The Codex Sangallensis 902 is a 186-page long manuscript written mid-9th century at the Abbey Library in St. Gallen, where it is still housed today. The pages are made of parchment, with a height of 32 cm and a width of 25 cm. The text was written in

Carolingian minuscule Carolingian minuscule or Caroline minuscule is a script which developed as a calligraphic standard in the medieval European period so that the Latin alphabet of Jerome's Vulgate Bible could be easily recognized by the literate class from one ...

and is typically split into two columns, with 35 lines per column. However, the text is structured in a single column in pages 153 through 179. Titles were written in rustic capitals, whilst chapter initials are in

upper case Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally ''#Majuscule, majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally ''#Minuscule, minuscule'') in the written representation of certain langua ...

. The illustrations were made by quill in a dark-brown ink, and they often go across their respective columns. The manuscript is a compilation of five separate parts written by different scribes. The writing styles of the manuscript's components indicate that parts II, III, and IV were formed in the early 9th century, and are thus the oldest sections of the

codex The codex (: codices ) was the historical ancestor format of the modern book. Technically, the vast majority of modern books use the codex format of a stack of pages bound at one edge, along the side of the text. But the term ''codex'' is now r ...

Historical Background

The main text of the Codex Sangallensis 902 is the '' Recensio Interpolata,'' a Latin translation of the Greek didactic poem ''Phainomena'' by Aratus. ''Phainomena'' is translated as "Appearances", and is concerned with

astronomical Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and their overall evolution. Objects of interest include ...

and

meteorological Meteorology is the scientific study of the Earth's atmosphere and short-term atmospheric phenomena (i.e. weather), with a focus on weather forecasting. It has applications in the military, aviation, energy production, transport, agriculture ...

phenomena. Due to its popularity at the time, a multitude of Latin translations were created, one of which was the '' Aratus Latinus.'' The ''Aratus'' ''Latinus'' was written sometime in the early 8th century. The ''Recensio Interpolata'' then emerged in the late 8th century as a revision of the ''Aratus Latinus''. In contrast to the ''Aratus Latinus'', which only consists of the text, the ''Recensio'' contains illustrations to accompany it. Furthermore, the text itself was also reworked, with certain philosophical and astrological passages being replaced by astronomical excerpts to make it more uniform and intelligible. The Codex Sangallensis 902 was most likely based on a copy of the ''Recensio'' from

West Francia In medieval historiography, West Francia (Medieval Latin: ) or the Kingdom of the West Franks () constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the year 843, from the Treaty of Verdun, to 987, the beginning of the Capet ...

, which would have arrived in St. Gallen sometime during the 9th century. Additionally, after its completion, the Codex Sangallensis 902 came to be the source text of the Codex Sangallensis 250, a manuscript which was written towards the end of the 9th century, also at the Abbey Library in St. Gallen.

Content

Part I of the Codex Sangallensis 902 consists of the ''Ars grammatica'' by the Greek grammarian Dositheus. It was compiled in the 4th century with the aim of teaching Greeks Latin. The ''Recensio Interpolata'' then constitutes the second part of the Codex. It encompasses 35 pages with 45 illustrations accompanying the Latin text. The illustrations are of elements such as the astrological signs or the planets. There are also some drawings of celestial globes. The third section of the manuscript contains the ''liber de computo'' by Rabanus Maurus, whilst the fourth part contains a Greek

Computus As a moveable feast, the date of Easter is determined in each year through a calculation known as – often simply ''Computus'' – or as paschalion particularly in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after th ...

. Finally, the fifth segment of the Cod. Sang. 902, which is only five pages long, consists of a series of Cycli decemnovenales (cycles of 9 years). Even though the Codex Sangallensis 902's version of the ''Recensio Interpolata'' constituted the basis of the Codex Sangallensis 250, there are still differences between some of their illustrations, which suggests that the scribes of the Cod. Sang. 250 also consulted another source. Additionally, the illustrations in the Codex 250 were drawn in a more meticulous and detailed manner, indicating that the scribes were more artistically skilled than those of the Codex 902. Furthermore, the scribes of the Cod. Sang. 902 occasionally made mistakes in their drawings, leading to incorrect illustrations or pictures that are out of perspective. This suggests that the manuscript which the 902 was copied from was formatted in a single column, leading to issues when the scribes of the Cod. Sang. 902 converted it to a two-column text.

References

External Links

Digital facsimile of the Codex Sangallensis 902 with a standard description on e-codices

Digital facsimile of the Codex Sangallensis 250 with a standard description on e-codices

Bibliography

* * * * * * * {{Cite book , last=Von Euw , first=Anton , title=Die St. Galler Buchkunst vom 8. bis zum Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts , date=2008 , publisher=Verlag am Klosterhof , isbn=978-3-906616-85-8 , location=St. Gallen , pages=446-448 , language=de , trans-title=St. Gallen Book Art from the 8th to the end of the 11th Century Abbey library of Saint Gall Medieval documents 9th-century manuscripts