Cho Kuk (; born 6 April 1965
) is a South Korean politician who served as a member of the
National Assembly of South Korea
The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea () is the unicameral national legislature of South Korea. Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years. The latest legislative elections were held on 10 April 2024. The current Na ...
from May to December 2024, when he lost his seat following the
Supreme Court of Korea
The Supreme Court of Korea () is the highest ordinary court in the judicial branch of South Korea, seated in Seocho, Seoul. Established under Chapter 5 of the Constitution of South Korea, the court has ultimate and comprehensive jurisdictio ...
's decision to uphold his two-year prison sentence for document falsification. He is the founder of the
Rebuilding Korea Party.
Cho previously served as a senior presidential aide for civil affairs under the
cabinet of Moon Jae-in from May 2017 to July 2019. He was subsequently appointed
Minister of Justice
A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice, is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a ...
, a position he held from September 2019 until his resignation on 14 October 2019 due to his involvement in a series of controversies, including allegations of corruption surrounding his family's business activities.
In 2023, Cho was convicted of falsifying documents in connection with his children's college admissions and sentenced to two years in prison. In December 2024, the South Korea Supreme Court upheld the lower courts' ruling, effectively disqualifying him from his seat in the 22nd National Assembly of South Korea and barring him from running for office for five years.
Early life and education
Cho was born in
Seo District, Busan
Seo District () is a ''Subdivisions of South Korea, gu'', or district, in south-west central Busan, South Korea.
Administrative divisions
Seo-gu is divided into 8 legal ''dong'', which altogether comprise 14 administrative ''dong'', as follow ...
, South Korea
in 1965,
as the eldest son of the ex-Director of Ungdong Middle School
Cho Byun-hyun (died in 2013),
and his wife and the current Director of the institute, Park Jung-sook.
He attended Gudeok Elementary School in Busan, then moved to
Seoul
Seoul, officially Seoul Special Metropolitan City, is the capital city, capital and largest city of South Korea. The broader Seoul Metropolitan Area, encompassing Seoul, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon, emerged as the world's List of cities b ...
and studied at Daesin Middle School. After he returned to Busan, he finished his secondary education at Hyekwang High School.
Cho earned bachelor's and master's degrees in law from
Seoul National University
Seoul National University (SNU; ) is a public university, public research university in Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the SKY (universities), SKY universities and a part of the Flagship Korean National Universities.
The university's main c ...
,
and a
doctoral degree
A doctorate (from Latin ''doctor'', meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism '' licentia docendi'' ("licence to teach ...
(J.S.D) from the
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California), is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after t ...
in the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
.
He was also a visiting scholar at the
University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a collegiate university, collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the List of oldest un ...
and
University of Leeds
The University of Leeds is a public research university in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It was established in 1874 as the Yorkshire College of Science. In 1884, it merged with the Leeds School of Medicine (established 1831) and was renamed Y ...
in the
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
.
Career
Early career
Cho was previously a lecturer in law at the
University of Ulsan from 1992
to 1994 and from 1999 to 2000,
then at
Dongguk University from 2000 to 2001,
and later at Seoul National University—where he had earned his bachelor's degree—from 2001 to 2004.
While at Seoul National University, he was promoted from lecturer to senior lecturer (2004–2009),
then to full professor in 2009.
Political career
Cho showed interest in politics at the end of the 1980s, while studying at university.
During this time, he was already a member of the
South Korean Socialist Workers' Alliance,
along with
Rhyu Si-min and
Eun Soo-mi. Cho was detained due to his activities, under breach of the
National Security Act, and declared a
prisoner of conscience
A prisoner of conscience (POC) is anyone imprisoned because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or political views. The term also refers to those who have been imprisoned or persecuted for the nonviolent expression of their conscienti ...
by
Amnesty International
Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says that it has more than ten million members a ...
.
Later, he criticised the National Security Act as a "barbaric law" in his book titled ''For the Freedom of Conscience and Ideology''.
Since the 2000s, Cho has been involved in various activities related to human rights and democracy. He was a member of the
People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy,
Committee of Determination of Punishment in
Supreme Court
In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, high (or final) court of appeal, and court of final appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...
,
National Human Rights Commission
A human rights commission, also known as a human relations commission, is a body set up to investigate, promote or protect human rights.
The term may refer to international, national or subnational bodies set up for this purpose, such as nationa ...
,
and the other various organisations.
Cho has never held any elected position,
even though the former
Democratic Party (2008) and its successor
Democratic Unionist Party
The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is a Unionism in Ireland, unionist, Ulster loyalism, loyalist, British nationalist and national conservative political party in Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1971 during the Troubles by Ian Paisley, who ...
suggested that he run for a position as member of the
National Assembly
In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repr ...
in
Bundang
Bundang () is a planned community in Bundang District, Seongnam, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. It was developed to encourage affordable housing and urban decentralization. The community has a sports complex, a park and a youth center.
Origi ...
2nd constituency.
There were also expectations that Cho would run for Superintendent of Education in Seoul during the
local elections in 2014, but he declined.
He did not run for mayorship of Busan
in 2018, despite public expectations.
Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs (2017–2019)
On 11 May 2017, the day after
Moon Jae-in
Moon Jae-in (, ; born January 24, 1953) is a South Korean politician and former lawyer who served as the 12th president of South Korea from 2017 to 2022. Before his presidency, he served as the senior secretary for civil affairs and the Chief ...
officially assumed the office of president, Cho was appointed
Senior Secretary to the President for Civil Affairs.
He was one of several non-prosecutors appointed to the position.
He promised a clear investigation of the
2016 South Korean political scandal
The 2016 South Korean political scandal, often called Park Geun-hye–Choi Soon-sil Gate in South Korea (), was a scandal that emerged around October 2016 in relation to the unusual access that Choi Soon-sil, the daughter of shaman-esque cult le ...
.
This was welcomed by the
People's Party, but also attacked by the
Liberty Korea Party
The Liberty Korea Party () was a conservative political party in South Korea that was described variously as right-wing, right-wing populist, or far-right. Until February 2017, it was known as the Saenuri Party (), and before that as the Hann ...
.
On 31 December 2018, Cho attended the House Steering Committee of the National Assembly.
This "surprise" attendance was an issue in South Korean society, as such was not really done by former senior secretaries.
A source reported that this negatively affected the approval ratings of President Moon.
Cho was replaced by Kim Joe-won on 26 July 2019.
Minister of Justice (2019)
On 9 August 2019, Cho was nominated for the position of
Minister of Justice
A justice ministry, ministry of justice, or department of justice, is a ministry or other government agency in charge of the administration of justice. The ministry or department is often headed by a minister of justice (minister for justice in a ...
replacing
Park Sang-ki, by President Moon. He quoted General
Yi Sun-sin
Yi Sun-sin (; ; April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598) was a Korean admiral and military general known for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin War in the Joseon period. Yi's courtesy name was Yŏhae (여해), and he was po ...
and promised political reform.
On 9 September, Cho was officially appointed Minister of Justice. Cho subsequently resigned on 14 October, just 35 days after taking office due to a prosecution probe into various allegations surrounding his family.
Political positions
Cho is often regarded as
liberal,
or a
left-wing politician.
Regarding the abolition of the
death penalty
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The sentence ordering that an offender be punished in s ...
, he said, "I understood the national sentiment, but it should be replaced with
life imprisonment
Life imprisonment is any sentence (law), sentence of imprisonment under which the convicted individual is to remain incarcerated for the rest of their natural life (or until pardoned or commuted to a fixed term). Crimes that result in life impr ...
." He also mentioned that people should not argue with the criminality of
abortion
Abortion is the early termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. Abortions that occur without intervention are known as miscarriages or "spontaneous abortions", and occur in roughly 30–40% of all pregnan ...
.
For issues related to the
Korean Confederation of Trade Unions
The Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU), literally translated as National Confederation of Democratic Trade Unions, also known as Minju-nochong (; an acronym for "KCTU" in Korean), is a national trade union centre in South Korea officia ...
(KCTU), Cho announced that the government is not only for KCTU and impossible to satisfy their demands.
Cho also claims that the government should induce major companies to lower their salary, to enforce equality between workers in major businesses and workers in smaller businesses.
Cho called the declaration of
martial law
Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties ...
by President
Yoon Suk Yeol
Yoon Suk Yeol (; born 18 December 1960) is a South Korean politician and former prosecutor who served as the 13th president of South Korea from 2022 until Impeachment of Yoon Suk Yeol, he was removed from office in 2025. The shortest-serving ...
on 3 December 2024 "illegal" and said it met conditions for the impeachment of Yoon and
Kim Yong-hyun, the
minister of national defense
A ministry of defence or defense (see spelling differences), also known as a department of defence or defense, is the part of a government responsible for matters of defence and military forces, found in states where the government is divided ...
.
Controversies
Plagiarism
Cho was frequently accused of
plagiarism
Plagiarism is the representation of another person's language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions as one's own original work.From the 1995 ''Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary'': use or close ...
.
In July 2013, Song Pyung-in of
The Dong-A Ilbo and a conservative commentator
Byun Hee-jae had mentioned that Cho plagiarized several theses written by Japanese scholars during his studies at
Seoul National University
Seoul National University (SNU; ) is a public university, public research university in Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the SKY (universities), SKY universities and a part of the Flagship Korean National Universities.
The university's main c ...
in 1989. He replied that he underwent some problems with citations, although "unsure because it was long time ago", but then he apologized for it.
On 26 June 2015, Seoul National University answered for the issue: some issues were found, which are not too serious. A few months after the incident, both commentators claimed again that Cho's plagiarism continued at
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California), is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after t ...
in 1997. In response, Professor
John Yoo
John Choon Yoo (; born July 10, 1967) is a South Korean-born American legal scholar and former government official who serves as the Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley. Yoo became known for his legal opi ...
said that no rechecking is required. Berkeley also mentioned that there was no proof for the accusations.
Tax delinquencies
Cho faced another criticisms regarding tax delinquencies related to the Ungdong Institute.
It was reported that he and his family did not pay legal costs for 3 years.
He accepted that this was true, and made all necessary payments.
Allegations of illicit business activities
In 2017, it was revealed that Cho Kuk and his family invested a total of approximately , with a contract to invest an additional approximately into a
private equity fund
A private equity fund (abbreviated as PE fund) is a collective investment scheme used for making investments in various equity (and to a lesser extent debt) securities according to one of the investment strategies associated with private equity.
...
, CO-LINK. CO-LINK invested in a Korean company that is contracted in a multi-billion dollar computer network project in South Korea.
On 27 August 2019, a search warrant was carried out by the prosecutor's office on suspect sites. On 29 August, the former wife of Cho's younger brother Cho Kwon, Cho Eun-hyang, who is listed as the owner or CEO of many of Cho Kuk's family businesses and properties, was denied boarding on an international flight out of
Gimhae International Airport
Gimhae International Airport is located on the western end of Busan, South Korea. Opened in 1976, the airport is named after the nearby city of Gimhae. A new international terminal opened on October 31, 2007. Gimhae International Airport i ...
.
Despite two full days of news reports, she claimed she was not aware of the flight ban placed on her.
Furthermore, three other business associates of Cho Kuk's family, including a Cho Kuk relative, had already left the country before the ban was officially placed on them.
Kim Gyung-yul and his team of accountants and economic analysts of
People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy came to a conclusion that this is a crime involving political power.
On 31 October 2019, Cho Kuk's younger brother, Cho Kwon, was arrested on charges of embezzlement and bribery. These charges were later dropped.
Falsification of academic achievements of Cho Min
A scandals came from his pending
nomination
Nomination is part of the process of selecting a candidate for either election to a public office, or the bestowing of an honor or award. A collection of nominees narrowed from the full list of candidates is a short list.
Political office
In ...
as the Minister of Justice, mainly concerning Cho Kuk's falsification of academic achievements of his daughter,
Cho Min.
Cho Min, and her parents Cho Kuk and Chung Kyung-sim, have been accused of falsifying her academic achievements to gain admission into prestigious universities and the medical school. Falsified academic achievements include her research in
genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.Hartl D, Jones E (2005) It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to organisms' evolution. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian Augustinians, Augustinian ...
and
pathology
Pathology is the study of disease. The word ''pathology'' also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in the context of modern medical treatme ...
, one which has since been retracted for violation of ethical guidelines. A senior association of medical experts in South Korea condemned the paper as one of the most serious cases of academic misconduct in South Korean history and compared it to the
Hwang Woo-suk scandal.
On 31 December 2019, Cho was indicted on 12 charges over his role in his children's college admissions, including for bribery and corruption, but was not detained. In January 2020, Cho was removed from his teaching position at Seoul National University. In February 2023, Cho was sentenced to two years prison for falsely submitting documents attesting that his son had completed an
internship
An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time. Once confined to medical graduates, internship is used to practice for a wide range of placements in businesses, non-profit organizations and g ...
and forging his daughter's academic credentials. In June 2023, Seoul National University expelled him from their faculty of law.
On 12 December 2024, Cho's conviction was upheld by the
Supreme Court of Korea
The Supreme Court of Korea () is the highest ordinary court in the judicial branch of South Korea, seated in Seocho, Seoul. Established under Chapter 5 of the Constitution of South Korea, the court has ultimate and comprehensive jurisdictio ...
, paving the way for his losing his seat in the National Assembly and his eligibility to run in presidential elections until 2029. Cho reported to prison on 16 December, after he successfully requested prosecutors to allow him to address official duties and the succession of Rebuilding Korea's leadership.
Arrest of Chung Kyung-sim
On 10 September 2019, shortly after Cho Kuk's nomination hearing, his wife, Chung Kyung-sim, was officially indicted for forgery of a document by the prosecutor's office. When asked what should happen should his wife face charges, Cho replied that she should be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law. He did not add that he would withdraw or resign from the nomination.
On 24 October Chung Kyung-sim was charged on 15 counts, including obstruction of business,
insider trading
Insider trading is the trading of a public company's stock or other securities (such as bonds or stock options) based on material, nonpublic information about the company. In various countries, some kinds of trading based on insider informati ...
, embezzlement, and
withholding evidence. On 23 December 2020, she was found guilty on 11 charges, and sentenced to four years in prison and a total of (equivalent to around $500,000 US) in fines and "unlawful gains". The embezzlement charges were dismissed. The sentence was upheld by the supreme court on 27 January 2022.
Bibliography
* ''Sex-biased Criminal Codes'' (1 March 2001)
* ''For the Freedom of Conscience and Ideology'' (30 August 2001)
* ''Prostitution'' (1 February 2004)
* ''Hearsay Rule of Illegally Acquired Evidences'' (20 March 2005)
* ''Plea-bargaining – Introduction Planning and Studies'' (2006)
* ''Introspecting Liberals'' (24 March 2008)
* ''Hymn of Bonobo (How to survive as human in jungle-capitalist Korea?)'' (11 May 2009)
* ''We're Telling You, South Korea – Our Homelands'' (3 January 2011)
* ''Why am I studying law?'' (15 June 2014)
* ''Criminal Law for Self-control'' (25 December 2014)
Notes
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cho, Kuk
1965 births
Living people
South Korean criminals
Justice ministers of South Korea
South Korean politicians convicted of crimes
People from Busan
People from Seo District, Busan
Seoul National University School of Law alumni
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
Academic staff of the University of Ulsan
Academic staff of Dongguk University
Academic staff of Seoul National University
South Korean legal scholars
Scholars of criminal law
Expelled legislators