Cladtertia

''Cladtertia'' is a genus of placozoan discovered in 2022. The genus contains a single described species, ''Cladtertia collaboinventa'', although several other undescribed lineages are known. Its closest described relative is ''Hoilungia hongkongensis'', with whom it forms the order Hoilungea.

''Cladtertia'' is similar in morphology to most other placozoans, but genetically distinct from them. It has been found in warm tropical waters with low seasonal changes, ranging from 26°N to 25°S, where it occupies a distinct ecological niche compared to other placozoan lineages. Sexual reproduction through cross-fertilization has been observed in a strain of ''Cladtertia''.

Etymology

The genus name comes from Ancient Greek ''kládos'' (clade) and Latin ''tertius'' (the third), referring to its specimens previously being assigned to placozoan Clade III in literature.

Biology

''Cladtertia'' is morphologically indistinguishable under light microscopy from other placozoans in the class Uniplacotomia. All of them possess an amoeboid body with little branching, and have been described as "miniature pancakes". However, ''Cladtertia'' is distinguished from its relatives at the genetic level. It possesses 27 cell types, compared to 28 and 32 for ''Trichoplax adhaerens'' and ''Hoilungia hongkongensis'' respectively.

Sexual reproduction has been reported to occur in the placozoan clade identified with strain H8, which was later found to belong to genus ''Cladtertia''. Intergenic recombination was inferred, with some individuals having identical genotypes on one locus but being highly dissimilar on other loci. This can not be achieved with asexual reproduction alone, which requires a complete linkage between regions of the genome. The sharing of alleles between heterozygous and homozygous individuals was also observed, a phenomenon resulting from the combination of gametes during sexual reproduction. A self-fertilization mating system was also excluded by the presence of both heterozygous and homozygous individuals.

Taxonomy

Placozoans were first divided in five clades in 2004 based on their 16S mitochondrial genome. Clade III was later included in the genus '' Hoilungia''.

In 2022, as part of a wider formalization of placozoan taxonomy, ''Cladtertia'' was erected to encompass lineages previously placed in Clade III, with ''Cladtertia collaboinventa'' as its type species. It is the only described genus in the family Cladtertiidae, which is sister to Hoilungidae in the order Hoilungea. Cladtertiidae is distinguished by 3 uniquely present and 8 uniquely missing genes.

The exact number of species in placozoan genera is uncertain, as it is not known whether all haplotypes correspond to distinct species. Only one species of ''Cladtertia'', ''C. collaboinventa'' (formerly haplotype H23), has been formally described, in 2022. Haplotype H6 was confirmed as a distinct species, although it was left undescribed due to a lack of material from which to designate a type specimen. Other haplotypes are known, such as ''Cladtertia'' H7, H8 and H16. In a 2024 study, H6 was found to occupy a basal position in the genus compared to ''C. collaboinventa'' and H8, with the latter two sharing an inversion of the tRNA-Thr and tRNA-Lys region as a structural synapomorphy.

Ecology and habitat

Compared to other placozoan lineages, ''Cladtertia'' is only known from a restricted range of latitudes, from 26°N to 25°S, and has been sampled in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. A 2015 study found that ''Cladtertia'' ecological niche differed from that of Clades I and V, and that surface temperature played a major role in predicted habitat suitability, with ''Cladtertia'' preferring warm tropical waters. It is believed to prefer habitats with low seasonal changes, evidenced by a lack of observations in the Mediterranean Sea as of 2013.

''Cladtertia'' H6 was first discovered in Honolulu, Hawaii, where specimens were collected from water tables at the Kewalo Marine Laboratory. The type specimen of ''C. collaboinventa'' was found in a sea water aquarium in Germany, and its actual geographical origin is unknown.

Mitochondrial genomes of ''Cladtertia'' H6, alongside other placozoans, have been found in the rhodopid sea slug '' Helminthope'' sp. in marine sediment near Isla Iguana, Panama, providing evidence of predation by the latter on ''Cladtertia''.

References

Works cited

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q117527299, from2=Q125685171

Placozoa
Monotypic animal genera
Taxa described in 2022