine Infantino (; May 24, 1925 – April 4, 2013) was an American comics artist and editing, editor, primarily for DC Comics, during the late 1950s and early 1960s period known as the Silver Age of Comic Books. Among his character creations are ...

remembers that, 1940, he was paid by Chesler "a dollar a day, just ostudy art, learn, and grow. That was damn nice of him, I thought. He did that for me for a whole summer" while Infantino was in high school. Joe Simon said that his Funnies Inc. rate for a completed comic-book page — written, drawn, and lettered — was $7. For comparison, he recalled that at

— where Eisner wrote the features and created characters, hiring novice artists — the page rate was approximately $3.50 to $5.50. George Tuska, who worked for a number of packagers in the late 1930s, notes that he made $10 a week with Eisner & Iger, and then, with the Chesler shop, $22 a week, increased to $42 a week within six months. In the early days of comics, creators working for comics packagers worked anonymously as ghostwriters and "ghost artists", under the packaging company name, or under an alias. (It's worth noting, however, that most comics stories produced during this period didn't contain credits, making individual attribution difficult.) In some cases, a creator's work would be credited to someone else's name, such as a

celebrity Celebrity is a condition of fame and broad public recognition of a person or group due to the attention given to them by mass media. The word is also used to refer to famous individuals. A person may attain celebrity status by having great w ...

, who was paid to be listed as the credited writer as a way of increasing sales. Historian Hames notes, however, that at Funnies Inc., most artists "got credit for whatever job they did. (Jacquet also allowed writer credits from time to time)."

History

Golden Age of Comic Books

The first packagers to emerge were in the late 1930s, supplying comics features and complete comic books to publishers testing the waters of the emerging medium. As early packager Will Eisner noted at this time, around 1936, The most prominent packagers during this period were Harry "A" Chesler,

, Funnies Inc., and the Sangor Studio, all based in

New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...

, like the publishers they served. Packagers provided early work to such notable artists and writers as Will Eisner,

Jack Kirby Jack Kirby (; born Jacob Kurtzberg; August 28, 1917 – February 6, 1994) was an American comics artist, comic book artist, widely regarded as one of the medium's major innovators and one of its most prolific and influential creators. He grew ...

, Joe Simon, Jack Cole, Jack Binder, Otto Binder,

Charles Biro Charles Biro (; May 12, 1911 – March 4, 1972) was an American comic book creator and cartoonist. He created the comic book characters Airboy and Steel Sterling, and worked on ''Daredevil (Golden Age), Daredevil Comics'' and ''Crime Does Not Pa ...

, Mort Meskin, George Tuska, Nina Albright, Toni Blum, and many others. Packagers were responsible for the creation of a number of notable comics titles and characters. Funnies Inc., for example, founded by Lloyd Jacquet, supplied the entire contents of ''

Marvel Comics Marvel Comics is a New York City–based comic book publishing, publisher, a property of the Walt Disney Company since December 31, 2009, and a subsidiary of Disney Publishing Worldwide since March 2023. Marvel was founded in 1939 by Martin G ...

'' #1 (cover-dated Oct. 1939), the first publication of what would become the multimedia corporation

— not to mention featuring the debuts of such legacy characters as the Sub-Mariner, the

Human Torch The Human Torch (Jonathan Lowell Spencer "Johnny" Storm) is a fictional superhero character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is a founding member of the Fantastic Four. He is writer Stan Lee's and ar ...

, and the

Angel An angel is a spiritual (without a physical body), heavenly, or supernatural being, usually humanoid with bird-like wings, often depicted as a messenger or intermediary between God (the transcendent) and humanity (the profane) in variou ...

. Funnies Inc. employee Joe Simon is also credited with creating Blue Bolt (for Novelty Press). While with Eisner & Iger, Eisner is credited with co-creating such characters as Doll Man and Blackhawk for

Quality Comics Quality Comics was an American comic book publishing Publishing is the activities of making information, literature, music, software, and other content, physical or digital, available to the public for sale or free of charge. Traditionally, ...

, and

Wonder Man Wonder Man (Simon Williams) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby, he first appeared in '' The Avengers'' #9 (October 1964). The character, wh ...

and The Flame for Fox Publications. Eisner & Iger also created Sheena, Queen of the Jungle.''Wags'' [UK
/nowiki> #46 (January 14, 1938)">K">''Wags'' [UK
/nowiki> #46 (January 14, 1938)at the Grand Comics Database. By the late 1930s, the packaging business was flourishing. Chesler, who also acted as a publisher, recalled in a 1976 profile, "besides about 75 of my own titles, we produced comics for some 50 different publishers. At one time, there were 40 artists working for me and I had 300 comic titles on the newsstands." As the comics industry took hold, alumni of the packagers "went on to form the nuclei of various comics art staffs" for a number of different early comics companies. They also started their own studios; in the years 1942–1945, a number of artists became packagers in their own right, including L. B. Cole, Jack Binder, Bernard Baily, Mac Raboy, and Vincent Fago. When superhero comics went out of fashion in the postwar era, Sheldon Moldoff became an early pioneer in

horror comics Horror comics are comic books, graphic novels, black-and-white comics magazines, and manga focusing on horror fiction. In the US market, horror comic books reached a peak in the late 1940s through the mid-1950s, when concern over content and the ...

, packaging two such ready-to-print titles — '' This Magazine Is Haunted'' and ''Worlds of Fear'' — eventually bought by Fawcett Publications in 1951–1952. Most of the early crop of packagers petered out by the mid-1950s as the remaining publishers produced their comics in-house.

Modern era

With the advent of the 1970s, a number of new packagers arose, most of whom provided comics art but not stories to their clients. These included Continuity Associates and

Selecciones Ilustradas Selecciones Ilustradas (sometimes known as ''S.I.'') is a Spanish art agency founded by Josep Toutain. Warren Publishing Selecciones Ilustradas is probably most well-known in America due to its connections with Warren Publishing, where S.I.'s arti ...

. Continuity Associates (later known as Continuity Studios), was formed by cartoonists

Neal Adams Neal Adams (June 15, 1941 – April 28, 2022) was an American comic book artist. He was the co-founder of the graphic design studio Continuity Associates, and was a Creator ownership, creators-rights advocate who helped secure a pension and re ...

and

Dick Giordano Richard Joseph Giordano (; July 20, 1932 – March 27, 2010) was an American comics artist and editor whose career included introducing Charlton Comics' "Action Heroes" stable of superheroes and serving as executive editor of DC Comics. Ear ...

in 1971. At first, Continuity primarily supplied

motion picture A film, also known as a movie or motion picture, is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, emotions, or atmosphere through the use of moving images that are generally, since ...

storyboards and advertising art, but it soon became an art packager for comic book publishers, including such companies as

Charlton Comics Charlton Comics was an American comic-book publishing company that existed from 1945 to 1986, having begun under a different name: T. W. O. Charles Company, in 1940. It was based in Derby, Connecticut. The comic-book line (comics), line was a divi ...

DC Comics DC Comics (originally DC Comics, Inc., and also known simply as DC) is an American comic book publisher owned by DC Entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery. DC is an initialism for "Detective Comics", an American comic book seri ...

, the one-shot '' Big Apple Comix'', and even Adams' own Continuity Comics. Continuity served as the launching pad for the careers of a number of professional comics artists. (When doing collective comics work, the artists were often credited as " Crusty Bunkers.") More established cartoonists like Win Mortimer found work at Continuity profitable enough that they left the comics industry to work exclusively on Continuity projects.

, a Spanish art agency, provided artists for the

magazine publishers Warren Publishing and Skywald Publications in the period 19711983, providing an entrée into the U.S. comics market for a great number of these Spanish artists. From the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s, Byron Preiss (as Byron Preiss Visual Publications) packaged graphic novels,

comics a Media (communication), medium used to express ideas with images, often combined with text or other visual information. It typically the form of a sequence of Panel (comics), panels of images. Textual devices such as speech balloons, Glo ...

, illustrated books, and

children's books A child () is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty, or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty. The term may also refer to an unborn human being. In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of ''chi ...

to various publishers using the talents of comics artists such as

Howard Chaykin Howard Victor Chaykin (; born October 7, 1950) is an Americans, American comics artist, comic book artist and writer. Chaykin's influences include his one-time employer and mentor, Gil Kane, and the mid-20th century illustrators Robert Fawcett an ...

, Dennis Francis, Marc Hempel,

Gray Morrow Dwight Graydon "Gray" Morrow (March 7, 1934 – November 6, 2001)Gray Morrow
at the S ...

, Alex Niño, Ralph Reese, Tom Sutton, and Mark Wheatley. David Campiti, with Campiti and Associates ( 19851988) and then Glass House Graphics (1993present), operated more like a traditional comics packager, supplying complete comics to such publishers as Eternity Comics, Continuity Comics,

Eclipse Comics Eclipse Comics was an American comic book publisher, one of several independent publishers during the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1978, it published the first graphic novel intended for the newly created comic book store, comic book specialty stor ...

NOW Comics NOW Comics was a comic book publisher founded in late 1985 by Tony C. Caputo as a sole-proprietorship. During the four years after its founding, NOW grew from a one-man operation to operating in 12 countries, and published almost 1,000 comic bo ...

, and his own Innovation Publishing. Campiti and Associates was active in comics packaging during the "black-and-white boom" of the mid-1980s. Independent publishers whose work was produced almost exclusively by Campiti and Associates include: * Sirius Comics (1985–1986) * Pied Piper Comics (1986–1988) * Eternity Comics (1986–1988) * Imperial Comics (1986–1987) * Amazing (1986–1987) * Wonder Color (1987) Glass House Graphics played a major role in the entrée of Brazilian artists such as

Ed Benes José Edilbenes Bezerra (born November 20, 1972), better known by his professional name Ed Benes, is a Brazilian comic book artist, known for his work for DC Comics, on such titles as ''Birds of Prey (comics), Birds of Prey'', ''Supergirl (comic b ...

, Joe Bennett, Mike Deodato, and Luke Ross into the American comics market.

The U.K. comics market

Starting in the 1950s, the British comics market often used art packagers — often artists from Spain, from such studios as A.L.L.I. and Bardon Arts.

Notable comics packagers

Golden Age of Comic Books

* Chesler Studio ( Harry "A" Chesler), 1935– 1953 : Clients: MLJ Magazines Inc. ('' Zip Comics'', '' Pep Comics'', '' Top-Notch Comics''), Fawcett Comics ('' Captain Marvel'', '' Master Comics''),

('' Feature Funnies''), Centaur Comics (various features) : Notable creators: Jack Binder, Otto Binder

, Jack Cole, Otto Eppers,Bails, Ware (eds.
Eppers, OttoArchived
from the original on March 3, 2016. Ken Ernst, Creig Flessel, Bob McCay, Mort Meskin, Ruben Moreira, Mac Raboy, Syd Shores, Additional created September 26, 2010. Charles Sultan, George Tuska,

(intern),

(intern) : Notes: Also operated as a publisher. Supposedly also provided material for Marvel Magazines in the 1970s. * Eisner and Iger Studio / a.k.a. Syndicated Features Corporation ( Will Eisner and Jerry Iger) 1936–1939;
S. M. Iger Studio ( Jerry Iger, and from 1945, Ruth Roche), 1940–1961 : Clients: Editors Press Service (''Wags''), Fiction House (many titles), Fox Feature Syndicate (''Wonder Comics'' #1, ''Wonderworld Comics'' #4),

('' Feature Funnies'') : Notable creators: Ruth Atkinson, Alex Blum, Toni Blum,

Nick Cardy Nicholas Viscardi (October 20, 1920 – November 3, 2013), known professionally as Nick Cardy and Nick Cardi, was an American comics artist best known for his DC Comics work on Aquaman, the Teen Titans and other major characters. Cardy was induct ...

Reed Crandall Reed Leonard Crandall (February 22, 1917 – September 13, 1982) Reed Crandall
at ...

Jules Feiffer Jules Ralph Feiffer ( ; January 26, 1929 – January 17, 2025) was an American cartoonist and author, who at one time was considered the most widely read satirist in the country. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1986 for Pulitzer Prize for Editori ...

, Lou Fine, Frank Giacoia, Bob Kane,

, Klaus Nordling, Bob Powell,

Mike Sekowsky Michael Sekowsky (; November 19, 1923 – March 30, 1989) was an American comics artist known as the penciler for DC Comics' '' Justice League of America'' during most of the 1960s, and as the regular writer and artist on ''Wonder Woman'' durin ...

, Charles Sultan, George Tuska, Chic Stone (intern)Stone in : Notes: Created Sheena, Queen of the Jungle. Eisner credited with co-creating characters including Doll Man (

), Blackhawk (Quality),

( Fox Feature Syndicate), and The Flame (Fox) during this time. Eisner & Iger also sold color

comic strips A comic strip is a Comics, sequence of cartoons, arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often Serial (literature), serialized, with text in Speech balloon, balloons and Glossary of comics terminology#Captio ...

to newspapers. * Funnies Inc./ Lloyd Jacquet Studios ( Lloyd Jacquet), 1939– 1958 : Clients:

(''

'' #1),

Centaur Publications Centaur Publications (also known as Centaur Comics) was one of the earliest American comic book publishers. During their short existence, they created several colorful characters, including Bill Everett's Amazing-Man (Centaur Publications), Amazi ...

, Fox Feature Syndicate, Hillman Periodicals, Novelty Press : Notable creators:

Carl Burgos Carl Burgos ( ; born Max Finkelstein ; April 18, 1916 – March 1984 Note: Gives only month and year of death.) was an American comic book and advertising artist best known for creating the Human Torch (android), original Human Torch in ''Marvel ...

Paul Gustavson Paul Gustavson (né Karl Paul Gustafson; August 16, 1916 – April 29, 1977) was a Finnish-American comic-book writer and artist. His most notable creations during the Golden Age of Comic Books were Human Bomb, The Human Bomb for Quality Comics, ...

, Joe Simon, Mickey Spillane, Leonard Starr, Basil Wolverton : Notes: Created

, Sub-Mariner,

, Blue Bolt, Spacehawk * Sangor Studio ( Benjamin W. Sangor), 1939–1948 : Clients: Standard Comics (also Better Comics, Nedor Comics),

National Comics Publications National Comics Publications (NCP; later known as National Periodical Publications Inc. or simply National) was an American comic book publishing company. It was the direct predecessor of modern-day DC Comics. History The corporation was origin ...

: Notable creators: John Celardo, Dan Gordon (animator), Dan Gordon, Graham Ingels, Jack Katz (artist), Jack Katz, Bob Oskner, Art Saaf * L. B. Cole Studio ( L. B. Cole), 1942–1948 : Clients: Ace Magazines, Aviation Press, Chesler Publications, Farrell Publications, Fawcett Comics, Holyoke Publishing, Magazine Enterprises, Spotlight Comics, Novelty Press, Orbit Publications, Rural Home Publishing : Notable creators: Nina Albright : Notes: Seems to have hired staff only in 1944–1945 * Jack Binder Studio ( Jack Binder), 1942–1946 : Clients: Fawcett Comics, Nedor Comics, Lev Gleason Publications features (Fighting Yank, Mister Scarlet and Pinky, Bulletman, Ibis the Invincible, Captain Battle, the Black Owl, Doc Savage, The Shadow) : Notable creators: Ken Bald,

, Gil Kane, Kurt Schaffenberger, Bill Ward (cartoonist), Bill Ward * Bernard Baily Studio ( Bernard Baily and Mac Raboy), 1943–1946 : Clients: Cambridge House Publishers (''Star Studded Comics'', ''Gold Medal Comics''), Croyden (Rural Home Publishing imprint), Jay Burtis, Narrative, Lindsay Baird, Quality Comics (''Feature Comics''), Neal Publications, Novack '45 (Spotlight Comics imprint), R. B. Leffingwell, Holyoke PublicationsBails, Ware
Bernard Baily StudioWebCitation archive
: Notable creators: Nina Albright, Dan Barry (comics), Dan Barry, Dick Briefer, Frank Frazetta, John Giunta,

, Gil Kane * Fago Studios ( Vincent Fago), 1945–1951 : Clients:

: Notable creators: Al Fago

Modern era

* Continuity Associates (

and

), 1971 2022 : Client:

, Atlas/Seaboard Comics,

, Continuity Comics, '' Big Apple Comix'' one-shot : Notable creators: Terry Austin (comics), Terry Austin, Liz Berube, Pat Broderick,

, Dennis Francis, Larry Hama, Bob Layton, Val Mayerik, Bob McLeod (comics), Bob McLeod, Al Milgrom, Win Mortimer, Michael Netzer, Carl Potts, Joe Rubinstein, Walt Simonson, Jim Starlin, Greg Theakston, Bob Wiacek : Notes: For comics, generally provided art, not writing or editing; when doing collective comics work, the artists were often credited as " Crusty Bunkers". Also supplied

storyboards, advertising art, Traditional animation#Animatic, animatics, 3D computer graphics, and conceptual design. *

(Josep Toutain), 19711983 : Clients: Warren Publishing, Skywald Publications : Notable creators: Vicente Alcazar, Rafael Aura León, Alfonso Azpiri, José Beá, Luis Bermejo (illustrator), Luis Bermejo, Jordi Bernet, Jesús Blasco, Daniel Branca, Jaime Brocal Remohí, Emilia Castañeda Martínez, Fernando Fernández (comics), Fernando Fernández, Alfons Figueras, Alfonso Font, Víctor de la Fuente, Luis García Mozos, Carlos Giménez (comics), Carlos Giménez, Juan Giménez, Jorge Longarón, Esteban Maroto, Félix Mas, Isidro Monés, José Ortiz (comics), José Ortiz, Carlos Pino, Leopold Sánchez, Sanjulián, Manuel Sanjulián, Vicente Segrelles, Manfred Sommer, Ramon Torrents : Notes: Spanish agency; artwork only * Vincent Fago, 19731980 : Clients: Pendulum Press (''Pendulum Illustrated Classics'') : Notable creators: Otto Binder, Kin Platt, Irwin Shapiro (writer), Irwin Shapiro, E. R. Cruz, Rudy Nebres, Alex Niño, Nestor Redondo, Gerry Talaoc, Vicatan : Notes: Artists mostly from the Philippines * Byron Preiss Visual Publications ( Byron Preiss), 1974– 2005 : Clients: Pyramid Books, Ace Books, Bantam Books,

: Notable creators:

, Dennis Francis, Marc Hempel,

Gray Morrow Dwight Graydon "Gray" Morrow (March 7, 1934 – November 6, 2001)Gray Morrow
at the S ...

, Alex Niño, John Jude Palencar, Ralph Reese, Tom Sutton, Mark Wheatley * Campiti and Associates ( David Campiti), 19851988;
TriCorp Entertainment (Brian Marshall (comics), Brian Marshall and David Campiti), 1986 : Clients: Sirius Comics, Pied Piper Comics, Eternity Comics, Imperial Comics, Amazing, Wonder Color : Notable creators: Mark Beachum, Rick Bryant (comics), Rick Bryant, Bo Hampton, Kelley Jones, David Lawrence (writer), David Lawrence, Tom Lyle, Alan Oldham, John Statema * Acme Press, Acme Comics (Richard Ashford, Bambos Georgiou, Richard Hansom, Cefn Ridout), 1992–1995 : Clients: Dark Horse Comics (''James Bond (comics), James Bond'', ''Lux & Alby Sign on and Save the Universe'') : Notable creators: Simon Jowett, John M. Burns, David Lloyd (comics), David Lloyd, Don McGregor, Martin Millar, Simon Fraser (comics), Simon Fraser : Notes: Based in the U.K. * Glass House Graphics ( David Campiti), 1993 present : Clients: Comic Shop News (''Mack Bolan: The Executioner''), Comico: The Comic Company, Comico (''Zamindar'' feature in ''Esc.''), Continuity Comics (''Hybrids'', ''Ms. Mystic'', ''Samuree''),

(''Darkstars'', ''The Prisoner in other media, The Prisoner''), Disney (''Beauty and the Beast (1991 film), Beauty and the Beast''),

(''Dean Koontz's Trapped'', ''Miracleman''), Innovation Publishing (''Dark Shadows'', ''Interview with the Vampire'', ''Lost in Space'', ''Lucifer's Hammer'', ''On a Pale Horse'', ''Quantum Leap (1989 TV series), Quantum Leap'', ''The Queen of the Damned''), Mad (magazine), Mad International,

(''Green Hornet'', ''Kato (The Green Hornet), Kato of the Green Hornet'', ''Speed Racer'', ''Syphons'') : Notable creators:

, Joe Bennett, Mort Castle, Mike Deodato, Dærick Gröss Sr., David Lawrence (writer), David Lawrence, Luke Ross, Matt Thompson (animator), Matt Thompson

Packagers in the U.K. comics market

* A.L.I. (late 1950s) : Clients: Amalgamated Press, Odhams Press : Notable creators: Luis Bermejo (illustrator), Luis Bermejo : Notes: Artists only. Based in Spain * Bardon Arts (1960s) : Clients: Fleetway Publications (''Tell Me Why (magazine), Tell Me Why'', ''Once Upon a Time'', ''Look and Learn'', ''Tiny Tots'') : Notable creators: Luis Bermejo (illustrator), Luis Bermejo, José Ortiz (comics), José Ortiz : Notes: Artists only. Based in Valencia, Spain * Martspress (Leonard Matthews), 1968 1974 : Clients: City Magazines (''TV Century 21, TV21'') : Notable creators: Alf Wallace, Jim Baikie, Mike Noble, Carlos Pino, Vicente Alcazar

Notes

References

External links

Glass House Graphics

PageTurner
— contemporary comics packager, "content producer, and book agency specializing in graphic novels, illustrated works, and comics-savvy transmedia" {{Comics Comics, packaging Comics terminology, packaging

Business model

Remuneration and credit

History

Golden Age of Comic Books

Modern era

The U.K. comics market

Notable comics packagers

Golden Age of Comic Books

Modern era

Packagers in the U.K. comics market

See also

Notes

References

External links