A clean-burning stove is a

stove A stove or range is a device that generates heat inside or on top of the device, for - local heating or cooking. Stoves can be powered with many fuels, such as natural gas, electricity, gasoline, wood, and coal. Due to concerns about air pollu ...

with reduced toxic and polluting emissions. The term refers to solid-fuel stoves such as

wood-burning stove A wood-burning stove (or wood burner or log burner in the UK) is a heating or cooking appliance capable of burning wood fuel, often called solid fuel, and wood-derived biomass fuel, such as sawdust bricks. Generally the appliance consists of a s ...

s for either domestic heating, domestic cooking or both. In the context of a cooking stove, especially in lower-income countries, such a stove is distinct from a clean-burning-fuel stove, which typically burns clean fuels such as ethanol,

biogas Biogas is a gaseous renewable energy source produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, Wastewater treatment, wastewater, and food waste. Biogas is produced by anaerobic ...

, LPG, or kerosene. Studies into clean-burning cooking stoves in lower-income countries have shown that they reduce the emissions of dangerous

particulates Particulate matter (PM) or particulates are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspension (chemistry), suspended in the atmosphere of Earth, air. An ''aerosol'' is a mixture of particulates and air, as opposed to the particulate ...

and

carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom connected by a triple bond. It is the si ...

significantly, use less fuel than regular stoves, and result in fewer burn injuries. However, the emissions some supposedly clean-burning cookstoves produce are still much greater than safe limits, and in several studies in lower income countries they did not appear to be effective at reducing illnesses such as

pneumonia Pneumonia is an Inflammation, inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of Cough#Classification, productive or dry cough, ches ...

induced by breathing polluted air, which may have many sources.

Use

Solid fuel stoves designed to be used for domestic heating, those designed to be used for cooking, and those designed for both, can all be described as being clean-burning. In all cases these types of stove are designed to produce lower emissions of particulates and other pollutants than the open fires, traditional stoves, or other appliances they replace. They have been proposed for introduction to

developing countries A developing country is a sovereign state with a less-developed Secondary sector of the economy, industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to developed countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. ...

, particularly the cooking type in order to improve

air quality Air pollution is the presence of substances in the Atmosphere of Earth, air that are harmful to humans, other living beings or the environment. Pollutants can be Gas, gases like Ground-level ozone, ozone or nitrogen oxides or small particles li ...

, and where they replace open fires they have other advantages such as a reduction in accidents due to burn injuries and house fires.

Development

A research summary of the development of clean-burning, domestic, heating stoves was published in 1982 by Flow Research Inc. Such stoves introduced in the 1980s burnt wood pellets rather than logs. By 1986, a directory was available listing 75 such stoves which had satisfied U.S. emission testing.

Operation

Clean-burning stoves can be catalytic (using

catalytic converter A catalytic converter part is an vehicle emissions control, exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalysis, catalyzing a redox ...

s) or noncatalytic. The noncatalytic designs recirculate smoke to achieve fuller combustion. Once the stove is warmed to within operating temperatures, it produces no visible

smoke Smoke is an aerosol (a suspension of airborne particulates and gases) emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass. It is commonly an unwante ...

, emitting mostly water and carbon dioxide. Non-catalytic stoves have higher emissions than the new catalytic stoves do when the latter are operated correctly (). A conventional domestic heating stove in 1984 emitted particulates amounting to approximately 20g per kg of fuel (0.3oz/lb). Research by the

United States Environmental Protection Agency The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with environmental protection matters. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it began operation on De ...

(EPA) was reported in 1986 to show that conditions such as

asthma Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wh ...

bronchitis Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi (large and medium-sized airways) in the lungs that causes coughing. Bronchitis usually begins as an infection in the nose, ears, throat, or sinuses. The infection then makes its way down to the bronchi. ...

and

emphysema Emphysema is any air-filled enlargement in the body's tissues. Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs, and is also known as pulmonary emphysema. Emphysema is a lower respiratory tract di ...

may be aggravated by the use of conventional heating stoves.

Regulation

The EPA was reported as announcing plans in 1987 to encourage manufacturers to design heating stoves with reduced emissions. Clean-burning stoves are authorised for use in smoke control areas in some countries by organisations such as the EPA.

References

{{Reflist, refs= {{cite book, author=Matthew Stein, title=When Technology Fails: A Manual for Self-Reliance, Sustainability, and Surviving the Long Emergency, url=https://archive.org/details/whentechnologyfa00matt_0, url-access=registration, accessdate=22 February 2013, date=31 August 2008, publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing, isbn=978-1-60358-095-3, pag
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103
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International Journal of Epidemiology The ''International Journal of Epidemiology'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in epidemiology. It is the official journal of the International Epidemiological Association and is published by Oxford University Press. ...

, date=June 2005 , volume=34 , issue=3 , pages=702–708 , doi=10.1093/ije/dyi015, pmid=15737974 , doi-access=free {{cite journal , jstor=4407707 , title=Indoor Air Pollution: A Reflection on Gender Bias , author=Parikh, Jyoti , author2= Smith, Kirk , author3=Laxmi, Vijay , journal=

Economic and Political Weekly The ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (EPW) is a weekly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all social sciences, and is published by the Sameeksha Trust. In January 2018, academic Gopal Guru was named the new Editor of the journal. Guru will be ...

, year=1999 , volume=34 , issue=9 , pages=539–544 {{cite news , url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-04/mongolia-1-25-day-labor-amid-4k-purses-stirs-discontent.html , title=Mongolia $1.25/Day Labor Amid $4K Purses Stirs Discontent , work=bloomberg.com , date=5 February 2013 , accessdate=22 February 2013 , author=Humber, Yuriy{{cite news , url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/1/prweb10370868.htm , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145600/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/1/prweb10370868.htm , url-status=dead , archive-date=5 March 2016 , title=From Suffering to Solutions: UNF-GACC Documentary "BLACK INSIDE: Three Women's Voices" Highlights Clean Cookstoves as Dramatic Global Health Solution for Women , work= PR Web , date=30 January 2013 , accessdate=22 February 2013 Residential heating Stoves

Use

Development

Operation

Regulation

See also

References