Canadair CL-44
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The Canadair CL-44 was a Canadian
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airliner An airliner is a type of airplane for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. The modern and most common variant of the airliner is a long, tube shaped, and jet powered aircraft. The largest ...
and cargo
aircraft An aircraft ( aircraft) is a vehicle that is able to flight, fly by gaining support from the Atmosphere of Earth, air. It counters the force of gravity by using either Buoyancy, static lift or the Lift (force), dynamic lift of an airfoil, or, i ...
based on the
Bristol Britannia The Bristol Type 175 Britannia is a retired United Kingdom, British flight length, medium-to-long-range airliner built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1952 to meet British civilian aviation needs. During development two prototypes were lo ...
that was developed and produced by
Canadair Canadair Ltd. was a Canadian civil and military aircraft manufacturer that operated from 1944 to 1986. In 1986, its assets were acquired by Bombardier Aerospace, the aviation division of Canadian transport conglomerate Bombardier Inc. Canadai ...
in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Although innovative, only a small number of the aircraft were produced for the
Royal Canadian Air Force The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; ) is the air and space force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower". The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Can ...
(RCAF) (as the CC-106 Yukon), and for commercial operators worldwide. The aircraft is named after the Canadian territory of
Yukon Yukon () is a Provinces and territories of Canada, territory of Canada, bordering British Columbia to the south, the Northwest Territories to the east, the Beaufort Sea to the north, and the U.S. state of Alaska to the west. It is Canada’s we ...
.


Design and development

In the 1950s,
Canadair Canadair Ltd. was a Canadian civil and military aircraft manufacturer that operated from 1944 to 1986. In 1986, its assets were acquired by Bombardier Aerospace, the aviation division of Canadian transport conglomerate Bombardier Inc. Canadai ...
acquired a licence to build the
Bristol Britannia The Bristol Type 175 Britannia is a retired United Kingdom, British flight length, medium-to-long-range airliner built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company in 1952 to meet British civilian aviation needs. During development two prototypes were lo ...
airliner. Their first use of it was to build the heavily modified Canadair CL-28 Argus patrol aircraft (RCAF designation CP-107) that combined the Britannia's wings and tail sections with a new fuselage and engines. The resulting aircraft had lower speed and service ceiling, but it had two bomb bays and greatly extended loiter times. The RCAF required a replacement for its C-54GM
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, itself an extensive redesign of the
Douglas C-54 Skymaster The Douglas C-54 Skymaster is a four-engined transport aircraft used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II and the Korean War. Like the Douglas C-47 Skytrain derived from the DC-3, the C-54 Skymaster was derived from a civilia ...
. Among many changes, the proposed new aircraft was powered by
Merlin The Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) is an interferometer array of radio telescopes spread across England. The array is run from Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire by the University of Manchester on behalf of UK Re ...
engines. Canadair began work on a long range transport primarily intended to provide personnel and logistics support for Canadian Forces in Europe. In January 1957 Canadair received a contract for eight aircraft, later increased to 12. The RCAF designation for the new design was CC-106 Yukon, while the company's civilian variant was known as the ''CL-44-6''. In company parlance the CL-44 was simply "the Forty-Four." The RCAF specified the CL-44 to be equipped with Bristol Orion engines. When the British Ministry of Supply canceled the Orion program, the RCAF revised the specifications to substitute the Rolls-Royce Tyne 11. The CL-44
fuselage The fuselage (; from the French language, French ''fuselé'' "spindle-shaped") is an aircraft's main body section. It holds Aircrew, crew, passengers, or cargo. In single-engine aircraft, it will usually contain an Aircraft engine, engine as wel ...
was lengthened, making it 12 ft 4 in (3.75 m) longer than the Britannia 300 with two large cargo doors added on the port side on some aircraft, while the cabin was pressurised to maintain a cabin altitude of 2,400 m at 9,000 m (30,000 ft). The design used modified CL-28 wings and controls. The Yukon could accommodate 134 passengers and a crew of nine. In the casualty evacuation role, it could take 80 patients and a crew of 11. The rollout of the Yukon was a near-disaster because the prototype could not be pushed out of the hangar since the vertical fin could not clear the hangar doors. The first flight took place 15 November 1959 at Cartierville Airport. During test flights many problems were encountered, from complete electrical failure to engines shaking loose and almost falling off. Rolls-Royce had problems delivering engines, resulting in the sarcastically-named "Yukon gliders" being parked outside Canadair as late as 1961.


Operational history

Initially, the CL-44-6 was produced for the RCAF as the CC-106 Yukon. Once initial problems were resolved, in RCAF service the Yukon performed well and in December 1961, a Yukon set a world record for its class when it flew 6,750 mi (10,860 km) from Tokyo to RCAF Station Trenton, Ontario, in 17 hours, three minutes at an average speed of 400 mph (640 km/h). Later, a Yukon set a new record staying airborne for 23 hours and 51 minutes. These records were unbroken until bettered by the Boeing 747SP in 1975. By the time of their retirement, Yukons had flown 65 million miles, 1.5 billion passenger miles and 360 million ton-miles. The CL-44D4 was briefly considered for purchase by the
United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Air force, air service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is one of the six United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Tracing its ori ...
in the 1960s but the project was never culminated due to political backlash in Canada and the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
. The USAF purchase of the CL-44 was complicated by two factors. It came in the aftermath of the cancellation of the
Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow was a delta-winged interceptor aircraft designed and built by Avro Canada. The CF-105 held the promise of Mach 2 speeds at altitudes exceeding and was intended to serve as the Royal Canadian Air Force's (R ...
and involved a "swap deal" wherein 100
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fighters were obtained in return for a contract for 232 CL-44-D4 transports for the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The political controversy that resulted led to problems for a Quebec-based company receiving a contract so soon after an Ontario-based company had lost a major contract. The USAF also quickly found that buying a foreign aircraft was not easy when American companies wanted the business and they relinquished the contract to Canadair, awarding an order to Boeing for the
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. On the
cargo aircraft A cargo aircraft (also known as freight aircraft, freighter, airlifter or cargo jet) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is designed or converted for the carriage of cargo rather than passengers. Such aircraft generally feature one or more large door ...
variant CL-44D4 the entire tail section hinged. It could be opened using
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s to load large items quickly. An inflatable seal at the hinge-break enabled cabin pressure to be maintained, and eight hydraulic-operated locks assured structural integrity. The tail could be opened from controls within the tail in 90 seconds. The flight controls at the joint were maintained by a system of push pads. The CL-44D4 was the first large aircraft to be able to "swing" its tail, although some small naval aircraft had this feature to ease storage. These, however, required
rigging Rigging comprises the system of ropes, cables and chains, which support and control a sailing ship or sail boat's masts and sails. ''Standing rigging'' is the fixed rigging that supports masts including shrouds and stays. ''Running rigg ...
before flight. There were only four original customers who bought and operated the CL-44D4. Loftleiðir was the only passenger operator of the CL-44J, variant of CL-44D4 stretched on request by Canadair. It was the largest passenger aircraft flying over the Atlantic Ocean at that time. Loftleiðir marketed the CL-44J under the name "Rolls-Royce 400 PropJet". This led to the confusion that the CL-44J is sometimes referred to as the Canadair-400. Loftleiðir Icelandic Airlines merged with
Air Iceland An atmosphere () is a layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosphere ...
in 1973 and became today's
Icelandair Icelandair is the flag carrier of Iceland. Linked from here It is part of the Icelandair Group and operates to destinations on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean from its main airline hub, hub at Keflavík International Airport. Its smaller dom ...
. The CC-106 Yukons retired in March 1971 and were replaced by the CC-137 (
Boeing 707 The Boeing 707 is an early American long-range Narrow-body aircraft, narrow-body airliner, the first jetliner developed and produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Developed from the Boeing 367-80 prototype, the initial first flew on Decembe ...
). The Yukons might have served longer with the Canadian Forces Air Transport Command but for two factors: the need for an aircraft which could operate as an in-flight refueling tanker, and the chronic shortage and high cost of spares, the latter resulting because the CL-44 had never gone into large-scale production. All Yukons were sold to South American and African operators as they could not be registered in North America or Europe since the FAA refused to certify the original windshields which came from the Bristol Britannia because they did not meet flight crew vision standards. The General Dynamics CV880/990 windshields were compatible enough to be adopted into the flight deck structure, but the cost was prohibitive. The CC-106 had the original Bristol Britannia windshield and, on its retirement from RCAF operations, the cost of conversion was estimated at $250,000.00 per unit, cost alone precluding its use in North America and Europe. In 1974, a special exclusion was granted for the CC-106 (Cargo) for civil operations in Canada.


Variants

;CL-44-6 :Version built for the
Royal Canadian Air Force The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; ) is the air and space force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower". The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Can ...
as the CC-106 Yukon, 12 built ;CL-44D4-1 :Civil, commercial
cargo aircraft A cargo aircraft (also known as freight aircraft, freighter, airlifter or cargo jet) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is designed or converted for the carriage of cargo rather than passengers. Such aircraft generally feature one or more large door ...
, civil prototype and production aircraft for
Seaboard World Airlines Seaboard World Airlines was an international all-cargo airline based in the United States. Originally an irregular air carrier, the airline was certificated as the first US transatlantic scheduled cargo airline in 1955 by the Civil Aeronautics ...
, eight built. ;CL-44D4-2 :Civil, commercial
cargo aircraft A cargo aircraft (also known as freight aircraft, freighter, airlifter or cargo jet) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is designed or converted for the carriage of cargo rather than passengers. Such aircraft generally feature one or more large door ...
originally built for Flying Tiger Line, 13 built. ;CL-44D4-6 :Civil, commercial
cargo aircraft A cargo aircraft (also known as freight aircraft, freighter, airlifter or cargo jet) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is designed or converted for the carriage of cargo rather than passengers. Such aircraft generally feature one or more large door ...
originally built for Slick Airways, four built. ;CL-44D4-8 :Civil aircraft for
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Loftleidir, two built ''(civil passenger version)'' ;CL-44J :Four CL-44D4 aircraft stretched by Canadair on request of Icelandic Airlines ''Loftleiðir'', with a section, 10 ft 1 in (3.07 m) forward of the wing, and another section of 5 ft 1 in (1.55 m) aft of the wing. This enabled the installation of 29 extra seats, bringing the capacity to 189 passengers. The
maximum take-off weight The maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) or maximum gross takeoff weight (MGTOW) or maximum takeoff mass (MTOM) of an aircraft An aircraft ( aircraft) is a vehicle that is able to flight, fly by gaining support from the Atmosphere of Earth, air. I ...
stayed the same since the extra weight was compensated by removing the center wing tanks. Therefore, it can be said that the stretch was a trade of capacity for range. ; CL-44-O :Also known as the Skymonster and CL-44 Guppy. The CL-44-O was a single CL-44D4-2 (c/n 16) converted by Conroy Aircraft, who removed the fuselage shell above the floorline, and rebuilt an enlarged fuselage to make it into a Guppy-type aircraft. It was intended to transport
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engine pods to the United States for Lockheed's L-1011 TriStar.


Operators


Civilian operators

Four original customers who bought and operated the CL-44D4 were: Seaboard World Airlines, The Flying Tiger Line, Slick Airways and the Icelandic Airlines Loftleiðir. All other operators operated second-hand aircraft. ♠ original operators ; * Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense * Aerotransportes Entre Ríos ; * HeavyLift Cargo Airlines was one of the operators of the CL-44 Guppy. ; * Young Cargo ; * Beaver Enterprises (dealer purchased CC-106s from the RCAF) ; * Aerocondor Colombia (bought one CL-44-6 in 1974) * AeroNorte Colombia (now Líneas Aéreas Suramericanas) (bought one CL-44J in 1984) * Tampa Cargo * SAEP Colombia ; *
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(leased one CL-44D4-1 1978–1980) ; * AECA Carga operated CL-44D-4-1 * Andes Airlines ; *
TACA International Airlines Transportes Aéreos del Continente Americano, S.A. (Spanish language, Spanish for "Air Transport of the American Continent"), known and formerly branded as TACA International Airlines), and operating as Avianca El Salvador, is an airline owned ...
(one CL-44-6 leased in 1974) ; * Skymaster Freight Services ; * SOACO ; * Bayu Indonesian Air ; * '' Loftleiðir'' ♠ ; * Aer Turas ; * Trans Mediterranean Airways (leased) ; * United African Airlines later became Jamahiriya Air Transport ; *
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; *
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(one aircraft leased in 1980) ; * Aeronaves de Peru ; * Cargosur ; * Transvalair operated two aircraft. ; * BOAC operated a transatlantic cargo service (London-Manchester-New York) with an aircraft leased from Seaboard World Airlines from 1963 until 1965. * British Cargo Airlines * British Air Ferries * Redcoat Air Cargo * Transmeridian Air Cargo operated total eight CL-44 including ''Guppy'' aircraft. ; * Aeron International Airlines * Air Express International * Airlift International * Cargosur * The Flying Tiger Line *
Seaboard World Airlines Seaboard World Airlines was an international all-cargo airline based in the United States. Originally an irregular air carrier, the airline was certificated as the first US transatlantic scheduled cargo airline in 1955 by the Civil Aeronautics ...
Eastwood/Roach 1990, pp 79–81 * Slick Airways * Tradewinds Airlines * Wrangler Aviation ; * Aero Uruguay * Atlantida Linea Aérea Sudamericana (ALAS) ; * Societé Générale d'Alimentation (SGA) (three CL-44-6s from 1973) * Tramaco * Vic Air Cargo later Virunga Air Cargo


Military operators

; *
Royal Canadian Air Force The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF; ) is the air and space force of Canada. Its role is to "provide the Canadian Forces with relevant, responsive and effective airpower". The RCAF is one of three environmental commands within the unified Can ...
♠ ** No. 412 Squadron RCAF used two aircraft as VIP transports. ** No. 426 Squadron RCAF ** No. 436 Squadron RCAF ** No. 437 Squadron RCAF received 11 Yukons with two as aerial tankers. ** No. 4 (Transport) Operational Training Unit RCAF *
Canadian Forces The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; , FAC) are the unified Military, military forces of Canada, including sea, land, and air commands referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Air Force. Under the ''National Defenc ...


Accidents and incidents

The Canadair CL-44 suffered 21 hull loss incidents during its operational history including the following: * 21 March 1966: N453T, Flying Tiger Line, crashed upon landing at
NAS Norfolk Naval Station Norfolk is a United States Navy base in Norfolk, Virginia, that is the headquarters and home port of the U.S. Navy's Fleet Forces Command. The installation occupies about of waterfront space and of pier and wharf space of the Ha ...
, Virginia due to crew inexperience. * 24 December 1966: While trying to land in heavy fog on Da Nang International Airport, a Flying Tiger Line CL-44 crashed into the village of Binh Thai, killing all four crew on board and 107 people on the ground. * 2 December 1970: TF-LLG Cargolux Airlines S.A. crashed on approach to Dacca when controls lock system engaged. * 20 July 1972: LV-JYR, Aerotransportes Entre Rios – AER disappeared on a cargo flight from Carrasco International Airport,
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,
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to
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,
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, with the loss of five crew members. * 22 December 1974: G-AWSC, Tradewinds Airways, written off following damage in hard landing at Lusaka, Zambia * 2 September 1977: G-ATZH crashed into sea while attempting emergency landing after an engine fire spread to the wing after take off from Hong Kong
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, all four crew were killed. * 6 July 1978: G-BCWJ, Tradewinds Airways, written off after damage caused when main gear retracted after hard landing in
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, Kenya. * 4 November 1980: 5B-DAN,
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, damaged beyond repair in after an emergency landing at
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, Cyprus. * 18 July 1981: A
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interceptor collided with a Transporte Aéreo Rioplatense Canadair CL-44 that had mistakenly entered Soviet Airspace. All four occupants on board the airliner were killed whilst the Soviet Su-15 pilot ejected and survived; the aircraft was delivering arms from Israel to Iran. * 6 April 1986: HK-3148X of Lineas Aereas Suramericanas, Colombia crashed upon approach to Barranquilla, Colombia * 14 April 2000: 3C-ZPO was damaged beyond economic repair when ammunition caught fire while on ground in
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Surviving aircraft

One CC-106 is known to have been preserved. The fuselage of construction number 13, last registered as HC-AZH, has been converted into a nightclub in
Cuenca, Ecuador Cuenca, officially Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, is an Ecuadorian city, head of the Cuenca Canton, canton of the same name and capital of the Azuay Province, province of Azuay, as well as its largest and most populated city. It is crossed by t ...
. Additionally, the single CL-44-O Skymonster remains extant at
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in the United Kingdom. edit: Scrapped in the beginning of 2025


Specifications CL-44D-4


See also


References


Notes


Bibliography


"Canadair CL-44."
''Flight,'' December 1958. * Eastwood, Tony and John Roach. ''Turbo Prop Airliner Production List''. West Drayton, UK: Aviation Hobby Shop, 1990. . * Milberry, Larry. ''The Canadair North Star''. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1982. . * Oberg, James

New York: Random House, 1988. . * Pickler, Ron and Larry Milberry. ''Canadair: The First 50 Years''. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1995. .


External links


Information on all 39 CL-44s produced.

DND – Canada's Air Force – The Canadair CC-106 Yukon

Detailed listing of all CL-44 accidents


a 1958 ''Flight'' article archived at the Internet Archive {{DEFAULTSORT:Canadair Cc-106 Yukon CL-044 1950s Canadian cargo aircraft Four-engined tractor aircraft 1950s Canadian military transport aircraft Four-engined turboprop aircraft Low-wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1959 Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear