''Clonostachys'' is a genus of
fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
in the order
Hypocreales
The Hypocreales are an order of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes.
In 2008, it was estimated that it contained some 237 genera, and 2647 species in seven families. Since then, a considerable number of further taxa have been identified, in ...
and family
Bionectriaceae
The Bionectriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. A 2008 estimate places 35 genera and 281 species in the family. Species in the family tend to grow on plant material, including woody debris, while some species associate with alg ...
.
Clonostachys has a worldwide distribution and is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions (Schroers 2001;
Domsch et al. 2007). Species in the genus are
saprobes,
endophytes
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; ...
, plant pathogens and mycoparasites from various habitats including soil (Schroers 2001;
Toledo et al. 2006;
Zhang et al. 2008;
Moreira et al. 2016).
''
Clonostachys rosea'' is of interest as a
biological pest control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants by using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or ot ...
agent.
[
]
Species
75 species were included by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around th ...
GBIF: ''Clonostachys'' Corda
/ref> As of 2023, 60 species are listed Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
:Clonostachys aranearum
''Clonostachys'' may refer to:
*''Clonostachys'' Klotzsch, 1841, a genus of plants in synonymy with ''Sebastiania
''Sebastiania'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Euphorbiaceae first described in 1821. It is native to North and S ...
'' Wan H.Chen, Y.F.Han, J.D.Liang, X.Zou, Z.Q.Liang & D.C.Jin
* '' Clonostachys asymmetrica'' (Samuels) Schroers
* '' Clonostachys aurantia'' (Penz. & Sacc.) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous
* '' Clonostachys blumenaviae'' (Rehm) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous
* '' Clonostachys candelabrum'' (Bonord.) Schroers
* '' Clonostachys candida'' Harz
* '' Clonostachys chlorina'' Schroers
* '' Clonostachys chloroleuca'' G.M.Moreira, L.M.Abreu, Pfenning & Schroers
* '' Clonostachys chongqingensis''
* '' Clonostachys coccicola'' (J.A.Stev.) H.T.Dao
* '' Clonostachys compacta'' Petch
* '' Clonostachys compactiuscula'' (Sacc.) D.Hawksw. & W.Gams
* '' Clonostachys coxeniae''
* '' Clonostachys cylindrospora'' Höhn.
* '' Clonostachys dichotoma'' Bayl.Ell.
* '' Clonostachys divergens'' Schroers
* '' Clonostachys eriocamporesiana''
* '' Clonostachys essexcoheniae''
* '' Clonostachys farinosa'' (Henn.) Rossman
* '' Clonostachys gibberosa'' (Schroers) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
* '' Clonostachys granuligera''
* '' Clonostachys indica'' Prasher & R.Chauhan
* '' Clonostachys intermedia'' Schroers
* '' Clonostachys krabiensis'' Tibpromma & K.D.Hyde (2018)
* '' Clonostachys leptoderma''
* '' Clonostachys leucaenae''
* '' Clonostachys manihotis'' (Rick) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
* '' Clonostachys mellea'' (Teng & S.H.Ou) Z.Q.Zeng & W.Y.Zhuang (2017)
* '' Clonostachys moreaui''
* '' Clonostachys oligospora''
* '' Clonostachys pallens''
* '' Clonostachys parva'' (Schroers) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
* '' Clonostachys phyllophila'' Schroers (2001)
* '' Clonostachys pilosella''
* '' Clonostachys pnagiana''
* '' Clonostachys populi'' Harz (1871)
* '' Clonostachys pseudobotrytis'' Höhn. (1902)
* '' Clonostachys pseudosetosa'' (Samuels) Schroers (2001)
* '' Clonostachys pseudostriatopsis'' Hirooka & Tak.Kobay. (2007)
* '' Clonostachys pulvinata'' Petch (1927)
* '' Clonostachys rhizophaga'' Schroers (2001)
* '' Clonostachys rogersoniana'' Schroers (2001)
* '' Clonostachys rosea'' (Link) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert & W.Gams (1999)
* '' Clonostachys saulensis'' Lechat & J.Fourn. (2019)
* '' Clonostachys simmonsii'' Massee (1907)
* '' Clonostachys spinulosa''
* '' Clonostachys spinulosispora'' Lechat & J.Fourn. (2018)
* '' Clonostachys squamuligera''
* '' Clonostachys swieteniae''
* '' Clonostachys tonduzii'' (Speg.) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
* '' Clonostachys tornata'' (Höhn.) Rossman, L.Lombard & Crous (2015)
* '' Clonostachys truncata'' (J.Luo & W.Y.Zhuang) Z.Q.Zeng & W.Y.Zhuang (2017)
* '' Clonostachys vesiculosa'' (J.Luo & W.Y.Zhuang) Z.Q.Zeng & W.Y.Zhuang (2017)
* '' Clonostachys viticola''
* '' Clonostachys wenpingii'' (J.Luo & W.Y.Zhuang) Z.Q.Zeng & W.Y.Zhuang (2014)
Former species (all are ''Bionectriaceae'', except if mentioned);[
* ''C. araucaria'' = ''Clonostachys rosea''
* ''C. araucaria'' var. ''compacta'' = ''Clonostachys rosea''
* ''C. araucaria'' var. ''confusa'' = ''Clonostachys rosea''
* ''C. araucaria'' var. ''rosea'' = ''Clonostachys rosea''
* ''C. aureofulvella'' = '' Bionectria aureofulvella''
* ''C. buxi'' = '' Pseudonectria buxi'', ]Nectriaceae
The Nectriaceae comprise a family of fungi in the order Hypocreales. It was circumscribed by brothers Charles and Louis René Tulasne in 1865. In 2020, an Outline of fungi was produced and listed 70 genera and about 1,336 species.
It is a highl ...
* ''C. byssicola'' = '' Bionectria byssicola''
* ''C. capitata'' = '' Bionectria capitata''
* ''C. catenulata'' = ''Clonostachys rosea''
* ''C. cylindrospora'' = ''Clonostachys compactiuscula''
* ''C. epichloe'' = '' Bionectria epichloe''
* ''C. grammicospora'' = ''Bionectria grammicospora
''Bionectria'' is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The genus was described in 1919 by mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini to include species of ''Nectria
''Nectria'' is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encounter ...
''
* ''C. grammicosporopsis'' = '' Bionectria grammicosporopsis''
* ''C. impariphialis'' = '' Bionectria impariphialis''
* ''C. kowhai'' = ''Bionectria kowhai
''Bionectria'' is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The genus was described in 1919 by mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini to include species of ''Nectria
''Nectria'' is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encounter ...
''
* ''C. lasiacidis'' = ''Bionectria lasiacidis
''Bionectria'' is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The genus was described in 1919 by mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini to include species of ''Nectria
''Nectria'' is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encounter ...
''
* ''C. levigata'' = ''Bionectria levigata
''Bionectria'' is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The genus was described in 1919 by mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini to include species of ''Nectria
''Nectria'' is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encounter ...
''
* ''C. lucifer'' = ''Bionectria lucifer
''Bionectria'' is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The genus was described in 1919 by mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini to include species of ''Nectria
''Nectria'' is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encounter ...
''
* ''C. macrospora'' = ''Clonostachys apocyni''
* ''C. miodochialis'' = ''Clonostachys parva''
* ''C. oblongispora'' = ''Bionectria oblongispora
''Bionectria'' is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The genus was described in 1919 by mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini to include species of ''Nectria
''Nectria'' is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encounter ...
''
* ''C. pityrodes'' = ''Bionectria pityrodes
''Bionectria'' is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The genus was described in 1919 by mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini to include species of ''Nectria
''Nectria'' is a genus of Ascomycete fungi. They are most often encounter ...
''
* ''C. populi'' var. ''aesculi'' = ''Clonostachys populi''
* ''C. pseudochroleuca'' = '' Bionectria pseudochroleuca''
* ''C. pseudostriata'' = '' Bionectria pseudostriata''
* ''C. ralfsii'' = ''Bionectria ralfsii
''Bionectria'' is a genus of fungus, fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. The genus was described in 1919 by mycologist Carlos Luigi Spegazzini to include species of ''Nectria'' that grew on living plant material.
Species
*''Bionectria apocyni, ...
''
* ''C. rosea'' f. ''catenulata'' = ''Clonostachys rosea''
* ''C. rossmaniae'' = '' Bionectria rossmaniae''
* ''C. samuelsii'' = '' Bionectria samuelsii''
* ''C. sesquicillii'' = '' Bionectria sesquicillii''
* ''C. setosa'' = '' Bionectria setosa''
* ''C. solani'' = '' Bionectria solani''
* ''C. solani'' f. ''nigrovirens'' = '' Bionectria solani''
* ''C. spectabilis'' = ''Peziza ostracoderma
''Peziza'' is a large genus of saprophytic cup fungi that grow on the ground, rotting wood, or dung. Most members of this genus are of unknown edibility and are difficult to identify as separate species without use of microscopy. The polyphyleti ...
'', Pezizaceae
The Pezizaceae (commonly referred to as cup fungi) are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota which produce mushrooms that tend to grow in the shape of a "cup". Spores are formed on the inner surface of the fruit body ( ascoma). The cup shape typi ...
* ''C. sporodochialis'' = '' Bionectria sporodochialis''
* ''C. subquaternata'' = '' Bionectria subquaternata''
* ''C. verrucispora'' = '' Bionectria verrucispora''
* ''C. zelandiae-novae'' = '' Bionectria zelandiae-novae''
References
{{Authority control
Hypocreales genera
Bionectriaceae
Taxa named by August Carl Joseph Corda