Ch (digraph)

Ch is a digraph in the Latin script. It is treated as a letter of its own in the Chamorro, Old Spanish, Czech, Slovak, Igbo, Uzbek, Quechua, Ladino, Guarani, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Ukrainian Latynka, and Belarusian Łacinka alphabets. Formerly ch was also considered a separate letter for collation purposes in Modern Spanish, Vietnamese, and sometimes in Polish; now the digraph ch in these languages continues to be used, but it is considered as a sequence of letters and sorted as such.

History

The digraph was first used in Latin during the 2nd century BC to transliterate the sound of the Greek letter chi in words borrowed from that language. In classical times, Greeks pronounced this as an aspirated voiceless velar plosive . In post-classical Greek ( Koine and Modern) this sound developed into a fricative . Since neither sound was found in native Latin words (with some exceptions like '' pulcher'' 'beautiful', where the original sound might have been influenced by or ), in Late Latin the pronunciation occurred.

In Old French, a language that had no or and represented by ''c'', ''k'', or ''qu'', ''ch'' began to be used to represent the voiceless palatal plosive , which came from in some positions and later became and then . Now the digraph ''ch'' is used for all the aforementioned sounds, as shown below. The Old French usage of ''ch'' was also a model of several other digraphs for palatals or postalveolars: lh (digraph), nh (digraph), sh (digraph).

Use by language

Balto-Slavic languages

In Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet, ''ch'' represents the voiceless velar fricative . ''Ch'' is used in the Lithuanian language to represent the "soft h" , in word choras �xɔrɐs̪"choir". This digraph is not considered a single letter in the Lithuanian alphabet. This digraph is used only in loanwords. "Ch" represents in Upper Sorbian.

Czech

In Czech, the letter ''ch'' is a digraph consisting of the sequence of Latin alphabet graphemes C and H, however it is a single phoneme (pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative ) and represents a single entity in Czech collation order, inserted between '' H'' and '' I''. In capitalized form, ''Ch'' is used at the beginning of a sentence (''Chechtal se.'' "He giggled."), while ''CH'' or ''Ch'' can be used for standalone letter in lists etc. and only fully capitalized ''CH'' is used when the letter is a part of an abbreviation (e.g. '' CHKO Beskydy'') and in all-uppercase texts.

In the Czech alphabet, the digraph ''Ch'' is handled as a letter equal to other letters. In Czech dictionaries, indexes, and other alphabetical lists, it has its own section, following that of words (including names) beginning with ''H'' and preceding that of words that begin with ''I''. Thus, the word ''chemie'' will not be found in the ''C'' section of a Czech dictionary, nor the name ''Chalupa'' in the ''C'' section of the phonebook. The alphabetical order ''h'' ''ch'' is observed also when the combination ''ch'' occurs in median or final position: ''Praha'' precedes ''Prachatice'', ''hod'' precedes ''hoch''.

Polish

''Ch'' had been used in the Polish language to represent the "unvoiced h" as it is pronounced in the Polish word chleb "bread", and the ''h'' to represent "voiced h", where it is distinct, as it is pronounced in the Polish word hak "hook". Between World War I and World War II, the Polish intelligentsia used to emphasize the "voiced h" to aid themselves in proper spelling. In most present-day Polish dialects, however, ''ch'' and ''h'' are uniformly merged as . In a handful of words (in particular, before a voiced obstruent other than ''rz'' or ''w'' – e.g. ''niechże''), ''ch'' itself becomes voiced, though this is usually realised as rather than .

Slovak

In Slovak, ''ch'' represents , and more specifically in voiced position. At the beginning of a sentence it is used in two different variants: ''CH'' or ''Ch''. It can be followed by a consonant (''chladný'' "cold"), a vowel (''chémia'' "chemistry") or diphthong (''chiazmus'' "chiasmus").

Only a few Slovak words treat ''CH'' as two separate letters, e.g., ''viachlasný'' (e.g. "multivocal" performance), from ''viac'' ("multi") and ''hlas'' ("voice").

In the Slovak alphabet, it comes between ''H'' and ''I''.

Celtic languages

In Goidelic languages, ''ch'' represents the voiceless velar fricative . In Irish, ''ch'' stands for when broad and (or between vowels) when slender. Word-initially it represents the lenition of . Examples: broad in ''chara'' "friend" (lenited), ''loch'' "lake, loch", ''boichte'' "poorer"; slender in ''Chéadaoin'' "Wednesday" (lenited), ''deich'' "ten".

Breton has evolved a modified form of this digraph, ''c'h'' for representing , as opposed to ''ch'', which stands for . In Welsh ''ch'' represents the voiceless uvular fricative . The digraph counts as a separate letter in the Welsh alphabet, positioned after ''c'' and before ''d''; so, for example, ''chwilen'' 'beetle' comes after ''cymryd'' 'take' in Welsh dictionaries; similarly, ''Tachwedd'' 'November' comes after ''taclus'' 'tidy'.

Chamorro

''Ch'' is the fifth letter of the Chamorro language and its sound is .
The Chamorro Language has three different dialects - the Guamanian dialect, the Northern Mariana Islands dialect, and the Rotanese dialect. With the minor difference in dialect, the Guamanians have a different orthography from the other two dialects. In Guamanian orthography, both letters tend to get capitalized (e.g.: ''CHamoru''). The Northern Mariana Islands' & Rotanese orthography enforces the standard capitalization rule (e.g.: ''Chamorro'').

Germanic languages

In several Germanic languages, including German and romanized Yiddish, ''ch'' represents the voiceless velar fricative . In Rheinische Dokumenta, ''ch'' represents , as opposed to ''ch'', which stands for .

Dutch

Dutch ''ch'' was originally voiceless, while ''g'' was voiced. In the northern Netherlands, both ''ch'' and ''g'' are voiceless, while in the southern Netherlands and Flanders the voiceless/voiced distinction is upheld. The voiceless fricative is pronounced or �in the north and �in the south, while the voiced fricative is pronounced �in the north (i.e. the northern parts of the area that still has this distinction) and �in the south. This difference of pronunciation is called 'hard and soft g'.

In some words of non-native origin, ''ch'' is pronounced as �(northern dialects in the Netherlands) or �(Flemish dialects in Belgium), e.g. cheque �ɛk~ʃɛk(''check, voucher''), ''chips'' �ɪps~ʃips(''potato chips, crisps''), ''China'' ɕi.na~'ʃi.na(''China'').

English

In English, ''ch'' is most commonly pronounced as , as in ''chalk'', ''cheese'', ''cherry'', ''church'', ''much'', etc. When it represents word-medially or word-finally, it usually follows a consonant (''belch'', ''lunch'', ''torch'', etc.) or two vowels (''beach'', ''speech'', ''touch'', etc.). Elsewhere, this sound is usually spelled ''tch'', with a few exceptions (''attach'', ''sandwich'', ''lychee'', etc.).

If a segment of a word originates from Greek or Italian, ''Ch'' can also be pronounced as , likely stemming from the letter chi. This includes Greek-derivative words—like ''Achaia'', ''ache'', ''Achilles'', ''anarchy'', ''anchor'', ''archipelago'', ''architect'', ''Chalkidiki'', ''chaos'', ''character'', ''chemistry'', ''Chersonesus'', ''chlorine'', ''Chloride'', ''choir'', ''Christ'', ''Christina'' (''Kristina''), ''Christiana'', ''Christmas'' (''Xmas''), ''echo'', ''mechanics'', ''orchestra'', ''psychiatry'', ''psychology'', ''school'', ''stomach'', Italian-derivative words—like ''chiaroscuro'', ''scherzo'' and ''zucchini'', Romanian-derivative words—like ''Bucharest'', ''Wallachia'', ''Chișinău'' (formerly ''Kishinev''), Slavic-derivative words—like ''becherovka'', ''Chod'', ''Czech'', ''Czechia'', ''Czechoslovakia'', ''Lachia'' and ''Podlachia'', German-derivative words—like ''Aachen'', ''Buchenwald'', ''Cham'', ''Chemnitz'', ''Munich'', ''Zurich'' — and Hebrew-derivative words—like ''Jericho''.

In some English words of French origin, "ch" represents , as in ''charade'', ''machine'', ''chivalry'', ''nonchalant'' and ''Chicago''. Due to hypercorrection, this pronunciation also occurs in a few loanwords from other sources, like machete (from Spanish) and pistachio (from Italian).

In certain dialects of British English ''ch'' is often pronounced in two words: ''sandwich'' and ''spinach'', and also in place names, such as Greenwich and Norwich.

In words of Scots origin it may be pronounced as (or ), as in ''loch'' and '' clachan''. In words of Hebrew or Yiddish origin it may be pronounced as (or ).

The digraph can also be silent, as in '' Crichton'', '' currach'', '' drachm'', ''yacht'' and traditionally in ''schism''.

German

In German, ''ch'' normally represents two allophones: the voiceless velar fricative (or the voiceless uvular fricative ) following ''a'', ''o'' or ''u'' (called '' Ach-Laut''), and the voiceless palatal fricative following any other vowel or a consonant (called ''Ich-Laut''). A similar allophonic variation is thought to have existed in Old English.

The sequence "chs" is normally pronounced , as in ''sechs'' (six) and ''Fuchs'' (fox).

An initial "ch" (which only appears in loaned and dialectical words) may be pronounced (common in southern varieties), (common in western varieties) or (common in northern and western varieties). It is always pronounced when followed by ''l'' or ''r'', as in ''Chlor'' (chlorine) or ''Christus'' (Christ).

Swedish

In Swedish, ''ch'' represents /ɧ/ and /ɕ/ in loanwords such as ''choklad'' and ''check''. These sounds come from former �and ʃ respectively. In the conjunction ''och'' (and), ''ch'' is pronounced or silent.

Hungarian

The digraph ''ch'' is not considered part of the Hungarian alphabet, but it has historically been used for ʃ as in English and Spanish, and this use has been preserved in family names: Széchenyi, Madách. It is also retained in family names of German origin, where it is pronounced Aulich. The digraph is also used in some loan words, such as ''technika'' or ''jacht'' where it is pronounced

Romance languages

In Catalan ''ch'' represents final sound. In the past it was widely used, but nowadays it is only present in some surnames (e.g. , ). In medieval Catalan it was occasionally used to represent sound.

In native French words, ''ch'' represents as in ''chanson'' (song). In most words of Greek origin, it represents as in ''archéologie'', ''chœur'', ''chirographier''; but ''chimie'', ''chirurgie'', and ''chimère'' have , as does ''anarchiste''.

In Italian and Romanian, ''ch'' represents the voiceless velar plosive before -e and -i.

In Romansh ''ch'' represents before front vowels and before back vowels.

In Occitan, ''ch'' represents , but in some dialects it is .

In Portuguese, ''ch'' represents , with some few speakers in northeastern mainland Portugal retaining the archaic (constrating with for ''x'', homophonic elsewhere).

Spanish

''Ch'' is pronounced as a voiceless postalveolar affricate in both Castillian and American Spanish, or a voiceless postalveolar fricative in Andalusian.

''Ch'' is traditionally considered a distinct letter of the Spanish alphabet, called ''che''. In the 2010 Orthography of the Spanish Language, ''Ch'' is no longer considered a letter of its own but rather a digraph consisting of two letters.

Until 1994 ''ch'' was treated as a single letter in Spanish collation order, inserted between C and D; in this way, ''mancha'' was after ''manco'' and before ''manda''. However, an April 1994 vote in the 10th Congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies adopted the standard international collation rules, so ''ch'' is now considered a sequence of two distinct characters, and dictionaries now place words starting with ''ch-'' between those starting with ''ce-'' and ''ci-'', as there are no words that start with ''cf-'' or ''cg-'' in Spanish.Association of Spanish Language Academies
, official website Similarly, ''mancha'' now precedes ''manco'' in alphabetical order.

Other languages

''Ch'' was used in the Massachusett orthography developed by John Eliot to represent a sound similar to and in the modern orthography in use by some Wampanoag tribes for the same sound. In both systems, the digraph ''ch'' is considered a single letter.

In the Ossetic Latin alphabet, ''ch'' was used to write the sound [].

In Palauan language, Palauan, ''ch'' represents a glottal stop .

''Ch'' represents [] in Uyghur Latin Yéziqi, Uyghur Latin script.

''Ch'' represents in the Uzbek alphabet. It is considered a separate letter, and is the 28th letter of the alphabet.

In Vietnamese, ''ch'' represents the voiceless palatal plosive in the initial position. In the final position, the pronunciation is .

In Xhosa and Zulu, ''ch'' represents the voiceless aspirated velar dental click .

In Obolo, ''ch'' represents a []. It is considered a single letter since 'c' and 'h' do not exist independently in the Obolo alphabet.

Use in romanization

In Mandarin Chinese ''ch'' is used in Pinyin to represent an aspirated voiceless retroflex affricate .

In Japanese, ''ch'' is used in Hepburn to represent the chi sound (ち).

In Korean, ''ch'' is used in Revised Romanization of Korean to represent ㅊ (chieut).

In Marathi, an Indian language, ''ch'' is used to represent voiceless alveo-palatal affricate /tɕ/ and voiceless denti-alveolar affricate /ts/ in romanization from the Devanagari script.

Alternate representations

International Morse code provides a unitary code for ''Ch'' used in several non-English languages, namely ''— — — —''.

In the Czech extension to Braille the letter ''Ch'' is represented as the dot pattern ⠻. English literary braille also has a single cell dedicated to (dots 1–6), which stands for "child" in isolation, but this is considered a single-cell contraction rather than a separate letter.

In English Braille, the "ch" digraph, when pronounced as , is represented by a single cell:

In computing, ''Ch'' is represented as a List (computing), sequence of '' C'' and '' H'', not as a single Character (computing), character; only the historical KOI-8 ČS2 encoding contained ''Ch'' as a single character.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ch (Digraph)
Latin-script digraphs