History and profile
Launched in November 1972 under the direction of Ita Buttrose, the magazine's founding editor, ''Cleo'' became one of Australia's most iconic titles due to its mix of seemingly controversial content, including the first nude male centerfold (following American Cosmopolitan's nude centerfold of Burt Reynolds six months' earlier) and detailed sex advice. According to the magazine's editorial philosophy, ''"Cleo gets women, and it also strikes the perfect balance, offers a bright, light-hearted tone and aesthetic without shying away from the more serious issues that are important to their readers."''. Audited circulation in June 2014 was 53,221 copies monthly. Readership numbers for September 2014 are estimated to be 173,000. With a strong online presence of 300,000+ visitors monthly, the magazine successfully established its brand online. In addition, Beauty Bites, ''Cleos digital app, offered an interactive component to technologically minded Gen Y readers, including how-to video tutorials, expert advice and reader-generated content. Cleo Singapore was launched in 1994, Cleo Malaysia in 1995, and Cleo Indonesia was launched in 2007 as an international license under the Femina Group. Cleo Thailand operated sometime before 2014. Bauer announced on 20 January 2016 that the March issue of ''Cleo'' would be its last Australian edition.ABC 20 January 2016Launch
In the early 1970s, journalist and editor, Ita Buttrose, and''Cleo'' as a form of popular feminism
Through ''Cleo'', feminism became a part of women's everyday lives and of their identity. Ita Buttrose and her staff were committed to many of the ideas of women's and sexual liberation. However, it is important to note that ''Cleos editorial agenda was that of liberal rather than radical feminism. In her first editorial letter, Buttrose described who she thought the ''Cleo'' reader was: ''"You're an intelligent woman who's interested in everything that's going on, the type of person who wants a great deal more out of life. Like us, certain aspects of Women's Lib appeal to you but you're not aggressive about it."'' (1972). The feminist tone and ideas proliferated on the pages of ''Cleo'' throughout the 1970s. Every month, there were feature articles covering issues including: the work/life balance, the pressure to get married and raise a family, abortion, contraception, women's education, domestic violence and rape. "The celebrities Cleo chose to interview were women who had succeeded in politics, business and culture. There were also discussions of the Women's Liberation Movement itself, with writers for and against". Ordinary, every-day women gained knowledge and understanding of feminism through the pages of ''Cleo''. The magazine helped create the feminist public sphere, opening doors for discussions about new ideas which modern women treat as mainstream today.''Cleo'' jump starts the sexual revolution
''Cleo'' pushed boundaries in mainstream publishing with candid articles on topics ranging from sex toys, fantasies and orgasms, to lesbianism and contraception. "We wrote about sex as if we had discovered it", recalls Buttrose. ''Cleo'' was the first Australian women's magazine to feature non-frontal nude male centrefolds in 1972, with Jack Thompson, a prominent Australian actor at the time, the magazine's first Mate of the Month. What Buttrose thought would be a light hearted, one-off feature became an essential component of what made ''Cleo'' so popular. Other mates were Alby Mangels, Eric Oldfield, Peter Blasina and the band Skyhooks. The centrefold feature was discontinued in 1985, the last being a bare-chested picture of Mel Gibson. University of Sydney media academic Megan Le Masurier interprets the centerfold phenomenon as an incentive for popular feminist desire. The centerfold attempted to reverse the dominant tradition of representing men as viewers, and women as viewed. The representation of the male nude "offered women the chance to imagine themselves as active sexual agents, quite capable of holding the gaze". The naked man was a reminder that women could, and should, enjoy sex, and reaffirmed their right to talk about sex.Sex no longer sells
In 2013, new editor Sharri Markson announced there would be no mention of sex on the cover of ''Cleo''. More than 40 years after revamping women's magazines with male centrefolds, it was the first time that sex had not been used as a selling point. The move came as a result of research conducted by the magazine which revealed a conservative streak among Generation Y readers – ''Cleos largest audience demographic – most of whom still live at home. As Markson explained: "They are embarrassed to be sitting at home with their parents reading a magazine which has the word 'orgasm' in bold print on the cover". In the pages of ''Cleo'', all the racy content of the earlier, more progressive era was replaced with celebrity news and fashion, beauty and fitness tips. Now sexy, according to December 2014 cover girl Taylor Swift is "knowing who you are and not needing to defend yourself." As seen through the pages of ''Cleo'', there was a shift away from sexual liberation to personal gratification and self-improvement, a maxim characteristic of Generation Y.Bauer: new owner, new direction
In October 2012, multinational publisher Bauer Media purchased Australian magazine publisher ACP, which controls titles ranging from ''Cleo'' magazine to ''Merge of editorial staff: ''Dolly'' and ''Cleo''
A primary cost-cutting measure taken by Bauer was to merge the editorial staff of ''Dolly'' and ''Cleo'' magazines, reducing the staff size by half and appointing a single Editor-in-Chief for both magazines. This was presented as a move to unite the two magazines under a "young women's lifestyles division". Observers argue that these two magazines are in fact not directed at the same generalised market. Where ''Dolly'' targets teenage girls, ''Cleo'' focuses on an older group, women in their twenties and thirties.Imported content
Bauer Media also now uses "content translated from Bauer's youth titles Joy and Bravo which the publishing house produce in Germany", reducing the amount of original Australian content across the magazines, but reducing the cost of producing issues across their titles.Lucy Cousins appointed Editor-in-Chief
In 2014, Lucy Cousins was appointed Editor-in-Chief of Bauer's newly merged ''Dolly'' and ''Cleo'' magazines. Cousins was previously employed as Deputy Editor at Bauer's Women's Fitness magazine. Cousins says of ''Cleo'' magazine: ''"CLEO magazine is and has always been a bible of all things fashion, beauty and celebrity for young Australian women. And now we've added travel, lifestyle, music and the new CLEO man section. We have attitude and aren't afraid to push the boundaries."''Past editors' opinions on Bauer's changes
Mia Freedman: ''"Like most Australian women, Dolly and Cleo in particular were my lifeblood growing up and sparked my love of women's media back in the 80s and 90s. 'mfrustrated and disappointed at the lack of business foresight that has brought those titles to this point. One of the reasons I left magazines was because I was so tired of trying to get my bosses to understand that Armageddon was coming in the form of online. I knew the young women's market was the most vulnerable. But nobody would listen so I left and started Mamamia...Publishers didn't realise they were content producers, they kept acting like magazine makers"'' Lisa Wilkinson on Twitter: ''"Very sad to hear news that Dolly & Cleo magazines are merging, with expected losses of half the staff. End of an era. And a personal one."'' Wilkinson believes that it will take ''"somebody who is an incredibly smart magazine editor and someone who understands the subtle but very important differences that are going to have to exist between those two magazines"'' to ensure the survival of both ''Dolly'' and ''Cleo'' magazines.Readership figures 2013–14
It appears that Bauer's changes did not improve the continuing drop in circulation of ''Cleo'' magazine. ''Cleo'' suffered a steady decline in circulation due to changes in the way media was consumed and the failure of publishers in the 1990s and 2000s (decade) to follow their readers online. Statistics showed ''Cleo'' suffered a 28.2% drop between September 2013 and September 2014, with a readership size of 173,000 in September 2014. Bauer Media however argued that it experienced a 100% increase in "social media growth" in that time period, suggesting that indeed the reason why readership figures fell was due to the movement from print media to the online world of blogs, forums and Facebook. They also stated that the best that Bauer Media could do to ensure the continuation of Australian magazines like ''Cleo'' was to minimise its production costs and hope that it can catch up with digital media.Final issue 2016
On 20 January 2016, Bauer Media Group confirmed that ''Cleo'' magazine would close in Australia after more than 40 years of publication, with the final issue being March, on sale 22 February. ''Cleo'' magazine's final cover, for the March edition, would feature Jesinta Campbell.Mercury Capital acquisition
In June 2020, ''Cleo'' was acquired by theNoteworthy editors
Ita Buttrose
Lisa Wilkinson
Deborah Thomas
Mia Freedman
Mia Freedman's first foray into magazine publishing was also at ''Cleo'' – doing work experience under then-editor Lisa Wilkinson. Freedman became the youngest ever editor of ''Cosmopolitan'' magazine at age 24, and at 32 became Editor-in-Chief of ''Dolly'', ''Cleo'' and ''Cosmo''. Freedman moved away from magazine publishing in 2007 and is now the publisher and editor behind popular women's interest website Mamamia, while continuing to write articles and books across numerous publications.Sarah Oakes
Sarah Oakes is an experienced editor who has worked on a number of Australian publications such as K-Zone and Girlfriend and received many accolades throughout her career. She was the youngest ever recipient of the Magazine Publishers' Awards, Editor of the Year Award in 2005. Oakes was the editor-in-chief of ''Cleo'' between 2008 and 2010, where she repositioned the title and had great success with the ''Cleo'' 'Bachelor of the Year' campaigns. While at ''Cleo'', Oakes was also a finalist in the Good Editor Awards. Oakes currently holds the position of editor of ''Sunday Life'', a Fairfax publication that has a readership of more than 1.6 million.Oakes' innovative changes for ''Cleo''
= New editorial line-up
= Oakes presided over the relaunch and repositioning of ''Cleo'' in October 2009. She has signed-up a veteran magazine editor and fashion stylist Aileen Marr as the new Fashion Director and Pip Edwards as Contributing Fashion Editor. The October issue in 2008 hence started to feature more fashion pages up front, introduce new sections and launch more beauty pages, including a market-first beauty panel. Such a strong fashion editorial team cemented ''Cleos status as an invaluable source of information for women who want to stay on top of fashion trends.= "Models only" policy overturned
= Oakes also brought celebrities back to the ''Cleo'' cover instead of "models only" policy introduced in the late 2007.= New "honesty policy"
= Introduced in the August 2008 issue, this policy was designed to appeal to Generation Y, with readers invited to critique each issue in return for prizes such as iPhones and designer bags. As then editor Oakes explained, "Every month we will ask our readers online to give feedback (which will be) incorporated into the magazine the following month. We are doing all the things that motivate Generation Y: instant gratification and personalisation."= Sales trend
= ''Cleo'' experienced an Average Net Paid Sales (ANPS) decline from 149,256 in 2008 to 134,286 in 2009, with a rate dropped by −10.03% and the number of copies sold decreased by 14,970-year-on-year. Meanwhile, the cover price of ''Cleo'' increased by $0.2 from $7.00 in 2008 to $7.20 in 2009. The circulation of ''Cleo'' decreased from 128,183 in 2009 to 110,081 in 2010.In popular culture
ABC mini-series, '' Paper Giants: The Birth of Cleo'' dramatises the emergence of the magazine. Screened over two nights in April 2011, the series was a ratings winner, with an average of 1.34 million viewers tuning in on the opening night to watch Ita Buttrose (played by Asher Keddie) navigate the male dominated world of Australian publishing in the 1970s as she fights to get ''Cleo'' off the ground. For many avid readers of ''Cleo'', the idea that the magazine almost did not exist made for exciting television. Most critics praised Asher Keddie's convincing portrayal of Buttrose as an ambitious leader and supportive mentor. According to producer John Edwards, Buttrose was a significant contributor to the script. "When I went to meet her, she was tentative, nervous and fearful but also flattered".Feminist representational techniques
Academic Margaret Henderson argues that just as ''Cleo'' made feminist ideas popular, ''Paper Giants'' uses "feminist representational techniques" to make the 1970s era of social and political change accessible to modern audiences. For many avid readers of ''Cleo'', the idea that the magazine almost did not exist made for exciting television. A feminist approach to relationships is shown through the many scenes of the staff gathered around the table brainstorming. The impression given is that the evolution of editorial ideas is very much a collective work process, and the women's relationship to each other is supportive rather than competitive. The typical ''Cleo'' reader is represented by Ita's shy assistant, Leslie (played by Jessica Tovey) who begins the series faking orgasms and running errands, and by the end, escapes her dead-end relationship to begin working as a journalist in London. Women's sexual liberation is highlighted in playful tones. There is plenty of joking, bantering, and double entendres among the female characters who use humour to deal with obstacles that come their way from the suits upstairs when creating the magazine. When we are shown the discomfort expressed by Kerry Packer (played by Rob Carlton) and Sir Frank when the female staff have frank discussions with them regarding the sexual content of ''Cleo'', the scene is meant to be funny. "Paper Giants' recruitment of humour…is an important corrective to the cliché of humourless feminists and to po-faced and hubristic accounts of radical political movements".''Cleo'' Bachelor of the Year winners
*2017 - Marcus Courts 21 *2016 – Jaryd Robertson, 25 *2015 – Matthew Buntine, 22 *2014 – Thien Nguyen *2013 – Trent Maxwell, 23 *2012 – Hayden Quinn, 26 *2011 – Eamon Sullivan, 25 *2010 – Firass Dirani, 26 *2009 – Axle Whitehead, 28 *2008 –''Cleo'' New Zealand Bachelor of the Year winners
*2012 – ''John Templeton'' *2011 – Nick Oswald *2010 – Philipp Spahn *2009 – ''please expand'' *2008 – ''please expand'' *2007 – Brad Werner *1993 – Matthew RodwellSee also
*References
External links