Codex Claromontanus, symbolized by D^p, D₂ or 06 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1026 ( von Soden), is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...

of the

New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...

, written in an uncial hand on

vellum Vellum is prepared animal skin or membrane, typically used as writing material. It is often distinguished from parchment, either by being made from calfskin (rather than the skin of other animals), or simply by being of a higher quality. Vellu ...

. The Greek and Latin texts are on facing pages, thus it is a "'' diglot''" manuscript, like Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis. The Latin text is designated by ''d'' (traditional system) or by 75 in Beuron system.

Description

The codex contains the Pauline epistles on 533 leaves, . The text is written in one column per page, 21 lines per page. At least 9 different correctors worked on this codex. The fourth corrector, from the 9th century, added accents and breathings. The codex is dated palaeographically to the 5th or 6th century. and D. C. Parker, ''An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and their Texts'' (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 259. The ''Codex Claromontanus'' contains further documents: * A stichometric catalogue of the Old Testament and New Testament canon, known as the ''Catalogus Claromontanus'', of uncertain date, has been inserted in the codex. The list omits '' Philippians'', '' 1'' and '' 2 Thessalonians'', and ''

Hebrews The Hebrews (; ) were an ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic-speaking people. Historians mostly consider the Hebrews as synonymous with the Israelites, with the term "Hebrew" denoting an Israelite from the nomadic era, which pre ...

'', but includes several works no longer considered canonical: '' Epistle of Barnabas'', '' The Shepherd of Hermas'', ''

Acts of Paul The Acts of Paul is one of the major works and earliest pseudepigraphal series from the New Testament apocrypha also known as Acts of the Apostles (genre), Apocryphal Acts. This work is part of a body of literature either about or purporting to ...

'', and '' Revelation of Peter''. The two epistles of Peter are listed as if they were epistles of Paul to Peter (''"ad Petrum"''). The Epistle to the Hebrews follows after this catalogue. * Two palimpsest leaves (nos. 162 and 163) are overwritten on fragments of the ''Phaethon'' of

Euripides Euripides () was a Greek tragedy, tragedian of classical Athens. Along with Aeschylus and Sophocles, he is one of the three ancient Greek tragedians for whom any plays have survived in full. Some ancient scholars attributed ninety-five plays to ...

, faintly legible under the Christian text. They have been detached from the codex and in the National Library of France (Bibliothèque nationale de France) are designated Cod. Gr. 107 B.

Text

The Greek text of this

codex The codex (: codices ) was the historical ancestor format of the modern book. Technically, the vast majority of modern books use the codex format of a stack of pages bound at one edge, along the side of the text. But the term ''codex'' is now r ...

is highly valued by critics as representing an early form of the text in the

Western text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Western text-type is one of the main text types. It is the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Syriac translations from the Greek, and also in quotations from ...

, characterized by frequent interpolations and, to a lesser extent, interpretive revisions presented as corrections to this text. Modern critical editions of the New Testament texts are produced by an eclectic method, where the preferred reading is determined on a case-by-case basis, from among numerous variants offered by the early manuscripts and versions. In this process, ''Claromontanus'' is often employed as a sort of "outside mediator" in collating the more closely related, that is mutually dependent, codices containing the Pauline epistles: Codex Alexandrinus (A), Codex Vaticanus (B), Codex Sinaiticus (), and

Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (Paris, National Library of France, Greek 9) is a manuscript of the Greek Bible, written on parchment. It is designated by the siglum C or 04 in the Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland, Gregory-Aland numbering of New ...

(C). In a similar way, Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis is used in establishing the history of texts of the

Gospels Gospel originally meant the Christian message (" the gospel"), but in the second century AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported. In this sen ...

and '' Acts''. The text is written colometrically and the order of the epistles to the Colossians and Philippians has been reversed compared to other texts.

Kurt Aland Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and Biblical studies, biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the ''Institute for New Testament Textual Research, Institut für neutest ...

placed the text of the codex in Category II. In Romans 1:8 it has textual variant περι (along with א A B C K 33 81 1506 1739 1881), but a corrector changed this into υπερ, as in G Ψ Byz. In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου (as א, B, G, 1739, 1881, it^{d, g}, cop^{sa, bo}, eth); corrector b changed it into Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν (as A, Ψ, 81, 629, 2127, vg); corrector c changed it into Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα (as א^c, K, P, 33, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, ( 436 omit μη), 456, 614, 630, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect). In Romans 12:11 it reads καιρω for κυριω, the reading of the manuscript is supported by Codex Augiensis, Codex Boernerianus 5 it ^d,g,

Origen Origen of Alexandria (), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an Early Christianity, early Christian scholar, Asceticism#Christianity, ascetic, and Christian theology, theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Early cent ...

^lat. The second corrector changed it into κυριω. In Romans 15:31 it reads δωροφορια for διακονια; the reading is supported by Codex Vaticanus and Codex Boernerianus (Greek column). In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (''prayer'') along with 𝔓¹¹, 𝔓⁴⁶, א*, A, B, C, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting''). The section 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is placed after 1 Cor 14:40, just like other manuscripts of the Western text-type ( Augiensis, Boernerianus, 88, it^{d, g}, and some manuscripts of Vulgate). In 1 Timothy 3:1 it reads ανθρωπινος (''human'' or ''of a man'') — it^b,d,g,m,mon Ambrosiaster Jerome^mss

Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings deeply influenced the development of Western philosop ...

Speculum; majority has πιστος (''faithful''). Greek-Latin manuscripts of the Pauline epistles

History

The Codex is preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gr. 107), at Paris. It was named by the

Calvinist Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental Reformed Protestantism, Continenta ...

scholar Theodore Beza because he procured it in the town of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis,

Oise Oise ( ; ; ) is a department in the north of France. It is named after the river Oise. Inhabitants of the department are called ''Oisiens'' () or ''Isariens'', after the Latin name for the river, Isara. It had a population of 829,419 in 2019.< ...

, in the

Picardy Picardy (; Picard language, Picard and , , ) is a historical and cultural territory and a former regions of France, administrative region located in northern France. The first mentions of this province date back to the Middle Ages: it gained it ...

region north of

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

. Beza was the first to examine it, and he included notes of some of its readings in his editions of the

. The later history of its use by editors of the Greek New Testament can be found in the links and references. The manuscript was examined by Johann Jakob GriesbachJ. J. Griesbach
''Symbolae criticae ad supplendas et corrigendas variarum N. T. lectionum collectiones''
(Halle, 1793), pp. 31-77. and

Constantin von Tischendorf Constantin is an Aromanian language, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian language, Megleno-Romanian and Romanian language, Romanian male given name. It can also be a surname. For a list of notable people called Constantin, see Constantine (name). See ...

, who edited the Greek text of the codex. Paul Sabatier edited the Latin text of the codex. Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann published in 1821 the palimpsest text of the leaves 162–163.

Images

File:Codex Claromontanus 467v.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 1 (page 467 ''verso'') File:Codex Claromontanus 468r.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 2 (page 468 ''recto'') File:Codex Claromontanus 468v.jpg, ''Catalogus Claromontanus'' part 3 (page 468 ''verso'') File:Claromontanus 2 greek.jpg, The Greek text of Colossians 1:28-2:3 File:Codex claromontanus 2 latin.jpg, The

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

text of Colossians 1:28-2:3 File:Codex claromontanus 3 greek.jpg, The Greek text of Colossians 4:17-18 (end)

References

External links

* The Bibliothèque nationale de France has all the images o
Codex Claromontanus online
* R. Waltz

Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism

Codex Claromontanus

More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts
{{Authority control Claromontanus Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts 6th-century biblical manuscripts Bibliothèque nationale de France collections