Caridad Mercader

Eustacia María Caridad del Río Hernández (29 March 1892 – 1975), better known as Caridad del Río, Caridad Mercader or Caritat Mercader, was a Spanish communist militant and an agent of the Soviet NKVD. She is also known for being the mother of Ramón Mercader, the assassin of Leon Trotsky, and for having personally participated in the operation.

Caridad Mercader belonged to a wealthy family from Barcelona of Indiano origin (term applied to a Spaniard who emigrated to the Americas who later returned to Spain enriched) in the early 20th century. She married Pablo Mercader, a member of Barcelona's industrial upper class, from whom she took the name (Spanish women do not normally take their husbands' surnames), and with whom she had five children. After the end of her marriage to Pablo Mercader, she moved away from her family and permanently turned her back on the social class they represented. This decision was motivated in part by an episode of forced institutionalization during which she was subjected to electroshock therapy and her former husband's attempts to change her state of "sexual apathy" through visits to local brothels. Mercader began to frequent anarchist circles and soon embraced communist ideology. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, she participated in the fights against the military uprising in Barcelona and joined the groups that left for Aragon, where she suffered severe injuries during an aerial attack.

Mercader achieved some notoriety as a member of the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (''Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya'', PSUC). In 1936 she led a propaganda mission to Mexico and later became an agent of the NKVD in Spain. Her son Ramón, also a member of the PSUC and an officer in the Spanish Republican Army, was also recruited by Soviet espionage during the war, likely with the involvement of his mother. Under orders from Josef Stalin, as part of Operation Utka (Operation Duck), Ramon Mercader was enlisted and trained to assassinate Leon Trotsky, who was in exile in Mexico. Caridad, who had settled in Paris some time in 1937, also participated in the operation. When Ramón was arrested after murdering Trotsky, Caridad managed to leave Mexico and escape to the Soviet Union, where she was received with honors, awarded the Order of Lenin. The Hero of the Soviet Union was reserved for Ramon upon his release from a Mexican prison. In the Soviet Union, Caridad actively participated in conflicts between the different factions of exiled Spanish communists, including with Dolores Ibárruri, ''La Pasionaria''.

Caridad found conditions in the Soviet Union disappointing and never adapted to life there. She bitterly told her son Luis and confidante that they had fought for "Utopia" but were living in "Hell". She expressed that she felt deluded and that she had turned her son Ramon into a murderer, her son Luis into a hostage, and her other two children into ruins. She felt their only recompense had been "''cuatro porquerias''" (four pieces of trash), referring to the medals. In 1944, with some difficulty, Caridad obtained a permit to leave the Soviet Union. Violating the agreed conditions that she settle in Cuba, she traveled to Mexico, with the aim of achieving the release of her son Ramón. Unknown to Caridad, at Stalin's direction, the Soviets were running an undercover operation to stage the prison escape of Ramón Mercader. The awkward intervention of Caridad Mercader was counterproductive, causing the Mexican authorities to toughen Ramón's prison conditions and the Soviets to abandon their operation. Ramón was left in prison to serve out the remaining 16 years of his 20-year sentence. Ramón, who according to his brother Luis never shared his mother's passion for the communist cause, blamed his mother for botching his release and never forgave her interference.

After the failure of Operation Utka, Caridad settled in Paris, where her daughter Montserrat and son Jorge lived with their families, enjoying a Soviet pension. Disillusioned with communist reality, she nevertheless stubbornly continued to be a communist, worshiping Stalin and believing in his doctrine. She occasionally traveled to the Soviet Union to visit her sons, Luis, as well as Ramón, who had settled there after serving his sentence in Mexico. Caridad Mercader died in the French capital in 1975. The Soviet embassy in Paris took care of the funeral and burial.

Early years

Eustacia María Caridad del Río Hernández was born in Santiago de Cuba in 1892 into a wealthy family. Her father, Ramón del Río, was originally from the Spanish province of Santander, but when the family decided to return to Spain, a few years before Cuban independence, they settled in Barcelona, where they became part of the city's social elite. Caridad had at least two brothers. Although Caridad later claimed that her father had been governor of Santiago as well as the first planter to free his slaves on the Antillean island, none of this is true. Nor, contrary to what Caridad asserted, had her mother sympathized with the Cuban independence movement.

Caridad studied at the Catholic school of the Sacred Heart of Sarriá, also spending time in the centers that the congregation had in Paris and London. As a result, she spoke French and English perfectly. Apparently, during her adolescence she felt the call of a religious vocation, although she did not choose it.

When Caridad was barely 16 years old, on June 13, 1908, the Barcelona press announced the engagement of Caridad del Río to Pablo Mercader Marina, seven years older than her and a member of a prosperous family in the textile business. Pablo's father, Narciso Mercader Sacanella, had started his business with a factory in Badalona, expanding it with several more factories in Barcelona. The engagement was a bond that united two wealthy families of the Barcelona bourgeoisie. Both of the fiancés were equestrians. Caridad herself later stated that she fell in love with Pablo Mercader for his mastery as a rider. On January 7, 1911, the wedding took place. Mercader had an affable character, politically aligning himself with conservative Catalan nationalism and having been a member of the somatén. At that time, Caridad "was a beautiful teenager with a round face and pleasant features with a sweet look ..in her green eyes that were always her most distinctive feature." The couple settled on Illas i Vidal street, in the upper-class neighborhood of Sant Gervasi de Cassoles. The young wife adopted her husband's surname and would thereafter be known as Caridad, or Caritat, Mercader. The couple had five children: Jorge (b. 1911), Ramón (b. 1913), Montserrat (b. 1914 ), Pablo (b. 1915) and Luis (b. 1923). Shortly after Pablo's birth, Jorge fell ill with poliomyelitis and suffered paralysis of both legs.

Breakup of the marriage and move to France

The marriage was unhappy, beginning to fail after the first years of living together. According to his wife, Pablo Mercader, ostensibly a devoted family man in private, showed some unconventional sexual proclivities. As their son Luis described in the documentary
Asaltar los cielos
', Caridad had told him that her husband took her to brothels to incite her to new sexual experiences. There, he forced her to observe through peepholes hidden in room partitions the sexual encounters between the prostitutes and their clients. These episodes created in Caridad a deep contempt for her husband, as well as for her social class.

Until this point in time, Caridad had lived according to the conventions of her social circle. At the beginning of the 1920s, however, she began to display an attitude that clashed with bourgeois customs. According to the journalist and writer Gregorio Luri—who recounts what was reported by Isaac Don Levine and included testimonies from Enrique Castro Delgado and Pablo Mercader, Caridad's first husband—Caridad began taking painting classes with the Valencian artist , in whose studio she was able to establish contact with intellectuals and bohemians. Thus began her personal transformation and, little by little, Caridad began to frequent unconventional circles and use morphine. According to her son Ramón, Caridad was secretly addicted to opiates for many years. At the height of "Pistolerismo" (hired assassins that targeted proletariat groups) in Barcelona, Caridad frequented anarchist circles, even going so far as to provide them with information with which to attack the business interests of the Mercader. Since her brother, José del Río, was a municipal judge and knew which magistrates were in charge of a specific case, Caridad informed the anarchists of the identity of the judges who were handling each trial for terrorist acts against their comrades. These in turn used the information to threaten the magistrates and obtain the freedom of the accused. The decline of the couple's economic position began around this time, which also influenced Caridad's metamorphosis. When the Mercader family patriarch died in 1921, his first-born son, Juan, the primogenitor (or in Catalonia), was left in charge of the family businesses. However, Juan Mercader's administration was ruinous, the business collapsed, and he finally fled with his family to Argentina. The rest of the Mercader family was left in a precarious economic position, and the Mercader-Del Río couple had to move to a more modest apartment on Ancha Street, in the Gothic Quarter, next to the Basilica of La Merced. According to the journalist and researcher , Caridad had to start teaching classes to contribute to the support of the family economy and it was that—and not her relationship with Borrás and Abella's studio—that made her begin to interact very differently from those of her social class. Pablo Mercader worked as an accountant, primarily for small publishing companies.

Another factor contributing to the end of her marriage was the relationship that Caridad began with the French aviator . The identity of the aviator was postulated in 2013 by Gregorio Luri. Delrieu, who regularly piloted on the Latécoère line between Casablanca and Toulouse, had to make an emergency landing near Alicante, in 1919. Coincidentally, Caridad was staying at a family property in the area. Louis and Caridad met and fell in love: "He was young, elegant and chivalrous, and he embodied the mythical aura of heroism that surrounded the pioneers of aviation." They became lovers, although it is not known exactly when. Delrieu was the godfather of Caridad's youngest son, Luis, who was born in 1923. It was even rumored that Delrieu was Luis's real father. An anti-Stalinist writer like Julián Gorkin attributed Caridad's personal and ideological turn to her relationship with this aviator: "She had relations with an aviator pilot, a communist militant, who infected her with his fanaticism." However, according to Luis, his godfather, whom he did not identify by name, had been a member of the Croix-de-feu, a French fascist organization, founded in 1927.

All of these scandals led the Del Río and Mercader families to take drastic measures. According to Caridad's account, her involvement in anarchist attacks had been discovered, and she was facing the possibility of being imprisoned. One night in 1923, nurses from the Nueva Belén de Sant Gervasi Asylum, accompanied by Caridad's brothers, entered her house, put a straitjacket on her, and admitted her. Her husband and brothers considered it preferable for her to be believed insane rather than for her to end up in prison. At the asylum she was held incommunicado for 3 months, subjected to extremely aggressive treatment, with frequent cold showers and electroshock treatment. "I really thought I would go crazy there," Caridad later confessed to her son Luis. She never forgave her family for this traumatic experience. From then on, she considered herself free from any commitment to her family or social class.

Eventually, she managed to be released from the psychiatric institution. Caridad told her son Luis that it was her anarchist friends who, after finding out where she was, sent her husband and her brothers death threats if they did not let her leave the mental institution, to which they finally agreed.

Upon release, Caridad decided to radically change her life and cut off all relations with her family. Sometime between 1924 and 1925 she took her five children and went with Delrieu to the French town of Dax, in Les Landes. There she lived happily with her lover until 1928, when she decided to end the relationship.

Shortly after moving to Toulouse, where she ran a restaurant, Caridad attempted suicide. Upon being notified, Caridad's still-legal husband, Pablo Mercader, traveled to the French city and took charge of Montserrat, Pablo and Luis, the three youngest children. The four returned to Barcelona, where the three children were educated in religious boarding schools, mainly due to Pablo Mercader's modest economic situation. Jorge and Ramón stayed in Toulouse, where they studied hospitality at a trade school, the first to become a chef and the second to be a maître de hotel.

Upon recovery, Caridad went to live in Paris, where she joined a group within the French Socialist Party, specifically the French Section of the Workers' International (French: ''Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière'', SFIO) of the 15th district. This group, far to the left of the party, was led by Marceau Pivert, who in 1935 would form a faction in the SFIO (''Gauche Révolutionnaire''), which would later split and adopt Trotskyism. There is a photo from 1928 in which Caridad Mercader appears on a country excursion with several followers of the SFIO, among whom were Pivert himself and his daughter Jacqueline. Some accounts postulate that it was at this time that Caridad came in contact with Soviet espionage. Gorkin claims it was as early as 1928, according to the testimony of "a former cultural attaché at the Soviet embassy in Paris." At this time, she may also have met Leonid Eitingon