Calydiscoides Difficilis

''Calydiscoides'' is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogeneans, included in the family Diplectanidae.

The genus currently includes 16 species, which are all parasitic on the gills of marine fish of the family Lethrinidae and Nemipteridae. All species are from the Indo-Pacific Ocean.
The type-species of the genus is ''Calydiscoides australis'' Young, 1969.

Morphology

All species of ''Calydiscoides'' are small animals, ranging 0.5–1 mm in length.

As with most monogeneans, they are flat, with an anterior head bearing four oculi and head glands, a main elongate body and a posterior haptor. The digestive system includes an anterior muscular pharynx, and two lateral intestinal branches (or caeca); as in all Platyhelminthes, there is no anus. The haptor, in the posterior part of the body, is a specialized organ used to attach to the host. The haptor includes sclerotized elements, namely a ventral bar, two lateral (dorsal) bars, two ventral hooks, and two dorsal hooks, and fourteen hooklets. As in most diplectanids, the haptor bears characteristic, structures called squamodiscs (one ventral and one dorsal).

The squamodiscs of species of ''Calydiscoides'' are special: they are lamellodiscs, which are made up of concentric lamellae, not separate rodlets as in regular squamodiscs. The diameter of the lamellodiscs range 25–60 µm. When observed from its concentric axis (ventral or dorsal observation of the specimen, ‘polar’ view of the lamellodisc), the lamellodisc appears as concentric circles. Generally, central lamellae are circles, but peripheral lamellae may be circles or semicircles.

Adults are hermaphroditic. The reproductive organ include a single ovary and a single testis. As in all diplectanids, the ovary (or germarium) is anterior to the testis and loops around the right intestinal caecum.
Species of ''Calydiscoides'' are characterized by a sclerotized male copulatory organ, which is used in systematics to differentiate species.

Systematics

The characteristics of the lamellodisc, without paired elements, is the main character which differentiate ''Calydiscoides'' from other genera of the family Diplectanidae. Relationships of ''Calydiscoides'' Young, 1969 with ''Protolamellodiscus'' Oliver, 1969 are not clear; the two genera were described almost simultaneously, and it might be that they are synonym.

Hosts

Hosts of species of ''Calydiscoides'' are only members of the families Nemipteridae (Threadfin breams) and Lethrinidae (Emperors). These families are restricted to the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Lethrinids known to harbour ''Calydiscoides'' species include ''Lethrinus miniatus'', ''Lethrinus nebulosus'' and ''Lethrinus atkinsoni''; nemipterids include ''Nemipterus japonicus'', ''Scolopsis temporalis'', ''Scolopsis monogramma'', '' Scolopsis margaritifera'' and ''Pentapodus aureofasciatus''. In all cases, species of ''Calydiscoides'' were only found on the gills of the fish.

List of species

List according to the World Register of Marine Species

*''Calydiscoides australis'' Young, 1969
*''Calydiscoides conus'' Lim, 2003
*'' Calydiscoides cymbidioides'' Ding & Zhang, 1996
*'' Calydiscoides difficilis'' ( Yamaguti, 1953) Young, 1969 Yamaguti, S. 1953: Parasitic worms mainly from Celebes. Part 2. Monogenetic trematodes of fishes. Acta Medicinae Okayama, 8, 203-256 + 209 Pl
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*'' Calydiscoides duplicostatus'' ( Yamaguti, 1953) Young, 1969
*'' Calydiscoides euzeti'' Justine, 2007
*''Calydiscoides flexuosus'' ( Yamaguti, 1953) Young, 1969
*'' Calydiscoides gussevi'' Oliver, 1984

*''Calydiscoides japonicus'' (Pillai & Pillai, 1976) Thoney, 1989
*'' Calydiscoides kemamanensis'' Lim, 2003
*''Calydiscoides limae'' Justine & Brena, 2009
*'' Calydiscoides monogrammae'' Lim, 2003
*'' Calydiscoides nemipteris'' Thoney, 1989
*'' Calydiscoides rohdei'' Oliver, 1984
*''Calydiscoides scolopsidis'' Lim, 2003
*''Calydiscoides terpsichore'' Rascalou & Justine, 2007

References

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q18579589

Monopisthocotylea
Monogenea genera
Diplectanidae