Christian Hebraist
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A Christian Hebraist is a scholar of Hebrew texts who approaches the works from a
Christian A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism, monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the wo ...
perspective. The main area of study is the Hebrew text of the Bible (known as the
Old Testament The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Isr ...
to Christians and as the
Tanakh The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
. ''
Talmud The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of Haskalah#Effects, modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...
and the
Kabbalah Kabbalah or Qabalah ( ; , ; ) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism. It forms the foundation of Mysticism, mystical religious interpretations within Judaism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ...
. The discipline has long been a site of Jewish–Christian intellectual interaction. The early church fathers got their knowledge of Hebrew traditions (
Masoretic The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; ) is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (''Tanakh'') in Rabbinic Judaism. The Masoretic Text defines the Jewish canon and its precise letter-text, with its vocaliz ...
,
Midrashim ''Midrash'' (;"midrash"
. ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.
; or ''midrashot' ...
and
Aggadah Aggadah (, or ; ; 'tales', 'legend', 'lore') is the non-legalistic exegesis which appears in the classical rabbinic literature of Judaism, particularly the Talmud and Midrash. In general, Aggadah is a compendium of rabbinic texts that incorporat ...
) from Jewish teachers. That is seen especially in the
exegesis Exegesis ( ; from the Ancient Greek, Greek , from , "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation (philosophy), interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Bible, Biblical works. In modern us ...
of
Justin Martyr Justin, known posthumously as Justin Martyr (; ), also known as Justin the Philosopher, was an early Christian apologist and Philosophy, philosopher. Most of his works are lost, but two apologies and a dialogue did survive. The ''First Apolog ...
,
Aphraates Aphrahat (c. 280–c. 345; , ''Ap̄rahaṭ'', , , , and Latin ''Aphraates''), venerated as Saint Aphrahat the Persian, was a third-century Syriac Christian author of Iranian descent from the Sasanian Empire, who composed a series of twenty-three ...
, Ephraem Syrus and
Origen of Alexandria Origen of Alexandria (), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria. He was a prolific writer who wrote roughly 2,000 treatises i ...
.
Jerome Jerome (; ; ; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome. He is best known ...
's teachers are even mentioned by name such as Bar Ḥanina (Hananiah). In the Middle Ages, Christian converts from Judaism provided a key source of Hebrew education, as native Christians rarely learned the language. As the Renaissance and Enlightenment proceeded, the discipline increasingly came to investigate extrabiblical texts, and eventually became a branch of
philology Philology () is the study of language in Oral tradition, oral and writing, written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also de ...
.


Antiquity

The notion of ''Hebraica veritas'' (Hebrew truth)—that the
Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
. '' Old Testament The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Isr ...
and as such was superior to the Greek translations, the
Septuagint The Septuagint ( ), sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (), and abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Biblical Hebrew. The full Greek ...
—is generally traced back to
Jerome Jerome (; ; ; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome. He is best known ...
. This was "a radical shift ... in the history of Christian thought", since before his time the Septuagint was generally treated as authoritative without any need for looking to the Hebrew text. This was bolstered by the legend of the Septuagint's miraculous origin, which turned it into a divinely inspired translation. Jerome expressed doubt about the legend and, rather than accepting the common view that the Hebrew textual tradition had been corrupted by the Jews, expressed the view that the Greek translations were not wholly accurate. When Jerome produced a new Latin translation from the original languages, he chose as his source text for the Old Testament the proto-Masoretic text.


Middle Ages

In
Western Christianity Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other). Western Christianity is composed of the Latin Church and Protestantism, Western Protestantism, together with their offshoots such as the O ...
knowledge of Hebrew was historically scarce outside of converts from Judaism.Aryeh Grabois, "Christian Hebraists", in Joseph Strayer (ed.), ''The Dictionary of the Middle Ages'' (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 3, pp. 313–14. The
Venerable Bede Bede (; ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, Bede of Jarrow, the Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (), was an English monk, author and scholar. He was one of the most known writers during the Early Middle Ages, and his most fa ...
(d.735) discusses Hebrew terms, but appears to rely entirely on Jerome for this. The same may be said of
Alcuin Alcuin of York (; ; 735 – 19 May 804), also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin, was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Ecgbert of York, Archbishop Ecgbert at Yor ...
(b.735), who revised the Biblical translation of Jerome. The ninth-century
Pseudo-Jerome Pseudo-Jerome is the name given to several authors misidentified as, or pseudepigraphically claiming to be, Saint Jerome. A principal writing identified as "Pseudo Jerome" is the ninth-century writing the ''Epistle of Pseudo-Jerome to Paula and Eu ...
, who worked in the circle of
Rabanus Maurus Rabanus Maurus Magnentius ( 780 – 4 February 856), also known as Hrabanus or Rhabanus, was a Frankish Benedictine monk, theologian, poet, encyclopedist and military writer who became archbishop of Mainz in East Francia. He was the author of t ...
(d.856), knew Hebrew. During the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, contact between Christian and Jewish scholars increased.
Peter Abelard Peter Abelard (12 February 1079 – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, leading logician, theologian, teacher, musician, composer, and poet. This source has a detailed description of his philosophical work. In philos ...
(d.1142) recommended that Christian scholars take up the language of the Old Testament and many followed this recommendation. The School of Saint Victor became the centre of Hebraism in western Europe. The school of Toledo also worked with Hebrew, but it was secondary to Arabic. Adam of Saint Victor (d.1146) was the most prominent Victorine Hebraist and his student, Herbert of Bosham (fl.1162–89), studied with
Abraham ibn Ezra Abraham ben Meir Ibn Ezra (, often abbreviated as ; ''Ibrāhim al-Mājid ibn Ezra''; also known as Abenezra or simply ibn Ezra, 1089 / 1092 – 27 January 1164 / 23 January 1167)''Jewish Encyclopedia''online; '' Chambers Biographical Dictionar ...
(d.c.1167) to acquire deeper grammatical understanding. The
Cistercian The Cistercians (), officially the Order of Cistercians (, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict, as well as the contri ...
tradition of Hebrew studies began with Nicholas Manjacoria. Among prominent English Hebraists were Alexander Neckham (d.1217);
Stephen Langton Stephen Langton (c. 1150 – 9 July 1228) was an English Cardinal (Catholic Church), cardinal of the Catholic Church and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1207 until his death in 1228. The dispute between list of English kings, King John of E ...
(d.1228), who composed a Hebrew–Latin dictionary of Biblical terms; William de la Mare (fl.1272–79), who was patronised by
Robert Grosseteste Robert Grosseteste ( ; ; 8 or 9 October 1253), also known as Robert Greathead or Robert of Lincoln, was an Kingdom of England, English statesman, scholasticism, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln. He was born of ...
(d.1253); and
Roger Bacon Roger Bacon (; or ', also '' Rogerus''; ), also known by the Scholastic accolades, scholastic accolade ''Doctor Mirabilis'', was a medieval English polymath, philosopher, scientist, theologian and Franciscans, Franciscan friar who placed co ...
(d.c.1292), who wrote a Hebrew grammar. In the fourteenth century, the
Franciscans The Franciscans are a group of related organizations in the Catholic Church, founded or inspired by the Italian saint Francis of Assisi. They include three independent religious orders for men (the Order of Friars Minor being the largest conte ...
and
Dominicans Dominicans () also known as Quisqueyans () are an ethnic group, ethno-nationality, national people, a people of shared ancestry and culture, who have ancestral roots in the Dominican Republic. The Dominican ethnic group was born out of a fusio ...
were involved in setting up chairs of Hebrew in
universities A university () is an educational institution, institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several Discipline (academia), academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly ...
across Europe. The ecumenical Council of Vienne (1312) ordered chairs established at the universities of
Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
,
Oxford Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...
,
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
,
Salamanca Salamanca () is a Municipality of Spain, municipality and city in Spain, capital of the Province of Salamanca, province of the same name, located in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is located in the Campo Charro comarca, in the ...
and
Bologna Bologna ( , , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the List of cities in Italy, seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its M ...
. Paris had the leading Hebraist of the period in
Nicholas of Lyra Nicolas de Lyra 1479 Nicholas of Lyra (;  – October 1349), or Nicolaus Lyranus, a Franciscan teacher, was among the most influential practitioners of biblical exegesis in the Middle Ages. Little is known about his youth, aside from the ...
(d.1349), while following him was Bishop
Paul of Burgos Paul of Burgos (Burgos,  1351 – 29 August 1435) was a Spanish Jew who converted to Christianity, and became an archbishop, lord chancellor, and exegete. He is known also as Pablo de Santa María. His original name was Solomon ha-Levi. ...
(d.1435), a Jewish convert.


Renaissance

At the end of the 15th century the Renaissance and the Reformation, while awakening a new interest in the classics, brought about a return to the original text of Scripture and an attempt to understand the later literature of the Jews. Hieronymus Buslidius, the friend of
Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus ( ; ; 28 October c. 1466 – 12 July 1536), commonly known in English as Erasmus of Rotterdam or simply Erasmus, was a Dutch Christian humanist, Catholic priest and Catholic theology, theologian, educationalist ...
, gave more than 20,000 francs to establish a Hebrew chair at
Louvain Leuven (, , ), also called Louvain (, , ), is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located about east of Brussels. The municipality itself comprises the sub-municipalities of ...
; as the chair of Hebrew at the
University of Paris The University of Paris (), known Metonymy, metonymically as the Sorbonne (), was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution. Emerging around 1150 as a corporation associated wit ...
, Francis offered the chair to Elijah Levita, the friend of Cardinal Ægidius of Viterbo, who declined to accept it. Cardinal Grimani and other dignitaries, both of the state and of the Church, studied Hebrew and the
Kabbalah Kabbalah or Qabalah ( ; , ; ) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism. It forms the foundation of Mysticism, mystical religious interpretations within Judaism. A traditional Kabbalist is called a Mekubbal ...
with Jewish teachers; even the warrior Guido Rangoni attempted the Hebrew language with the aid of Jacob Mantino (1526). Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494) was the first to collect Hebrew manuscripts, and Reuchlin was the first to write a dictionary and short grammar of the Hebrew language (1506). A more detailed grammar was published by Otto Walper in 1590. During the 16th century there was an emphasis on Hebrew grammar and Jewish exegesis. One of the most noted Hebraists of this period was
Immanuel Tremellius Immanuel Tremellius (; 1510 – 9 October 1580) was an Italian Jewish convert to Christianity. He was known as a leading Hebraist and Bible translator. Life He was born at Ferrara and educated at the University of Padua. He was converted about ...
(1510–1580), who was born Jewish and converted first to Catholicism and soon thereafter became a Calvinist, producing the main Reformed translation of the Hebrew Bible into Latin (he also translated the New Testament from the Syriac into Latin).
Sebastian Münster Sebastian Münster (20 January 1488 – 26 May 1552) was a German cartographer and cosmographer. He also was a Christian Hebraist scholar who taught as a professor at the University of Basel. His well-known work, the highly accurate world map, ...
(d. 1552) was known as a grammarian; Pellicanus (d. 1556) and Pagninius (d. 1541), as lexicographers;
Daniel Bomberg Daniel Bomberg ( – ) was one of the most important early printers of Hebrew books. A Christian Hebraist who employed rabbis, scholars and apostates in his Venice publishing house, Bomberg printed the first Mikraot Gdolot (Rabbinic Bible) and ...
(d. 1549), as a printer of Hebrew books. Arius Montanus (d. 1598) edited the Masorah and the ''Travels of Benjamin of Tudela''. Widmanstadt (1523), living in a colony of Spanish Jewish refugees in
Naples Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...
, studied Hebrew with David ibn Ya'ya and Baruch of Benevento, and collected the Hebrew manuscripts which formed the basis of the Hebrew division of the Royal Library at Munich. Vatablé (d. 1547) made use of
Rashi Shlomo Yitzchaki (; ; ; 13 July 1105) was a French rabbi who authored comprehensive commentaries on the Talmud and Hebrew Bible. He is commonly known by the List of rabbis known by acronyms, Rabbinic acronym Rashi (). Born in Troyes, Rashi stud ...
's commentary.
Conrad Gesner Conrad Gessner (; ; 26 March 1516 – 13 December 1565) was a Old Swiss Confederacy, Swiss physician, natural history, naturalist, bibliographer, and philologist. Born into a poor family in Zürich, Switzerland, his father and teachers quickly ...
(d. 1565) was the first Christian to compile a catalogue of Hebrew books; Jacob Christmann (d. 1613) busied himself with the Jewish calendar, and Drusius (d. 1616) with the ethical writings of the Jews.


17th century

Johannes Buxtorf Johannes Buxtorf () (December 25, 1564September 13, 1629) was a celebrated Hebraist, member of a family of Orientalists; professor of Hebrew for thirty-nine years at Basel and was known by the title, "Master of the Rabbis". His massive tome, '' ...
(d. 1629) studied the ''
Targum A targum (, ''interpretation'', ''translation'', ''version''; plural: targumim) was an originally spoken translation of the Hebrew Bible (also called the ) that a professional translator ( ''mǝṯurgǝmān'') would give in the common language o ...
'' and the ''Talmud'', and also endeavored to understand Jewish history. Women also showed interest in Hebraism:
Anna Maria van Schurman Anna Maria van Schurman (November 5, 1607 – May 4, 1678) was a Dutch people, Dutch painter, engraver, poet, classical scholar, philosopher, and Feminism, feminist writer who is best known for her exceptional learning and her defence of fem ...
, in the Dutch Republic; Dorothy Dury in England;
Queen Christina of Sweden Christina (; 18 December O.S. 8 December">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 8 December1626 – 19 April 1689), a member of the House of Vasa, was Monarchy of Sweden, Queen of Sweden from ...
(d. 1689); Maria Dorothea, consort of the
Duke of Saxe-Weimar Saxe-Weimar () was one of the History of Saxony, Saxon duchies held by the Ernestine duchies, Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin, Wettin dynasty in present-day Thuringia. The chief town and capital was Weimar. The Weimar branch was the most ...
; Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick of the Palatinate; Maria Eleanora, wife of Charles Ludwig of the Palatinate; Antonia, daughter of Duke Eberhard of Württemberg. Through Buxtorf a serious attempt was made to understand the post-Biblical literature, and many of the most important works were translated into Latin. In this connection the following names may be mentioned: Johannes Cocceius (d. 1667); Constantin L'Empereur (d. 1648); John Lightfoot (d. 1675); Johann Leusden (d. 1699); and especially Surenhuis (1698), who gave a complete translation of the ''
Mishnah The Mishnah or the Mishna (; , from the verb ''šānā'', "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah. Having been collected in the 3rd century CE, it is ...
''; Jewish theology was studied by Carpzov (d. 1699), Wagenseil (1705; whose letters show how he gathered information), and Johann Stephan Rittangel (1641); antiquities, by Samuel Bochart (d. 1667), Hottinger (d. 1667), Hyde (d. 1700), Trigland (d. 1705), Breithaupt (1707), and Johann Jakob Schudt (d. 1722). Hackspan (d. 1659) wrote upon the value to the theologian of studying the works of the Rabbis. Their writings on the Bible were read by Schickard (1635),
Humphrey Hody Humphrey Hody (1659 – 20 January 1707) was an England, English scholar and theology, theologian. Life He was born at Odcombe in Somerset in 1659. In 1676 he entered Wadham College, Oxford, of which he became a fellow in 1685. In 1692 he ...
(d. 1706), and Richard Simon (d. 1712), while catalogues of Hebrew collections were published by Plantavitius (d. 1651), Le Long (d. 1721), and Montfaucon (d. 1741). Hottinger gave this literature a place in his ''Bibliotheca Orientalis''; Otho (1672) wrote a biographical lexicon of the Mishnah teachers; and Bartolocci's ''Bibliotheca Rabbinica'' (1675) continued these bibliographical labors.


18th century

Jacques Basnage knew no Hebrew, but his ''L'Histoire de la Religion des Juifs'' was the first attempt at a complete presentation of the history of Judaism. The ''Entdecktes Judenthum'' of Eisenmenger (d.1704) compiled a collection of Jewish learning. Johann Christoph Wolf (d. 1739), with the help of the Oppenheimer library, was able to produce his ''Bibliotheca Hebræa'', which laid the foundation for all later works in Hebrew bibliography. Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz (d. 1797), though not a scholarly Hebraist, gave an accurate account of Jewish ceremonials. Bashuysen (d. 1750) was a translator and printer of Hebrew books. Reland (d. 1718), was the first to use Talmudic material for the study of the geography of Palestine. The bibliographers Unger (d. 1719) and Gagnier (d. 1720) gave Wolf his information regarding the manuscripts in the Bodleian. J. H. Michaelis (d. 1738) and Mai (d. 1732) compiled a catalogue of the Uffenbach library. Baratier (d. 1740), the youthful prodigy wrote on
Benjamin of Tudela Benjamin of Tudela (), also known as Benjamin ben Jonah, was a medieval Jewish traveler who visited Europe, Asia, and Africa in the twelfth century. His vivid descriptions of western Asia preceded those of Marco Polo by a hundred years. With his ...
. Mill (d. 1756) treated rabbinical exegesis. Wähner (1762) described Hebrew antiquities. In America
Ezra Stiles Ezra Stiles ( – May 12, 1795) was an American educator, academic, Congregationalist minister, theologian, and author. He is noted as the seventh president of Yale College (1778–1795) and one of the founders of Brown University. According ...
, the president of
Yale College Yale College is the undergraduate college of Yale University. Founded in 1701, it is the original school of the university. Although other Yale schools were founded as early as 1810, all of Yale was officially known as Yale College until 1887, ...
(1778), was a student of post-Biblical Jewish literature.


Early 19th century

Towards the end of the 18th century the focus of Semitic scholars shifted to
Biblical criticism Modern Biblical criticism (as opposed to pre-Modern criticism) is the use of critical analysis to understand and explain the Bible without appealing to the supernatural. During the eighteenth century, when it began as ''historical-biblical c ...
and the study of other
Semitic language The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They include Arabic, Amharic, Tigrinya, Aramaic, Hebrew, Maltese, Modern South Arabian languages and numerous other ancient and modern languages. They are spoken by mo ...
s. Interest in the text of the Bible caused some work to be done in the collecting of Hebrew manuscripts, especially by Benjamin Kennicott in England (1776–80) and
Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi (October 25, 1742 in Castelnuovo Nigra, Piedmont – March 23, 1831 in Parma) was an Italian Christian Hebraist. He studied in Ivrea and Turin. In October 1769, he was appointed professor of Oriental languages at the U ...
in Italy (1784–88).


Late 19th century

The Institutum Judaicum in
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
, founded by
Franz Delitzsch Franz Delitzsch (23 February 1813, in Leipzig – 4 March 1890, in Leipzig) was a German Lutheran theologian and Hebraist. Delitzsch wrote many commentaries on books of the Bible, Jewish antiquities, Biblical psychology, as well as a history of J ...
, and a similar society bearing the same name in Berlin and founded by Hermann Strack, attempted to diffuse in the Christian world a knowledge of Jewish writings.
Gustav Dalman Gustaf Hermann Dalman (9 June 1855 – 19 August 1941) was a German Lutheran theologian and orientalist. He did extensive field work in Palestine before the First World War, collecting inscriptions, poetry, and proverbs. He also collected physica ...
published philological works on Talmudic grammar and lexicography.


List of Christian Hebraists

The following list of Christian Hebraists includes material taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), compiled upon the basis of Steinschneider's article mentioned in the bibliography below. Christian students of the
Bible The Bible is a collection of religious texts that are central to Christianity and Judaism, and esteemed in other Abrahamic religions such as Islam. The Bible is an anthology (a compilation of texts of a variety of forms) originally writt ...
more generally were not included, as they may be found in other articles.


A

* Aarhus, Peter Sim. (c. 1711; Hafen ?) * Abicht, Jo. Ge. (d. 1740;
Wittenberg Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is the fourth-largest town in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, in the Germany, Federal Republic of Germany. It is situated on the River Elbe, north of Leipzig and south-west of the reunified German ...
) * Adler, Jac. Ge Chr. (d. 1805;
Copenhagen Copenhagen ( ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a population of 1.4 million in the Urban area of Copenhagen, urban area. The city is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the ...
) * Ægidius de Viterbo (1471–1532; Italy) * Alberta Katherina (17th century; Bohemia) * Alfonso de Leon Zamora (16th century) * Allixius, Petrus (17th century;
Alençon Alençon (, , ; ) is a commune in Normandy, France, and the capital of the Orne department. It is situated between Paris and Rennes (about west of Paris) and a little over north of Le Mans. Alençon belongs to the intercommunality of Alen ...
) * Alting, Jacob (17th century;
Groningen Groningen ( , ; ; or ) is the capital city and main municipality of Groningen (province), Groningen province in the Netherlands. Dubbed the "capital of the north", Groningen is the largest place as well as the economic and cultural centre of ...
, Dutch Republic) * Amoena Amalia (wife of Duke Louis; d. 1625, Anhalt) * Amoena, Louise (princess; 17th century;
Anhalt Saxony-Anhalt ( ; ) is a state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. It covers an area of and has a population of 2.17 million inhabitants, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area an ...
) * Anna Sophia, Abbess (c. 1658; Quedlinburg) * Anna (Weissbrucker) Urban (16th century) * Anchersen, Matthias (d. 1741;
Jutland Jutland (; , ''Jyske Halvø'' or ''Cimbriske Halvø''; , ''Kimbrische Halbinsel'' or ''Jütische Halbinsel'') is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein). It ...
) * Anslus, Gerebrard (17th century) * Antonia, Duchess (d. 1679; Württemberg) * Arias Montanus (Benedictine; d. 1598;
Seville Seville ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Spain, Spanish autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Andalusia and the province of Seville. It is situated on the lower reaches of the Guadalquivir, River Guadalquivir, ...
) *
Armengaud Blaise Armengaud Blaise (died 1312) was a physician, translator and author active in the Crown of Aragon and Papal Avignon. He mainly translated Arabic medical works into Latin, but he also made one translation from Hebrew with the help of a Jewish fri ...
(d. 1312;
Montpellier Montpellier (; ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the Departments of France, department of ...
) * Arnd, Joshua (c. 1626;
Güstrow Güstrow (; ) is a town in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in north-eastern Germany. It is capital of the Rostock (district), Rostock district; Rostock itself is a district-free city and regiopolis. It has a population of 28,999 (2020) and is the sevent ...
) * Arnoldus, Michael (c. 1680; Dutch Republic) * (1696–1763; Upsala) * Assemani, Simon (1752 - 1821;
Padua Padua ( ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua. The city lies on the banks of the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice and southeast of Vicenza, and has a population of 20 ...
) * Aubry, Esaias (c. 1730; Berlin ?)


B

* Bacon, Roger (1214–94; Oxford) * Baldi, Bernardino (1553–1617;
Urbino Urbino ( , ; Romagnol: ''Urbìn'') is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Italy, Italian region of Marche, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially und ...
) * Baratier, Johann Philipp/Jean-Phillipe (1721–40;
Schwabach Schwabach () is a German city of about 40,000 inhabitants near Nuremberg in the centre of the region of Franconia in the north of Bavaria. Together with the neighboring cities of Nuremberg, Fürth and Erlangen, Schwabach forms one of the three me ...
) * Barozzi, Francesco (d. 1587; Italy) * Bartolocci, Giulio (1613–87; Rome) * Bashuysen, Heinrich Jacob (1679–1750;
Hanau Hanau () is a city in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is 25 km east of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main and part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Its railway Hanau Hauptbahnhof, station is a ma ...
) * Baynus, Rudolphus (c. 1554; Paris) * Beckmann, Jo. Christ. (c. 1677;
Frankfurt-an-der-Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (, ; Marchian dialects, Central Marchian: ''Frankfort an de Oder,'' ) is the fourth-largest city in the German state of Brandenburg after Potsdam, Cottbus and Brandenburg an der Havel. With a ...
) * Becks, Matth. Frid. (1649–1701; Augsburg) * Bedwell, William (1561–1632; London) * Beelen, Ian Theodor (c. 1841;
Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...
) * Beke, Matth. (c. 1708; Amsterdam) * Bellermann, Johann Joachim (1754–1842;
Erfurt Erfurt () is the capital (political), capital and largest city of the Central Germany (cultural area), Central German state of Thuringia, with a population of around 216,000. It lies in the wide valley of the Gera (river), River Gera, in the so ...
) * Bengel (?), Eric (c. 1692; Sweden) * Bernard, Edward (1638–96; Oxford) * Billerbeck, Paul (1853 - 1932, Germany) * Bircherode, Jan. (1623–86; Copenhagen) * Biscioni, Anton Maria (1674–1756; Florence) * Bleibtreu, Philipp Johann (c. 1699; Frankfort-on-the-Main) * Blesilla (5th century) * Bodecker, Stephan (Bishop; c. 1438;
Brandenburg Brandenburg, officially the State of Brandenburg, is a States of Germany, state in northeastern Germany. Brandenburg borders Poland and the states of Berlin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Saxony. It is the List of Ger ...
) * (1611, Greifenberg (
Pomerania Pomerania ( ; ; ; ) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany. The central and eastern part belongs to the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, West Pomeranian, Pomeranian Voivod ...
) – 1639,
Rostock Rostock (; Polabian language, Polabian: ''Roztoc''), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (), is the largest city in the German States of Germany, state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the sta ...
) * Borel, Adam, Jun. (1603–67;
Zealand Zealand ( ) is the largest and most populous islands of Denmark, island in Denmark proper (thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island, which are larger in size) at 7,031 km2 (2715 sq. mi.). Zealand had a population of 2,319,705 on 1 Januar ...
) * , (1472–1540) * (c. 1638; Paris) * (1639–1713;
Gotha Gotha () is the fifth-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, west of Erfurt and east of Eisenach with a population of 44,000. The city is the capital of the district of Gotha and was also a residence of the Ernestine Wettins from 1640 until the ...
) * Brighenti, Gio. Ant. (d. 1702;
Verona Verona ( ; ; or ) is a city on the Adige, River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 255,131 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region, and is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and in Northeast Italy, nor ...
) * Hugh Broughton, Broughton, Hugh (1549–1612; Tottenham) * Sir Thomas Browne (1605–82) * Johannes Buddaeus, Buddaeus, Jo. Fr. (Johann Franz Buddeus) (1667–1729; Halle?) * Archangelus Burgonovo, Burgonovo, Archangelus (Minorite; 16th century; Pozzo) * Johannes Buxtorf, Buxtorf, Johannes I. (1564–1629; Basel) * Johannes Buxtorf II, Buxtorf, Johannes II. (1599–1664; Basel) * Johannes Jakob Buxtorf, Buxtorf, Johannes Jakob (1645–1705; Basel) * Johannes Jakob Buxtorf II, Buxtorf, Johannes Jakob (1663–1732; Basel)


C

* Cademannus, Jos. Rud. (Johann Rudolf Cademann) (1680–1720; Pegau) * Calonges, Madame de * Campen, Joh. van (John van Campen) (1490–1538; Freiburg-im-Breisgau) * Angelus Caninius, Caninius, Angelus (1521–57; Paris) * Claudius Cappellanus, Cappellan, Claud. (d. 1667; Paris) * Johann Benedict Carpzov II, Carpzov, Johann (Benedictine; 1639–99; Leipzig) * Christopher CartwCartwright, Christopher (1602–58; York) * Edmund Castell, Castell, Edmund (1606–85; Higham Gobion) * Castro, Joh. Rodriguez de (1739–96; Madrid) * Cellarius (?), Jo. (c. 1518) * Thomas Chenery, Chenery, Thomas (1826–84; London) * Antoine Rodolphe Chevallier, Chevalier, Antoine Rodolphe (1523–1572); France) * Luigi Chiarini (abbot), Chiarini, Luigi (Abbé; 1789–1832; Warsaw) * Christmann, Jac. (1554–1613; Heidelberg) * David Chrytaeus, Chytraeus, D. (c. 1551) * Cibo—? (wife of Joh. Verano, Duke of Camerino; 1550) * Ciselius, Phil. (c. 1696; Franeker) * Clanner (J. G. ?) (c. 1726 ?) * Samuel Clark (c. 1657; Oxford) * Robert Clavering, Clavering, Robert (Bishop; 1671–1747; Peterborough) * Clodius, Jo. Chr. (d. 1633; Leipzig) * Cluverus, Jo. (17th century) * Adam Andreas Cnollen, Cnollen, Adam Andreas (1674–1714; Füth) * Cnollen, Jos. Nicol. (brother of preceding) * Johannes Cocceius, Coccejus (Koch), Jo. (1603–69; Leyden) * Coddaeus, Giul. (Wilhelmus van der Codde) (1575–1630; Leyden) * Collin, C. E. (c. 1705; Giessen) * Collins, G. (c. 1890; Oxford) * Piscopia Cornelia Cornaro, Cornaro, Piscopia Cornelia (Eleonora Lucretia; (1646–1684) ; Venice) * Petrus Costus, Costus, Petrus (c. 1554) * Johann Friedrich Cotta, Cotta, Johann Friedrich (1701–79; Tübingen) * Anna Maria Cramer, Cramer, Anna Maria (1613–27; Magdeburg) * Johann Jakob Cramer, Cramer, Johann Jakob (1673–1702; Zürich) * Johann Rudolf Cramer, Cramer, Johann Rudolf (1678–1731; Zürich) * Crenius, Thom. (1648–1728; Leyden) * Ludwig Michael Crocius, Crocius, Lud. Mich. (c. 1673) * Croius (?), Jo. (18th century; Oxford)


D

* Dachs, Fried. Bernh. (c. 1726; Utrecht (city), Utrecht) * Laurentius Dalmaki, Dalmaki, Laurentius (c. 1643; Hunga) * Danz, Jo. Andr. (1654–1728; Jena) * Dassovius, Theod. (d. 1721;
Wittenberg Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is the fourth-largest town in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, in the Germany, Federal Republic of Germany. It is situated on the River Elbe, north of Leipzig and south-west of the reunified German ...
; Kiel) * Franz Delitzsch, Delitzsch, Franz (1813–1890;
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
* Diogo Correa Coelho (c. 1990; [Born Brazilian]) * Disma, P. (c. 1757; Italy) * Dithmar, Just. Christ. (c. 1706; Dutch Republic?) * Donatus, Franc. (d. 1635; Rome) * Dorothea Maria (wife of Duke John; 17th century; Saxe-Weimar) * Dove, John (c. 1746; London) * Johannes van den Driesche, Johannes van den Driesche, "Drusius" (1550–1616; Leyden) * Drusius, Jo. II. (son of preceding; 1588–1609; Chichester) * John Duncan (theologian), John Duncan (1796 Aberdeen – 26 February 1870)


E

* Adam Easton (Benedictine; d. 1397; Hereford) * Ebertus, Jac. (1549–1614; Frankfort-on-the-Oder) * Ebertus, Theod. (d. 1630; Frankfort-on-the-Oder) * Alfred Edersheim (1825–1889) * Eggers, Jo. (c. 1719; Basel; Leyden) * Einem, Jo. Justus von (c. 1738; Germany) * Einsiedel, Marg. Sybilla (wife of Conrad Löser; c. 1670; Saxony) * Eisenmenger, Joh. And. (1654–1704; Heidelberg) * Elisabeth (Abbess of Herfort; d. 1680) * Constantin L'Empereur, Empereur, Constantin l' (1570–1648; Leyden) * John Wesley Etheridge, Etheridge, J. W. (c. 1856; Penzance) * Eustochium, Eustochium Julia (5th century; Rome)


F

* Fabricius, Ern. Christ. (c. 1792) * Fabricius, Fred. (1642–1703; Wittenberg) * Johann Albert Fabricius, Fabricius, Johann Albert (1668–1736) * Paul Fagius, Fagius Paul(us) (1504–49; Cambridge) * Faust, Jo. Friedr. (c. 1706; Germany) * Ferrand, Lud. (c. 1640–1700; Paris) * Petrusa Figueiro, Figueiro, Petrusa (c. 1615) * Étienne Fourmont, Fourmont, Étienne, the elder (1683–1745; Paris) * Maria Franciscus, Franciscus, Maria (Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, Capuchin) * Sebastian Franck, Franck, Sebastian (c. 1537; Ulm) * August Hermann Francke, Francke, August Hermann (1663–1727) * Frey, Jo. Ludw. (1682–1759; Basel) * Friesen, Henr. Kath. (17th century; Saxony) * Frommann, Erh. Andr. (1722–74; Kloster Berge, Monastery of Berge, Magdeburg) * Conrad Fronmüller, Fronmüller, Conrad (c. 1679; University of Altdorf, Altdorf?) * Nicol Fuller, Fuller, Nicol. (1557–1626; Salisbury)


G

* Jacques Gaffarel, Gaffarellus, Jacobus/Jacques Gaffarel (1601–81) * Joseph Gagnier, Gagnier, Joseph (1670–1740; Oxford) * Pietro Colonna Galatino, Galatinus, Petrus/Galatino, Pietro Colonna (c. 1518) * Galle, Joh. (c. 1711; Upsala) * Gaudia, Barthol. Valverdio (Spain) * Gaulmyn, Gilb. (d. 1667; France) * Martin Gejerus, Gejerus, Martin (1614–80; Freiberg, Saxony, Freiberg) * Gilbert Genebrard, Genebrard, Gilbert (1537–97; Samur) * (1618–87; Freiberg) * Wilhelm Gesenius, Gesenius, Wilhelm (1786–1842; Halle (Saale), Halle an der Saale) * Georgios Chrysococca, Georgios, Chrysococca (1340-56? Greece) * Germberg, Herm. (1604) * Giggeius, Ant. (d. 1632; Milan) * John Gill (theologian), Gill, John (1697–1771; London) * Conrad Graser, Graser, Conrad (d. 1613; Germany) * Albert Greenup, Greenup, Albert (1866–1952; England) * Groddeck, Gaḅr. (1672–1709; Danzig) * Agathius Guidacerius, Guidacerius (Guidacier), Agathius (c. 1540) * Gulielmus Guisius, Guisius, Gulielmus (1653–90; Oxford) * Guyenne, De (c. 1625; Paris)


H

* (d. 1633; France) * Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen, Hackspan, Theodor (1607–59; University of Altdorf, Altdorf) * Albert Haller, Haller, Albert (1708–77; Bern) * Melchior Hanel, Hanel, Melchior (c. 1661; Prague) * Meno Hannecken, Hannecken, Meno (1595–1677; Marburg * (1707–85; Helmstädt) * Hardt, Herm. van der (1660–1746; Helmstädt) * (1774–1838;
Rostock Rostock (; Polabian language, Polabian: ''Roztoc''), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (), is the largest city in the German States of Germany, state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the sta ...
) * Hartmann, Jo. Phil. (c. 1708) * Martin Hartmann, Hartmann, Martin (1851, Breslau – 1918, Berlin) * Havemann, Chris. (17th century) * Hebenstreit, Johann Christian (1686–1756; Leipsic) * Engelbart Helenius, Helenius, Engelbart (c. 1727; Sweden) * Christoph Helvig, Helvig, Christoph (1581–1617; Giessen) * James Bonaventure Hepburn, Hepburn, James Bonaventure (1573–1621; Scotland) * R. Travers Herford, Herford, R. Travers (1860–1950) British * Hilpert, Jo. (c. 1651) * Hinckelmann, Alr. (1652–95; Hamburg) * Hirt, Jo. Frid. (1719–84; Wittenberg) * Andreas Adam Hochsteter, Hochsteter, Andreas Adam (1668–1717; Tübingen) * Albert Holten, Holten, Albert (c. 1675; Tübingen) * (1722–81;
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) * Honorius of Thebes, Honorius (Monk; 1452) * Johann Heinrich Hottinger, Hottinger, Johann Heinrich I. (1620–67; Heidelberg) * Hottinger, Jo. Henr. II. (c. 1704) * Houting, Henr. (c. 1695) * Hufnagel, G. F. (c. 1795) * Huldrich, Jo. Jac. (1683–1731) * Anton Hulsius, Hulsius, Anton (d. 1685; Holland) * Husen, Franc. (c. 1676) * Thomas Hyde, Hyde, Thomas (1631–1703; Oxford)


I

* Conrad Ikenius, Ikenius, Conrad (1689–1753; Bremen) * Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati, Imbonatus, Carlus Josephus/Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati (d. 1696; Rome)


J

* Henry Jacobs, Jacobs, Henry (1608–52; Oxford) * Janvier, Renatus Ambros. (1613–82; Paris) * Johannes Lucae, Johannes Lucæ (1406; Italy) *Franciscus Junius (the elder) * Augustin Justinianus, Justinianus, Augustin (1470–1531; "Episcopus Nebiensis")


K

* Keller, Gottl. Wilh. (17th century; Jena [?]) * Kennedy, Archibald Robert Stirling (1859–1938) *Joseph Kinghorn, Kinghorn, Joseph (1766–1832; Norwich) * Athanasius Kircher, Kircher, Athanasius (Jesuit; 1602–80; Rome) * Christian Knorr von Rosenroth, Knorr, Christian, Baron de Rosenroth (1636–89; Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Sulzbach) * Koccher, Herrm. Fried. (c. 1783; Jena) * Friedrich Eduard König, König, Friedrich Eduard (1846; Reichenbach im Vogtland, Reichenbach) * König, Sam. (1670–1750; Bern) * Köppen, Nic. (c. 1709; Greifswald) * Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten, Kosegarten, Johann Gottfried Ludwig (1792–1860; Greifswald) * Karl Krafft, Krafft, Karl (c. 1839; Ansbach) * Paul Kraut, Kraut, Paul (c. 1703; Lund) * David Kyber, Kyber, David (16th century; Strasburg?)


L

* Paul de Lagarde, Lagarde, Paul de (1827–91; Göttingen) * Lakemacher, Johann Gottfried (1695, Osterwieck - 1736, Helmstädt) * Johann Joachim Lange, Lange, Jo. Joachim (1670–1744; Halle) * Lange, W. (c. 1710) * Langens, Henr. (c. 1720; Dutch Republic) * Lederlin, Johann Heinrich (1672–1737; Strasburg) * Lehmann, Ge. Heinrich (1619–99; Leipzig, Leipsic) * Maria Barbara Lehmann, Lehmann, Maria Barbara (c. 1700; Schnekengrün) * Chilian Leib, Leib, Chilian (Prior; 1471–1548; Rebdorf) * Le Long, Jac. (1665–1721; Paris) * Lenz, Jo. Leonh. (c. 1700; Germany) * Sebastian Lepusculus, Lepusculus, Sebastian (c. 1516; Germany) * Johann Leusden, Leusden, Johann (1624–99; Utrecht) * Melchior Leydecker, Leydecker, Melchior (1642–1722; Utrecht (city), Utrecht, put on ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' by the Catholic Church) * John Lightfoot, Lightfoot, John (1602–75; Ely, Cambridgeshire, Ely) * Marco Lipomanni, Lipomanni, Marco (c. 1440; Venice) * Isabella Losa, Losa, Isabella (d. 1564; Cordova) * Loscan, Joh. Frid. (c. 1710; Germany) * Losius, Johann Justus, (1685-approximately 1737; Germany) * Lowe, W. H. (William Henry), (1848–1917; Cambridge) * Susanna Magdalena Ludolf, Ludolf, Susanna Magdalena (c. 1700; Frankfort-on-the-Main) * Ludwig, Christ. L. (b. 1663, Landshut; d. 1732) * Lund, Dan. (b. 1666, Fogdoë; d. 1746, Strengnäs)


M

* Alexander McCaul, McCaul, Alexander (b. 1799, Dublin; d. 1863, London) * Mai, Joh. Hen. (1688–1732; Giessen) * Malamina, Cæsar (c. 1774; Florence) * Manfred (?), King (d. 1266; Germany) * Giannozzo Manetti, Mannetti, Giannozzo (b. 1396, Florence; d. 1459, Naples) * Maria Eleonore (wife of Ludwig Philipp of Pfalz; c. 1669) * Maria Elizabeth (daughter of Duke Christian Albrecht; c. 1706; Schleswig-Holstein) * Martha Marchina, Marchina, Martha (d. 1646;
Naples Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...
) * David Samuel Margoliouth, Margoliouth, David Samuel (1858–1940) Oxford) * Margoliouth, G. (living; London) * Moses Margoliouth, Margoliouth, Moses (b. 1820, Suwałki; d. 1881, London) * Marco Marini, Marini, Marco (b. 1541, Brescia; d. 1594, Brescia) * H. J. Matthews, Mathews, H. J (1844 - 1905, England) * Matthias Aquarius (c. 1581) * Elias Matthias, Matthias, Elias (Germany) * Meelführer, Rud. Martin (b. 1670, Ansbach; d. 1729) * Mercer, Jo. (d. 1570; Uzès) * Meyer, Jo. (c. 1693; Dutch Republic) * Johann David Michaelis, Michaelis, Johann David (1717–1791) * Johann Heinrich Michaelis, Michaelis, Johann Heinrich (1668–1738) * Midhorp, Joh. (c. 1562) * Mieg, Jo. Frid. (b. 1700, Marburg; d. 1788, Heidelberg) * David Mill, Mill, David (b. 1692, Königsberg; d. 1756, Utrecht) * Alan Millard, Millard, Alan * Maria Molinaea, Molinaea, Maria (17th century) * Molitor, Christoph. (c. 1659; Altdorf) * Tarquinia Molza-Porrino, Molza-Porrino, Tarquinia (d. 1600; Modena) * Bernard de Montfaucon (b. 1655, Soulange; d. 1741, Paris) * Eugène Moré, Moré, Eugène (c. 1837; France) * Henry More, More, Henry (b. 1614, Grantham; d. 1687, Cambridge) * Etienne Morin, Morin, Etienne (b. 1625, Caen; d. 1700, Amsterdam) * Jean Morin (theologian), Morin, Jean (b. 1591, Blois; d. 1659, Paris) * Muhl, Henr. (b. 1666, Bremen; d. c. 1730, Kiel) * Muhl, Jos. (Holstein) * Simon de Muis, Muis, Simon de (b. 1587, Orléans; d. 1644, Paris) * Sebastian Münster, Münster, Sebastian (Minorite; b. 1489, Ingelheim; d. 1552, Basel) * Thomas Murner, Murner, Thomas (Minorite; b. 1475; d. 1537?) * Alexander Murray (linguist), Alexander Murray (b. 1775 Dunkitterick, Galloway; d. 1813 Edinburgh) * Myerlin, David Fr. (d. 1778; Frankfort-on-the-Main)


N

* Nagel, Jo. Andr. Mich. (1740–1788; Altdorf) * Thomas Neale (professor), Neale, Thomas (1569-1569; Regius Professor of Hebrew (Oxford), Regius Professor of Hebrew: Oxford, England) * Nicholas of Lyra, Nicholas Of Lyra (Nicolaus Lyranus) (c. 1270–1349; Paris) * Peter Nigri, Nigri (Schwartz), Peter (c. 1475; Cadana?) * Fr. Nork (1803–50; Germany [actually Fr. Korn]) * Norrelius, Andr. (c. 1720; Upsala) * Novenianus, Phil. (?) (c. 1520; Hasfurtensis?)


O

* Odhelius, Laur. (d. 1691; Upsala) * Friedrich Opfergeld, Opfergeld, Friedrich (1668–1746; Breslau) * Opitius, Paul Friedr. (1684–1745; Kiel) * Aaggaens Osterbröck, Osterbröck, Aaggaens. * Otho, Jo. Henr. (d. 1719; Lausanne) * Ouserl, Phil. (c. 1714; Frankfort-on-the Main) * Owmann, Mart. Jac. (c. 1705; Germany)


P

* Xanthus Pagninus, Pagninus, Xanthus/?Santes Pagnini (b. 1470, Lucca; d. 1536, Lyon) * Palmroot, Jo. (c. 1696; Upsala) * Pasinus, Jos. (b. 1687, Padua; d. 1770, Turin) * Pastritius, Jo * Cornelia Paula, Paula, Cornelia (d. 408; Rome) * Pedro II of Brazil, Dom Pedro II (Emperor of Brazil; 1825–91) * Konrad Pellikan, Pellikan, Konrad (1478–1556; Zürich) * Gustav Peringer, Peringer, Gustav (b. 1657; Upsala; Stockholm) * Ismar J. Peritz, Peritz, Ismar J. (living; Syracuse, New York, Syracuse, US) * Pietro Perreau, Perreau, Pietro (Abbé; living, Parma) * Pertsch, W. H. F. (c. 1720; Jena) * Peter of St. Omer (1296; Paris) * Petit, Pietro Giov, de (d. 1740; Rome) * Petrus de Alexandrica (Augustinians, Augustinian; 1342) * Petrus Montagnana (?) (1478; Italy) * Pfeiffer, August (b. 27 October 1640, Lauenburg an der Elbe; d. 11 January 1698, LübeckCf
August Pfeiffer (Poet)
retrieved on 22 April 2010.
) * Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494; Italy) * Picques, L. (c. 1670; Paris) * Pistorius, Jo. Nidanus (b. 1544, Nidda, Hesse, Nidda; d. 1607, Freiburg im Breisgau) * Plantavitius, Johannes/Jean VI. Plantavit de la Pause (Bishop; 1625–48; Lodève) * Plato Tiburtinus, Plato of Tivoli (Plato Tiburtinus, 1116; Barcelona) * Arnold Pontacus, Pontacus, Arnold (Bishop; d. 1605; Bazas) * Guillaume Postel, Postel, Guillaume. (b. 1505. Delorie; d. 1581, Paris) * Hilaric Prache, Prache, Hilaric (b. 1614, Teutschel; d. 1679, London) * Humphrey Prideaux, Prideaux, Humphrey (Dean; b. 1648, Padstow; d. 1724, Norwich)


Q

* Johannes Quinquaboreus, Quinquaboreus (Cinqarbre), Johannes (d. 1587; Paris)


R

* Rabe, Joh. Jac. (1710–98; Ansbach) * Rapheleng, Franc. (b. 1539; Lannoy) * Ramón Martí, Raymund Martin/Ramón Martí (Monk; c. 1286) * Raymund de Peñaforte (Dominican Order, Dominican; 1175–1275; Barcelona) * Christian Reineccius, Reineccius, Chr. (b. 1668, Großmühlingen; d. 1752, Weißenfels) * Johann Jakob Reiske, Reiske, Johann Jakob (b. 1716, Zörbig; d. 1774,
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) * Adrian Reland, Reland, Adrian (b. 1676, Ryp (Utrecht), Ryp; d. 1718, Utrecht) * Rendtorf, Jo. (Hamburg) * Johann Reuchlin, Reuchlin, Johann (b. 1455, Pforzheim; d. 1522, Stuttgart) * Rezzonius, Franc. (b. 1731, Como; d. 1780) * Urbanus Rhegius, Rhegius, Urbanus (c. 1535; Celle) * Rhenferdius, Jac. (b. 1654, Mühlheim; d. 1712, Franeker) * Ritmeier, Chr. Henr. (c. 1697) * Tileman Andreas Rivinius, Rivinius, Tileman Andreas (b. 1601, Halle; d. 1656,
Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...
) * Robustellus, Jo. (1655; Rome) * Rohan, Anna, Princess of (c. 1634) * Rönnow, Magn. (d. 1690) * Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi, Rossi, Giovanni Bernardo de (1742–1831; Parma)


S

* Sebutia, Cæcilia (c. 1683; Rome) * Sigæa, Aloysa (wife of Alfonso du Guevas; d. 1569; Toledo, Spain, Toledo) * Silvestre de Sacy, Sacy, Isaac Silvestre de (1758–1838; Paris) * Salchli (?), Jo. Jac. (b. 1694, Eggwil; d. 1774, Bern) * Ludovica Saracena, Saracena, Ludovica (wife of Marcus Offredus; c. 1606; France) * Sartorius, Jo. (b. 1656, Eperies; d. 1729, Danzig) * Saubert, Jo. (1638–88; Helmstädt) * Scheidt, Balth. (1614–70; Strasburg) * Jacob Scherping, Scherping, Jacob (c. 1737; Stockholm) * Scherzer, Jo. Adam (b. 1628, Eger; d. 1683, Leipzig) * Wilhelm Schickard, Schickard, Wilhelm (b. 1592, Herrenberg; d. 1635, Tübingen) * Valentin Schindler, Schindler, Valentin (d. 1604; Wittenberg; Helmstädt) * Schmidt, Sebastian (c. 1656; Strasbourg, Strasburg) * Sebald Schnelle, Schnelle, Sebald (1621–51; Nuremberg) * Schoettgen, Jo. Christ. (1687–1751) * Scholl, J. C. F. (Tübingen) * Christianus Schotanus, Schotanus, Christ. (b. 1603, Scheng; d. 1671, Franeker) * Schramm, Jonas Conr. (c. 1700; Helmstädt) * Erasmus Oswald Schreckenfuchs, Schreckenfuchs, Erasmus Oswald (1511–75; Tübingen) * Schroeder, Jo. Joachim (1680–1756; Marburg) * Albert Schultens, Schulten, Albert (1686–1750; Dutch Republic) * Schulten, Car. (c. 1725; Lund) * Heinrich Albert Schulten, Schulten, Heinrich Albert (1749–93; Dutch Republic) * Schulten, Jo. Jac. (1716–78; Dutch Republic) * Anna Maria van Schurman, Schurman, Anna Maria van (1607–78; Altona) * Daniel Schwenter, Schwenter, Daniel (1585–1636; Nuremberg) * Duns Scotus, Scotus, Jo. Duns (d. 1308, Scotland) * Sebastianus, Aug. Nouzanus (c. 1532; Marburg) * Seidel, Casp. (c. 1638; Hamburg) * Seiferheld, J. L. (18th century) * Seyfried, Christ. (c. 1664) * Seyfried, Henr. (c. 1663; University of Altdorf, Altdorf) * Scipio Sgambatus, Sgambatus, Scipio (c. 1703; Italy) * Robert Sheringham, Sheringham, Robert (b. 1602, Guestwick; d. 1678, Cambridge) * Siegfried, Carl (b. 1830, Magdeburg; d. Jena) * Thomas Smith (scholar), Smith, Thomas (b. 1638, London; d. 1710) * Sommer, Gottfr. Chris. (c. 1734; Gotha) * Sonneschmid, Jo. Just. (c. 1719; Jena?) * Spalding, G. L. (b. 1762, Barth; d. 1811, Friedrichsfelde) * Sprecher, Jo. Died. (c. 1703; Helmstädt) * Daniel Springer, Springer, Daniel (1656–1708; Breslau) * Staemmen, Christoph. van (c. 1661; Preza-Holsatus?) * Heinrich Benedict Starke, Starke, Heinrich Benedict (b. 1672, Engelen; d. 1717, Leipsic) * Steinmetz, Joh. Andr. (b. 1689, Gr. Knicymtzd; d. 1762) * Hermann Strack, Strack, Herrmann L. (living; Berlin) * Stridzberg, Nic. H. (c. 1731; Lund) * Struvius, Jo. Jul. (c. 1697; Germany) * Stucki, Johann Wilhelm (b. 1542, Zurich; d. 1607, Zurich) * Willem Surenhuys, Surenhuys, Willem (d. 1729; Amsterdam) * Svetonio, Agost. (Italy)


T

* Elisabeth Tanfeld, Tanfeld, Elisabeth (d. 1639; London) * Charles Taylor (Hebraist) * Francis Taylor (1589-1656) * Johann Schreck, Johannes Terentius, or Terrentius, (Johann Schreck, Jean Schreck), Swiss Jesuit (b. 1580, Constance; d. 1630, China) * Theobald (?) (Subprior; 14th century; Paris) *
Immanuel Tremellius Immanuel Tremellius (; 1510 – 9 October 1580) was an Italian Jewish convert to Christianity. He was known as a leading Hebraist and Bible translator. Life He was born at Ferrara and educated at the University of Padua. He was converted about ...
(1510 – 9 October 1580) * Jacob Trigland (1652-1705), Trigland, Jacobus (d. 1705; Leyden) * Oluf Gerhard Tychsen, Tychsen, Oluf Gerhard (1734–1815; Rostock)


U

* Ulmann, Jo. (c. 1663; Strasburg) * (1492 - 1572, Germany) * Urbanus Henricus Rhegius (Urbanus Rhegius) (c. 1535; Celle) * Joannes Uri, Ury, Jo. (1724–1796, Hungarian; d. Oxford) * Cnaeus Cornelius Uythage (c. 1680; Leyden)


V

* Bartolomè Valverde y Gandìa Bartholomaeus Valverdius (Spain) * Varen, Aug. (d. 1684; Rostock) * François Watebled, Vatablé/Watebled, François (d. 1547; Paris) * Matthias Vehe-Glirius, Vehe, Matthias (d.1590) * Vinding, Jo. Paul (c. 1633; Dutch Republic ?) * Dick Cornelis van Voorst, Voorst, Dick Cornelis van (b. 1751, Delft; d. 1833, Amsterdam) * Dionysius Voss, Voss, Dionysius (b. 1612, Dordrecht; d. 1633, Amsterdam) * Voysin (Vicinus), Jos. de (c. 1635; Paris)


W

* Helena Sybilla Wagenseil, Wagenseil, Helena Sybilla (c. 1700; Altendorf) * Johann Christoph Wagenseil, Wagenseil, Johann Christoph (1635–1703; University of Altdorf, Altdorf) * Robert Wakefield, Wakefield, Robert (d. 1537; Oxford) * Georg Wallin, Wallin, Georg (c. 1722; Holm) * Otto Walper, Walper, Otto (Latin: Otho Gualtperius) (1543–1624; University of Marburg, Marburg) * Walter, Jo. (c. 1710) * Walther, Christ. (c. 1705; Königsberg) * Levin Warner, Warner, Levin (d. 1663; Dutch Republic) * Georg Weiganmeier, Weiganmeier, Georg (1555–99; Tübingen) * John Wemyss (minister), John Wemyss (c. 1579–1636) * Wessel, Joh. (John Wessel Goesport) (b. 1419, Groningen; d. 1489) * Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter, Widmannstetter, Johann Albrecht (b. 1500; d. 1559, Wellingen) * David Wilkins (orientalist), Wilkins, David (b. 1685; d. 1748, Hadleigh) * Winckler, Jo. Fried. (b. 1679, Wertheim; d. 1738, Germany) * Georg Benedikt Winer, Winer, Jo. Ge. Bened. (1789–1858; Leipzig, Leipsic) * Witter, Henr. Bernh. (c. 1703; Germany) * Georg Witzel, Witzel, Georg, (1501 - 1573, Germany) * Marcus Woeldicke, Woeldicke, Marcus (1699–1750; Copenhagen) * Wolf (?), Georg (c. 1557; Grimma) * Johann Christoph Wolf, Wolf, Jo. Christoph. (1688–1739; Hamburg) * Wolf, Jo. W. (d. 1571; Gera) * Wolph (?), Jo. Hac. (Zürich) * William Wotton, Wotton, William (1666–1720; London) * Johann Wülfer (1651–1724; Nuremberg) * August Wünsche, Wünsche, August (living; Dresden)


Z

* Antonino Zanolini, Zanolini, Antonio (1693–1762; Padua) * Andreas Christoph Zeller (c. 1711; Maulbronn) * Gustav Georg Zeltner (1672–1738; Altdorf)


See also

*Hebraism


References


Bibliography

{{JewishEncyclopedia, article=Christian Hebraist, author=Richard Gottheil, url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=H&artid=476 The bibliography of that article is below: * Moritz Steinschneider, ''Christliche Hebraisten'', in Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl. i. 50 et seq.; * Wilhelm Gesenius, Gesenius, ''Gesch. der Hebr. Sprache'', passim, Leipsic, 1815; * Leopold Zunz, Zunz, Z. G. pp. 1 et seq. (re-published in G. S. i. 41 et seq.); * L. Geiger, ''Studium der Hebraisch Sprache in Deutschland'', Breslau, 1870; * J. Perles, ''Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hebraisch und Aramaisch Studien'', pp. 154 et seq.; * Meyer Kayserling, ''Les Hébraisants Chrétiens'', in R. E. J. xx. 264 et seq.; * Kaufmann, ''Die Vertretung der Jüden Wissenschaft an den Universitäten'', in ''Monatsschrift'', xxxix. 145 et seq.; * S. A. Hirsch, ''Early English Hebraists'', in J. Q. R. xii. 34 et seq.; * Kauffmann, Jacob Mantino, in R. E. J. xxvii. 30 et seq. (comp. J. Q. R. ix. 500); * E. Sachau, ''Orientalische Philologie, in Die Deutschen Universitäten'', p. 520, Berlin, 1893; * William Rosenau, ''Semitic Studies in American Colleges'', Chicago, 1896; * Moritz Steinschneider, ''Hebr. Bibl.'' xx. 65 et seq.; * Kayserling, ''A Princess as Hebraist'', in J. Q. R. ix. 509.G.


External links


Christian Hebraists in the NetherlandsHebraic Aspects of the Renaissance: Sources and Encounters (Leiden, 2011)

"The Strange Career of the ''Biblia Rabbinica'' among Christian Hebraists, 1517–1620"
by Stephen Burnett (2012)
Philippe Bobichon, La polémique contre les juifs dans les travaux des hébraïsants chrétiens de France


* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjY8AAAAcAAJ Online version of Walper's 1590 ''Grammatica linguae sanctae''] Christian Hebraists, Lists of Christians, Hebraists Judeo-Christian topics Christianity and Judaism Converts to Christianity from Judaism