cloudberry

''Rubus chamaemorus'' is a species of flowering plant in the rose family. Its English common names include cloudberry, Nordic berry, bakeapple (in Newfoundland and Labrador), knotberry and knoutberry (in England), aqpik or low-bush salmonberry (in Alaska – not to be confused with salmonberry, '' Rubus spectabilis''), and averin or evron (in Scotland).

A herbaceous perennial, it produces amber-colored, edible fruit similar to the blackberry. It is native to cool temperate regions, alpine and Arctic tundra, and boreal forest.

Description

Unlike most ''Rubus'' species, the cloudberry is dioecious, and fruit production by a female plant requires pollination from a male plant.

The cloudberry grows to high. The leaves alternate between having five and seven soft, handlike lobes on straight, branchless stalks. After pollination, the white (sometimes reddish-tipped) flowers form raspberry-sized aggregate fruits, which are more plentiful in wooded rather than sun-exposed habitats. Consisting of between five and 25 drupelets, each fruit is initially pale red, ripening into an amber color in early autumn.

Chemistry

Cloudberries are rich in vitamin C and ellagic acid, citric acid, malic acid, , anthocyanins, and the provitamin A carotenoid, in contents that differ across regions of Finland due to sunlight exposure, rainfall, or temperature. The ellagitannins lambertianin C and sanguiin H-6 are also present. Genotype of cloudberry variants may also affect polyphenol composition, particularly for ellagitannins, sanguiin , anthocyanins and quercetin.

Distribution and habitat

Cloudberries are a circumpolar boreal plant, occurring naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere from 78°N, south to about 55°N, and are scattered south to 44°N mainly in mountainous areas and moorlands. In Europe, they grow in the Nordic countries, but are rare in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and Poland. They are present in the English Pennines and the Scottish Highlands, while a single, fragile site exists in the Sperrin Mountains of Northern Ireland. They occur across northern Russia east towards the Pacific Ocean as far south as Japan in the island of Hokkaido.

In North America, cloudberries grow wild across Greenland, most of northern Canada, Alaska, northern Minnesota, New Hampshire, Maine, and New York.

Wide distribution occurs due to the excretion of the indigestible seeds by birds and mammals. Further distribution arises through its rhizomes, which are up to long and grow about below the soil surface, developing extensive and dense berry patches. Cuttings of these taken in May or August are successful in producing a genetic clone of the parent plant. The cloudberry grows in bogs, marshes, wet meadows, and tundra, and at elevations of above sea level in Norway, requiring acidic ground (between 3.5 and 5.0 pH).

Ecology

Cloudberry leaves are food for caterpillars of several Lepidoptera species. The moth '' Coleophora thulea'' has no other known food plants.

Conservation

Due to peatland drainage and peat exploitation, they are considered endangered and are under legal protection in Germany's Weser and Elbe Valleys.

Cultivation

Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Sweden, Norway, and Finland), the cloudberry is not widely cultivated and is primarily a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely based on the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have gone for as little as €10/kg (in 2004).

Since the middle of the 1990s, however, the species has formed part of a multinational research project. Beginning in 2002, selected cultivars have been available to farmers, notably 'Apolto' (male), 'Fjellgull' (female), and 'Fjordgull' (female). Finnish self-pollinated 'Nyby' variety is monoecious, i.e. the female and male flowers are located in the same plant unit. The cloudberry can be cultivated in Arctic areas where few other crops are possible, for example along the northern coast of Norway.

Uses

When ripe, cloudberry fruits are golden-yellow, soft, and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C. When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt and a sweet flavor. They are often made into jams, juices, tarts, and liqueurs. In Finland, the berries are eaten with heated (a local cheese; the name translates to "bread-cheese"), as well as cream and sugar. In Sweden, cloudberries (, also known in northern Sweden as ''snattren'') and cloudberry jam are used as a topping for ice cream, pancakes, and waffles. Cloudberry ''filmjölk'' (soured milk) is available in supermarkets.

In Norway, they are often mixed with whipped cream and sugar to be served as a dessert called (cloudberry cream), as a jam or as an ingredient in homemade ice cream. Cloudberry yoghurt— or —is a supermarket item in Norway.

In Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, cloudberries are used to make ‘bakeapple pie’, jam, fruit wines, toppings for cheesecakes. They are also frequently included in flavourings for beer, herbal wines, ice cream, alcoholic cocktails, and kombucha. Arctic Yup'ik mix the berries with seal oil, reindeer or caribou fat (which is diced and made fluffy with seal oil) and sugar to make "Eskimo ice cream" or '' akutaq''. The recipes vary by region. Along the Yukon and Kuskokwim River areas, white fish ( pike) along with shortening and sugar are used. The berries are an important traditional food resource for the Yup'ik.

Due to its high vitamin C content, the berry is valued both by Nordic seafarers and Northern indigenous peoples. Its polyphenol content, including flavonoid compounds such as ellagic acid, appears to naturally preserve food preparations of the berries. Cloudberries can be preserved in their own juice without added sugar, if stored cool.

Extract of cloudberries is also used in cosmetics such as shower gels, hand creams' and body lotions.

Alcoholic drinks

In Nordic countries, traditional liqueurs such as (Finland) are made of cloudberry, having a strong taste and high sugar content. Cloudberry is used as a flavouring for making '' akvavit''. In northeastern Quebec, a cloudberry liqueur known as (Innu-aimun name) is made. In Newfoundland and Labrador, cloudberries (called “bakeapples”) are used to make fruit wine, bitters, or are brewed into beer.

Polyphenol extracts from cloudberries have improved storage properties when microencapsulated using maltodextrin . At least 14 volatile compounds, including vanillin, account for the aroma of cloudberries.

Harvesting on public property

In some northern European countries such as Norway, a common-use policy on non-wood forest products allows anyone to pick cloudberries on public property and eat them on location, but only local residents may transport them from that location. Transporting ripe cloudberries from the harvest location is permitted in many counties.

Harvesting unripe cloudberries in Norway was illegal between 1970 and 2004. Many people believe that it is still illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway, but that law is no longer in effect.

In culture

The cloudberry appears on the Finnish version of the 2 euro coin. The name of the hill in Breadalbane in the Scottish Highlands means "Hill of the Cloudberries" in Scottish Gaelic. Transactions of Camden's Britain (1637 edition) indicate the etymological origins of 'cloud-berry', the plant's name in old Lancashire dialect: 'Pendelhill n Lancashireadvenceth itselfe up the skie ... and in the very top thereof bringeth forth a peculiar plant which, as though it came out of the clowdes, they tearme clowdes-berry'. In Norrland cloudberries are known as Norrland's gold.

In Newfoundland and Labrador, several communities, including Garnish and Forteau, host festivals celebrating the harvest of cloudberries.

References

Further reading

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External links

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chamaemorus
Berries
Flora of Europe
Flora of Northern America
Flora of temperate Asia
Finnish cuisine
Inuit cuisine
Canadian cuisine
Norwegian cuisine
Swedish cuisine
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Dioecious plants