''Candelariella'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow

crustose Crustose is a habit of some types of algae and lichens in which the organism grows tightly appressed to a substrate, forming a biological layer. ''Crustose'' adheres very closely to the substrates at all points. ''Crustose'' is found on rocks a ...

squamulose A squamulose lichen is a lichen that is composed of small, often overlapping "scales" called squamules. If they are raised from the substrate and appear leafy, the lichen may appear to be a foliose lichen, but the underside does not have a "skin ...

lichens in the family

Candelariaceae ''Candelariaceae'' is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Candelariales. It contains seven genera and about 73 species. The family was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist Rainar Hakulinen in 1954 to contain the type genus In bio ...

. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens,Name Search Results for Scientific Name Candelariella, USDA
/ref> goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every po ...

in 1894 by Swiss lichenologist

Johannes Müller Argoviensis Johann Müller (9 May 1828 - 28 January 1896) was a Swiss botanist who was a specialist in lichens. He published under the name Johannes Müller Argoviensis to distinguish himself from other naturalists with similar names. Biography Müller w ...

, with ''

Candelariella vitellina ''Candelariella vitellina'' is a common and widespread green-yellow to orange-yellow crustose areolate lichen that grows on rock, wood, and bark, all over the world.Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 2, Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., ...

'' assigned as the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...

Characteristics

The key feature of ''Candelariella'' species are the distinct yellow

apothecia An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are mo ...

. Although all species are very small, even the smallest can be identified by the lemon-yellow to orange-yellow discs. Most species have a yellow thallus, although ''

Candelariella antennaria ''Candelariella antennaria'', or the pussytoes eggyolk lichen, is a lichen commonly distributed in North America, and has been observed in South America, Asia, Australia, and Europe.Westberg, Martin & Clerc, Philippe. (March 2012)Five species of ...

'' is one example with a grey

thallus Thallus (plural: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or " twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms ...

. Some species are pycnidiate. This genus will generally have all spot tests emerge as negative, although K tests may have an orange or reddish colour on some species' apothecia. Spore count between species varies from 8 to 32 simply or thinly

septate In biology, a septum (Latin for ''something that encloses''; plural septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones. A cavity or structure divided in this way may be referred to as septate. Examples Human anatomy * Interatr ...

spores. Spores often hold one to two oil drops.

Habitat and distribution

''Candelariella'' species are found across the globe, although most commonly described in North America, Asia, and Australia. Species can be found on

calcareous Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines. In zoology ''Calcareous'' is used as an a ...

and non-calcareous rock, soil, tree bark, mosses, and other lichens. While some species may grow only on rock, and others only on trees, the more generalist species can be found in a variety of locations.

Ecology

As of 2016, 16

lichenicolous fungi A lichenicolous fungus is a parasitic fungus that only lives on lichen as the host. A lichenicolous fungus is not the same as the fungus that is the component of the lichen, which is known as a lichenized fungus. They are most commonly specific ...

have been documented parasitising species of the genus ''Candellariella''. These are: ''

Tremella candelariellae ''Tremella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All ''Tremella'' species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed a ...

'', ''

Polysporina subfuscescens ''Polysporina'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Acarosporaceae The Acarosporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Acarosporales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, and are mostly lichenized with green algae ...

'', ''

Sarcogyne sphaeospora ''Sarcogyne'' is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Acarosporaceae. It was circumscribed by German botanist Julius von Flotow in 1850. A proposal has been put forth in 2021 to assign '' Sarcogyne clavus'' as the type species In zoologica ...

'', ''

Arthonia almquistii ''Arthonia'' is a genus of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae. It was circumscribed by Swedish botanist Erik Acharius in 1806. It is a genus of thin crustose lichen of widely varying forms, commonly called comma lichens.Field Guide to Californ ...

'', ''

Caloplaca grimmiae ''Caloplaca'' is a lichen genus comprising a number of distinct species. Members of the genus are commonly called firedot lichen, jewel lichen.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, gold lichens, "ora ...

'', '' Carbonea vitellinaria'', ''

Trichonectria furcatosetosa ''Trichonectria'' is a genus of fungi in the class Sordariomycetes. It consists of 15 species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is o ...

'', ''

Lichenochora arctica ''Lichenochora'' is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae. It has 44 species. All species in the genus are lichenicolous, meaning they grow parasitically on lichens. The genus was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 1989, with '' Lichen ...

'', '' Sarcopyrenia cylindrospora'', ''

Zwackhiomyces lecanorae ''Zwackhiomyces'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Xanthopyreniaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Martin Grube and Josef Hafellner in 1990, with '' Zwackhiomyces coepulonus'' assigned as the type species. The genus name of ''Zw ...

'', ''

Phoma candelariellae ''Phoma candelariellae'' is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-eating) fungus in the family Didymellaceae. It is found in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey and in Ukraine, where it grows parasitically on the apothecia (fruiting structures) o ...

'', '' Henfellra muriformis'', ''

Ascochyta candelariellicola ''Ascochyta'' is a genus of Ascomycota, ascomycete fungus, fungi, containing several species that are plant pathogen, pathogenic to plants, particularly cereal crops. The taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of this genus is still incomplete. The genus ...

'', '' Taeniolella delicata'', ''

Intralichen christiansenii ''Intralichen'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi of uncertain classification in the class Ascomycota. It has four species. The genus was circumscribed by David Leslie Hawksworth and Mariette S. Cole in 2002, with '' Intralichen christiansenii' ...

'', and ''

Intralichen lichenicola ''Intralichen'' is a genus of lichenicolous fungi of uncertain classification in the class Ascomycota. It has four species. The genus was circumscribed by David Leslie Hawksworth and Mariette S. Cole in 2002, with ''Intralichen christiansenii'' ...

''.

Species

Candelariella aggregata - Flickr - pellaea

*''

Candelariella aggregata ''Candelariella aggregata'' is a species of lichen in the family Candelariaceae. It is found in western North America, Mongolia, and Switzerland where it grows on mosses and plant debris. Taxonomy The lichen was species description, formally de ...

'' *''

Candelariella arctica ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

'' *''

Candelariella aurella ''Candelariella aurella'', the hidden goldspeck lichen or eggyolk lichen, is a yellow crustose lichen in the family Candelariaceae. It is commonly found on calcareous rock or wood or bark exposed to sunlight and which may have calcareous dust in ...

'' *''

Candelariella australiensis ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

'' – Australia *'' Candelariella biatorina'' *''

Candelariella blastidiata ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

'' *'' Candelariella boikoi'' *'' Candelariella boleana'' – Europe *''

Candelariella borealis ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

'' – North America *''

Candelariella californica ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was ...

'' *''

Candelariella clarkiae ''Candelariella clarkiae'' is a rare species of crustose lichen in the family Candelariaceae. It was discovered in Colorado, USA, and formally described as a new species in 2015 by lichenologists Erin Tripp and James Lendemer. It was origina ...

'' *'' Candelariella commutata'' *''

Candelariella complanata ''Candelariella complanata'' is a species of squamulose (scaley) and saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Candelariaceae. Found in southwestern North America, it was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Swedish lichenologis ...

'' *''

Candelariella coralliza ''Candelariella coralliza'' is a species of fungus belonging to the family Candelariaceae. Synonym: * ''Lecanora coralliza'' Nyl., 1875 (= basionym In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a ne ...

'' *'' Candelariella corallizoides'' *''

Candelariella corviniscalensis ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

'' *''

Candelariella deppeanae ''Candelariella deppeanae'' is a species of lichen in the family Candelariaceae. Found in southwestern North America, it was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Swedish lichenologist Martin Westberg. The type specimen was collected i ...

'' *''

Candelariella efflorescens ''Candelariella efflorescens'', commonly known as the powdery goldfleck lichen, is a species of lichen in the family Candelariaceae. Found in North America, it was formally described as a new species in 1978 by Richard C. Harris and William R. ...

'' *'' Candelariella flavosorediata'' –

Réunion Réunion (; french: La Réunion, ; previously ''Île Bourbon''; rcf, label= Reunionese Creole, La Rényon) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas department and region of France. It is located approximately east of the island ...

*'' Candelariella flavovirella'' *''

Candelariella granuliformis ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

'' *''

Candelariella hakulinenii ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was cir ...

'' *''

Candelariella immarginata ''Candelariella immarginata'' is a species of parasitic, saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Candelariaceae. Found in the United States, it was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Swedish lichenologist Martin Westberg. ...

'' *'' Candelariella lichenicola'' *''

Candelariella makarevichiae ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

'' *''

Candelariella medians ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

'' *'' Candelariella reflexa'' *''

Candelariella rosulans ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was cir ...

'' *'' Candelariella rubrisoli'' *'' Candelariella superdistans'' *'' Candelariella vainioana'' *''

'' *'' Candelariella xanthostigma'' *''

Candelariella xanthostigmoides ''Candelariella'' is a genus of bright yellow, ocher, or greenish yellow crustose or squamulose lichens in the family Candelariaceae. Members of the genus are commonly called eggyolk lichens, goldspeck lichens, or yolk lichens. The genus was c ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q5031656 Lichen genera Taxa named by Johannes Müller Argoviensis Taxa described in 1894