''Collybiopsis'' is a resurrected

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

mushroom A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing Sporocarp (fungi), fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or another food source. ''Toadstool'' generally refers to a poisonous mushroom. The standard for the n ...

-forming

fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...

in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Omphalotaceae The Omphalotaceae are a family (biology), family of fungi in the order (biology), order Agaricales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are most frequently agarics (gilled mushrooms), but occasionally corticioid (in the genus ''Brunneocorticium'') or por ...

Taxonomy

''Collybiopsis'' is a genus of fungi in the family

, order

Agaricales The Agaricales are an order (biology), order of fungi in the division (mycology), division Basidiomycota. As originally conceived, the order contained all the agarics (gilled mushrooms), but subsequent research has shown that not all agarics are ...

. It was established by

Franklin Sumner Earle Franklin Sumner Earle (September 4, 1856 – January 31, 1929) was an American mycologist who specialized in fungal plant diseases. He was the first ever mycologist to be employed at the New York Botanical Garden, and was the author of ''The Gene ...

in 1909 with ''Agaricus ramealis'' as the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

. The genus encompasses a large

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

of non-typical ''

Gymnopus ''Gymnopus'' is a genus of fungus in the family Omphalotaceae. The genus has a widespread, cosmopolitan distribution and contains about 300 species. History and classification The type species for ''Gymnopus'', '' Gymnopus fusipes,'' dates ba ...

'' species and includes elements previously classified under ''Gymnopus'', ''

Marasmius ''Marasmius'' is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Marasmiaceae. It contains about 500 species of agarics, of which a few, such as '' Marasmius oreades'', are edible. However, most members of this genus are small, unimpressiv ...

'', and ''

Marasmiellus ''Marasmiellus'' is a genus of fungi in the family (biology), family Omphalotaceae. The widespread genus, circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by American mycologist William Murrill in 1915, contains over 250 species. The name comes from the ...

''. While some researchers have used the name ''Marasmiellus'' for this group, ''Collybiopsis'' has nomenclatural priority. The ''

Collybiopsis ramealis ''Collybiopsis'' is a resurrected genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Omphalotaceae. Taxonomy ''Collybiopsis'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae, order Agaricales. It was established by Franklin Sumner Earle in 1909 with ...

'' complex has been shown to be genetically diverse.

Molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

studies have led to the reclassification of numerous

tax A tax is a mandatory financial charge or levy imposed on an individual or legal entity by a governmental organization to support government spending and public expenditures collectively or to regulate and reduce negative externalities. Tax co ...

within this genus. As of 2024, several new species have been proposed within ''Collybiopsis''. Some mycologists argue that the genus ''Collybiopsis'' may not encompass all species currently classified under ''Marasmiellus''. As a result, they advocate for continued use of Singer's concept of ''Marasmiellus'' until the taxonomic relationships are more definitively resolved.

Description

Species of ''Collybiopsis'' have a diverse range of

fruiting body The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cyc ...

forms, including shapes reminiscent of the genera ''Collybia'', ''Gymnopus'', ''Marasmiellus'', ''

Omphalina ''Omphalina'' is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent lamella (mycology), gills. Typically the pileus (mycology), cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearanc ...

'', and ''Pleurotus''. Their

gills A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...

may be free or extend down the stipe (decurrent). The stipe can be centrally or eccentrically positioned and may grow directly from the substrate (insititious) or have a slightly wider base (subinsititious). Microscopically, ''Collybiopsis'' is characterised by

ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional Scaling (geometry), scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a Surface (mathemat ...

to oblong spores that are transparent (

hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from , and . Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellula ...

) and do not react with

iodine Iodine is a chemical element; it has symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists at standard conditions as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid that melts to form a deep violet liquid at , and boils to a vi ...

stain (

inamyloid In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black staini ...

). These spores produce white

spore print 300px, Making a spore print of the mushroom ''Volvariella volvacea'' shown in composite: (photo lower half) mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; (photo upper half) cap removed after 24 hours showing warm orange ("tussock") color spore print. ...

s. The stipe surface features specialised cells called caulocystidia. The cap's outer layer (

pileipellis The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fruit body. It covers the trama, the fleshy tissue of the fruit body. The pileipellis is more or less synonymous with the cuticle, but the cuticle generally describes ...

) is distinguished by coral-like or branching (diverticulate) structures at the tips of its fungal filaments.

Species

Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...

(in the

Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...

) accept 60 species of ''Collybiopsis''. Gymnopus

Collybiopsis californica imported from iNaturalist photo 354298099 on 19 October 2024

* '' Collybiopsis affixa'' * '' Collybiopsis albicantipes'' – South Korea * '' Collybiopsis alpina'' * '' Collybiopsis aurantiobasalis'' * '' Collybiopsis bambusicola'' * '' Collybiopsis biformis'' * '' Collybiopsis billbowesii'' * '' Collybiopsis boreoorientalis'' * '' Collybiopsis brunneigracilis'' * '' Collybiopsis californica'' * '' Collybiopsis carneopallida'' * '' Collybiopsis cimrmanii'' * '' Collybiopsis clavicystidiata'' – South Korea * '' Collybiopsis complicata'' –

Tennessee Tennessee (, ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina t ...

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...

* '' Collybiopsis pseudolodgeae'' * '' Collybiopsis pseudoluxurians'' * '' Collybiopsis pseudomphalodes'' * ''

Collybiopsis quercophila ''Collybiopsis'' is a resurrected genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Omphalotaceae. Taxonomy ''Collybiopsis'' is a genus of fungi in the family Omphalotaceae, order Agaricales. It was established by Franklin Sumner Earle in 1909 with ...

'' * ''

'' * '' Collybiopsis ramulicola'' * '' Collybiopsis readiae'' * '' Collybiopsis rimutaka'' * '' Collybiopsis rodhallii'' * '' Collybiopsis schizophylloides'' * '' Collybiopsis stenophylla'' * '' Collybiopsis subcyathiformis'' * '' Collybiopsis subnuda'' * '' Collybiopsis subpruinosa'' * '' Collybiopsis subumbilicata'' – South Korea * '' Collybiopsis synodica'' * '' Collybiopsis termiticola'' * '' Collybiopsis trogioides'' * '' Collybiopsis undulata'' – South Korea * '' Collybiopsis vaillantii'' * '' Collybiopsis vellerea'' – South Korea * '' Collybiopsis villosipes''

References

{{Taxonbar , from=Q5147604 Agaricales Agaricales genera Taxa described in 1909