Clevosaurus

''Clevosaurus'' (meaning "Gloucester lizard") is an extinct genus of rhynchocephalian reptile from the Late Triassic and the Early Jurassic periods. Species of ''Clevosaurus'' were widespread across Pangaea, and have been found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Five species of ''Clevosaurus'' have been found in ancient fissure fill deposits in south-west England and Wales, alongside other sphenodontians, early mammals and dinosaurs. In regards to its Pangaean distribution, ''C. hadroprodon'' is the oldest record of a sphenodontian from Gondwana, though its affinity to ''Clevosaurus'' has been questioned.

History of discovery

The first species of ''Clevosaurus'' to be described was ''C. hudsoni'', which was described by William Elgin Swinton in 1939 from a fissure fill deposit in Cromhall Quarry ( Magnesian Conglomerate Formation) in the county of Gloucestershire, England, with the name of the county lending its name to the genus.

Another notable specimen was discovered in 1953 in Cromhall Quarry alongside the holotype of '' Cryptovaranoides microlanius''.

Description

Species of ''Clevosaurus'' varied in body size, with ''Clevosaurus sectumsemper'' having an estimated total length of , while ''C. hudsoni'' had a total length of around ''.'' The skull length could range from as little as in ''C. sectumsemper'' and up to in ''C. hudsoni''. The reptilian encephalisation quotient (REQ) of ''C. brasiliensis'' is much lower than that of the modern tuatara, whose REQ is 0.84–1.16. The teeth of European ''Clevosaurus'' tended to be mesio-distally elongated, blade-like, and occluded precisely with the opposite pair of teeth, leaving conspicuous diagonal wear facets and acting as a self-sharpening cutting surface. However, the teeth of ''C. brasiliensis'' have a very different morphology with no diagonal wear facets, the teeth of the dentary are all conical excluding the posterior-most tooth which can be up to three-times bigger than any of the other teeth, they also have a unique form of implantation, where the base of the teeth sit deeply within the jaw bones, which is not known of in any other rhynchocephalian.

Paleobiology

Species of ''Clevosaurus'' were likely insectivorous. Biomechanical modelling suggests that they had high enough tooth pressures and strong enough bite force to crush chitin, indicating that they had the ability to feed on thick-shelled beetles as well as possibly small vertebrates.

Taxonomy

At least 9 species of ''Clevosaurus'' are considered valid:
*†''Clevosaurus bairdi'' Sues et al. 1994 McCoy Brook Formation, Canada, Hettangian
* †''Clevosaurus brasiliensis'' Bonaparte and Sues 2006 Caturrita Formation, Brazil, Norian
* †''Clevosaurus cambrica'' Keeble et al. 2018 Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissure fill, Wales, Rhaetian
* †''Clevosaurus convallis'' Saila 2005 St. Bride's Island fissure fill, Wales, Hettangian
* †''Clevosaurus hadroprodon'' Hsiou et al. 2019 Santa Maria Formation, Brazil, Carnian
* †''Clevosaurus hudsoni'' Swinton 1939 Cromhall Quarry fissure fill, England, Rhaetian
* †''Clevosaurus minor'' Fraser 1988 Cromhall Quarry fissure fill, England, Rhaetian
* †''Clevosaurus sectumsemper'' Klein et al. 2015 Woodleaze Quarry fissure fill, England, Rhaetian
* †''Clevosaurus nicholasi'' Bhat et al. 2023 Tiki Formation, India, late Carnian-middle Norian
The three species known from the Sinemurian aged Lufeng Formation of China (''C. mcgilli, C.wangi'' and ''C. petilus'') are now considered indeterminate within the genus.Jones MEH. 200
The Early Jurassic clevosaurs from China (Diapsida: Lepidosauria).
''New Mex. Museum Nat. Hist. Sci. Bull''. 37, 548–562. Indeterminate remains are also known from the Stormberg Group (either Elliot or Clarens Formation) of South Africa, dating to the Hettangian.

Below is a cladogram of the relationships within Clevosauridae based on the phylogenetic analysis of Hsiou et al. (2015):

''"Clevosaurus" latidens'' was recovered outside of Clevosauridae, as the sister taxon of Opisthodontia. It was subsequently assigned to a new genus, '' Fraserosphenodon'', in 2018.

''Clevosaurus'' is considered to be a member of the group Eusphenodontia by the groups definition, due to it possessing characters not shared with more primitive sphenodontians. By definition, it is excluded from Neosphenodontia.

Position of ''Clevosaurus'' within Rhynchocephalia, after DeMar et al. 2022.

References

Additional reading

Paleofile
* Gill PG, Säilä LK, Corfe IJ, Challands TJ, Williams M, Clemens WA (2006). The fauna and palaeoenvironment of St. Brides Island: Evidence from the lower Jurassic fissure fills of South Wales. In Barrett PM, Evans SE (eds.). Ninth international symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and biota. pp 48−51. London: Natural History Museum.
* Jones MEH (2006) The Early Jurassic clevosaurs from China (Diapsida: Lepidosauria). Natl Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull, 37:548–562.
* Jones MEH (2009). Dentary tooth shape in Sphenodon and its fossil relatives (Diapsida: Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia). In Koppe T, Meyer G, Alt KW, (eds). Interdisciplinary Dental Morphology, Frontiers of Oral Biology (vol 13). Greifswald, Germany; Karger. 9–15.

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Mesozoic reptiles of Asia
Fossils of China
Fossils of Canada
Triassic lepidosaurs
Jurassic lepidosaurs
Rhynchocephalia
Late Triassic first appearances
Early Jurassic extinctions
Taxa named by William Elgin Swinton
Prehistoric reptile genera
Paleontology in Nova Scotia