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Chen Changhao (; 18 September 1906 – 30 July 1967) was a member of the 28 Bolsheviks盛岳(盛忠亮):《莫斯科中山大学和中国革命》,东方出版社2004年版。余笃三:《在"国际列宁学校培训班学生审查委员会1930年4月5日对余笃三清洗会议"上的回答和反驳》,余笃三档案,原苏中央档案馆,1930年。孙耀文:《风雨五载:莫斯科中山大学始末》,中央编译出版社1996年版。曹仲彬、戴茂林:《莫斯科中山大学与王明》,中共党史出版社1988年版。江泽民(克明)《回忆在莫斯科中山大学时期》,载《革命史资料》第17辑,
Chinese Literature and History Press __NOTOC__ The Chinese Literature and History Press. is the publishing house of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. It is based in Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the ...
. 1987年版.
and an important military figure of
Zhang Guotao Zhang Guotao (November 26, 1897 – December 3, 1979), or Chang Kuo-tao, was a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and rival to Mao Zedong. During the 1920s he studied in the Soviet Union and became a key contact with the Comi ...
's 4th Red Army徐向前:《历史的回顾》,解放军出版社1987年版。 from Hanyang,
Wuhan Wuhan (, ; ; ) is the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China. It is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China, with a population of over eleven million, the ninth-most populous Chinese city a ...
. Chen had also been known as Cangmu.陳昌浩
,中國經濟網


Biography

Chen had a childhood education that engraved his solid foundation in Sinology. In 1926, he was able to enroll into the Central China Normal University and in 1927 transferred to the
Wuhan University Wuhan University (WHU; ) is a public research university in Wuhan, Hubei. The university is sponsored by the Ministry of Education. Wuhan university was founded as one of the four elite universities in the early republican period of China and i ...
. In the same year, he joined the
Communist Youth League of China The Communist Youth League of China (CYLC), also known as the Young Communist League of China or simply the Communist Youth League (CYL), is a youth movement of the People's Republic of China for youth between the ages of 14 and 28, run by th ...
and following the White Terror in 1927, he enrolled himself to the
Moscow Sun Yat-sen University Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, officially the Sun Yat-sen Communist University of the Toilers of China, was a Comintern school, which operated from 1925–1930 in the city of Moscow, Russia, then the Soviet Union. It was a training camp for ...
in December. During his stay in Moscow, he became close associates with Wang Ming,
Bo Gu Qin Bangxian or Ch'in Pang-hsien (), better known as Bo Gu (; Wade-Giles: ''Po Ku''; May 14, 1907 – April 8, 1946) was a senior leader of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks. Early life and education Qin was born in ...
and others would later form the 28 Bolsheviks. Together with
Shen Zemin Shen Zemin (; Jun 23, 1900 – November 20, 1933) was one of the earliest members of the Communist Party of China (CPC), elected to the 6th Central Committee of the CPC in 1931. He was the younger brother of the prominent novelist Mao Dun (Shen ...
and Shen Demin, he returned to China on 14 November 1930,张秋实:《解密档案中的瞿秋白》,东方出版社2011年版。张明:《在莫斯科共产主义劳动大学学习期间的一些情况》 ,载《党史资料丛刊》第1辑,上海人民出版社1980。 disclosing
Comintern The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet Union, Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to ...
's October letter to Wang Ming.戴茂林、曹仲彬:《王明传》,中共党史出版社2008 年版。 By the end of 1930, Chen and Wang among others joined the
Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Ci ...
.中央局:《关于陈昌浩等六个同志问题决议》,1930年12月1日。 In the 1931 Fourth Plenary Session of the Chinese Communist Party, he was an ardent supporter of Wang Ming.张金保:《张金保回忆录》,湖南人民出版社1985年版。徐向前:《历史的回顾》,解放军出版社1985年版,第313页。 In November, he was appointed as the Political Commissar of The Red Fourth Army. Chen took part in a purge of the Red Fourth Army where more than 2,500 officers and men were executed for "counter-revolutionary" activities.徐向前:《历史的回顾》,解放军出版社1984年版。 In November 1931, during the battle of Huang-an, Chen took part in a flight mission over the Nationalist Army on a captured Corsair trainer plane, threw hand grenades' at enemy force below; it's known as the first air operation in the history of Chinese communist force. On 12 October 1932, Chen and Zhang's Red Fourth Army was forced to leave the
Anhui Anhui , (; formerly romanized as Anhwei) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the East China region. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River ...
and
Hunan Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi ...
Soviets due to a series of military defeats. Consequently, they set up the
Shaanxi Shaanxi (alternatively Shensi, see § Name) is a landlocked province of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), Ning ...
/
Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of th ...
Soviet. Chen was elected to be an alternate member of the Central Committee in January 1934. Chen supported Wang Ming and
Bo Gu Qin Bangxian or Ch'in Pang-hsien (), better known as Bo Gu (; Wade-Giles: ''Po Ku''; May 14, 1907 – April 8, 1946) was a senior leader of the Chinese Communist Party and a member of the 28 Bolsheviks. Early life and education Qin was born in ...
in purging key founders of the Red Forth Army, such as
Xu Jishen Xu Jishen () (March 10, 1901-November 1931) was a member of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. He was born in Lu'an, Anhui Province. In 1919, he participated in the May Fourth Movement. In 1920, he went to Anqing. In April 1921, he ...
,
Zhou Weijiong Zhou Weijiong (; 1908–1931) was a member of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. He was born in Shangcheng County, Henan Province (his birthplace is now part of Jinzhai County, Anhui Province). On May 6, 1929, he was made commander of ...
and others. In 1935, Chen was tasked to lead the Red Fourth Army on the Long March, and was to rendezvous in July at
Xiaojin County Xiaojin County (), also known as Tsanlha from its Tibetan name (), is a county in the northwest of Sichuan Province, China. It is the southernmost county-level division of the Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. History Prior to 18th ce ...
,
Sichuan Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of th ...
. At the rendezvous with
Mao Zedong Mao Zedong pronounced ; also Romanization of Chinese, romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the List of national founde ...
Red First Army, the Fourth Army had far superior personnel numbers in the scale of eight to one. He entered the Politburo for a short period of time in August, but under the orders of
Zhang Guotao Zhang Guotao (November 26, 1897 – December 3, 1979), or Chang Kuo-tao, was a founding member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and rival to Mao Zedong. During the 1920s he studied in the Soviet Union and became a key contact with the Comi ...
to divert away from the route of the march, he led the Red Fourth Army and the Red Thirteenth Army Southwards. Due to setbacks in the
Xikang Xikang (also Sikang or Hsikang) was a nominal province formed by the Republic of China in 1939 on the initiative of prominent Sichuan warlord Liu Wenhui and continued by the early People's Republic of China. Thei idea was to form a single unif ...
region, Chen and Zhang went into conflict with each other. In July 1936, Chen urged Zhang to pursue a northern route, influenced by
Zhu De Zhu De (; ; also Chu Teh; 1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976) was a Chinese general, military strategist, politician and revolutionary in the Chinese Communist Party. Born into poverty in 1886 in Sichuan, he was adopted by a wealthy uncle at ...
, Liu Bocheng and Xu Xiangqian, and by October Chen's force rendezvoused with the main CCP force in Huining, Gansu. After the failure to implement the "Ningxia Plan", Chen was appointed as Chairman of the Military Committee of the West Army,郭建波:《碧血黄沙 白骨青山——关于红西路军问题的历史考察》2012年。 to lead an attempt with Xu Xiangqian to open a passage to the USSR. However, after a 4-month battle against the Ma Clique in the
Hexi Corridor The Hexi Corridor (, Xiao'erjing: حْسِ ظِوْلاْ, IPA: ), also known as the Gansu Corridor, is an important historical region located in the modern western Gansu province of China. It refers to a narrow stretch of traversable and relat ...
and facing lack of reinforcements, the West Army was crushed. Chen was able to escape under the cover of wounded of the defeated West Army, and returned safely to
Yan'an Yan'an (; ), alternatively spelled as Yenan is a prefecture-level city in the Shaanbei region of Shaanxi province, China, bordering Shanxi to the east and Gansu to the west. It administers several counties, including Zhidan (formerly Bao'a ...
on 16 March 1937.黎汝请:《碧血黄沙 西路军苦战记》,北岳文艺出版社1995年版. Due to the start of the Second United Front, he returned to the
Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region Shaan–Gan–Ning or in postal romanization Shen–Kan–Ning () was a historical proto-state that was formed in 1937 by the Chinese Communist Party following the collapse of the Chinese Soviet Republic in agreement with the Kuomintang as a pa ...
in mid August 1937. He became an lecturer at the Central Party School of the Communist Party of China and Counter-Japanese Military and Political University following his return to the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region. He made a successful request to be sent to USSR for "medical treatment" in August 1939. He was involved in the Battle of Moscow against Hitler's forces in 1941 and contributed to the city's rebuilding. From 1943 to 1952, Chen translated and edited works such as ''The Collected Works of Lenin ''and ''The Russo-Chinese Dictionary'' which became the de facto textbook for all Chinese students who were studying the Russian language. In 1952 Chen returned to mainland China and was appointed deputy dean of the Central Institute of Marxism-Leninism. In 1953 he became the vice director of the
Compilation and Translation Bureau The Central Compilation and Translation Bureau () is an organ under the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party established in 1953. Its primary responsibility, according to official sources, is to "research key Marxist works" and translat ...
. Following persecution during the Cultural Revolution, he committed suicide through poison in July 1967. His status was only politically rehabilitated on 21 August 1980.


Family

* First wife: Liu Xiuzhen and had two sons Chen Zuze, Chen Zutao * Second wife: Zhang Qinqiu, Red Army commander, also committed suicide in 1968 * Third wife: Grania (Russian, divorced in 1960) with one son Chen Zumo * Fourth wife: Meng Li (married in July 1965)


References

{{Authority control 1906 births 1967 deaths Suicides during the Cultural Revolution Politicians from Wuhan National Wuhan University alumni Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni Central China Normal University alumni People of the Republic of China Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hubei People's Republic of China politicians from Hubei Chinese politicians who committed suicide