The Calchaquí Valley () is an area in the northwestern region of

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

which crosses the

provinces A province is an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term ''provi ...

of Catamarca, Tucumán, Jujuy and

Salta Salta () is the capital and largest city in the Provinces of Argentina, Argentine province of Salta Province, the same name. With a population of 618,375 according to the 2010 census, it is also the List of cities in Argentina, 7th most-populous ...

. It is best known for its contrast of colors and its unique geography that ranges from the mountain desert to the subtropical forest.

Geography

The Calchaquí Valley is a

graben In geology, a graben () is a depression (geology), depressed block of the Crust (geology), crust of a planet or moon, bordered by parallel normal faults. Etymology ''Graben'' is a loan word from German language, German, meaning 'ditch' or 't ...

valley, oriented north–south, between the Sierra del Aconquija and Cumbres Calchaquíes (4177 m) ranges to the east and the Sierra de Quilmes (5468 m) to the west. These ranges are part of the

Sierras Pampeanas The Sierras Pampeanas (also called Central Sierras or Pampas Sierras) (English: Pampas Mountains) is a geographical region of Argentina. The Sierras Pampeanas are a chain of mountains that rise sharply from the surrounding pampa region of N ...

, a series of mountain ranges which extend north and south through Northwestern Argentina, east of the

Andes The Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the List of longest mountain chains on Earth, longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range ...

. There are a number of valleys and rivers within the Calchaquí Valley that have their own name, such as the ''Quebrada del Toro'' (Gorge of the Bull), ''Valle de Lerma'' (Lerma Valley) near

city, the Quebrada de Escoipe formed by the Escoipe River, the ''Valle Encantado'' at the feet of the Cuesta del Obispo, the ''Quebrada de las Conchas'' of the Conchas River near Cafayate, the valley of the , and the Calchaquí River itself. The headwaters of the Santa María River are in the Sierra de Quilmes, where it is named Colorado River. It joins the Calchaquí River to form the Conchas, which is a tributary of the Salado.

Ecology

Most of the Calchaquí Valley is part of the High Monte ecoregion, a semi-arid montane shrubland which lies between the eastern Sierras Pampeanas and the Andes. The eastward-facing slopes of the surrounding mountains intercept moisture-bearing winds from the east, which support the Southern Andean Yungas humid forests. The Central Andean puna subalpine and alpine grasslands cover the highest portions of the surrounding ranges.

History

Humans have inhabited the valleys for at least 8000 years. The Santamariano culture thrived in the valleys from approximately 1000 and 1480 AD. The period saw a growth in population and irrigated agriculture, with towns and villages on the main valley floor and along the western tributary streams. The

Ruins of Quilmes The Ruins of Quilmes is an archaeological site in the Calchaquí Valleys, Tucumán Province, Argentina. The site was the largest pre-Columbian settlement in the country, occupying about 30 hectares. The area dates back to 850 AD and was inhabited ...

in Tucumán Province may have housed about 5000 people at the settlement's peak. The valleys were conquered by the

Inca Empire The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...

between 1470 and 1480. The valleys were part of the empire's southeastern Qullasuyu province. The Inca extended their road network through the region, and built fortresses and mountaintop shrines. Food crops grown in the valleys included maize, ''

Chenopodium ''Chenopodium'' is a genus of numerous species of perennial or annual herbaceous flowering plants known as the goosefoot, which occur almost anywhere in the world. It is placed in the family Amaranthaceae in the APG II system; older classifica ...

'', tubers, beans, and

chili pepper Chili peppers, also spelled chile or chilli ( ), are varieties of fruit#Berries, berry-fruit plants from the genus ''Capsicum'', which are members of the nightshade family Solanaceae, cultivated for their pungency. They are used as a spice to ...

s (''Capsicum''). Manufacturing activities in the valley included copper and gold metallurgy, marine shell, mica, obsidian, stone beads, and ceramics. The Spanish conquered the Inca Empire in the 1530s, and by 1543 Inca control of the valleys had collapsed. The people of the region resisted

Spanish conquest The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976. In conjunction with the Portuguese Empire, it ushered in the European Age of Discovery. It ...

until 1650. Tribes of the area included the

Calchaquí The Calchaquí or Kalchakí were a tribe of South American Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indians of the Diaguita group, now extinct, who formerly occupied northern Argentina. Stone and other remains prove them to have reached a high degree ...

es, Tafí, and the Yokavil (Santa María).

Attractions

Among the most visited tourist attractions of the valley are Tafí del Valle, Cafayate, Molinos, San Carlos, Santa María and Cachi at the western end of the valley, as well as the Los Cardones National Park, and the Los Sosa Provincial Park in Tucumán. In several parts of the valley there are numerous vineyards, especially in the Cafayate area.

Quebrada de Cafayate Managed Nature Reserve

Quebrada de Cafayate, also known as Quebrada de las Conchas, is a steep-sided canyon where the Conchas River exits northwestwards through the mountains that form the eastern side of the valley. It is located near the town of Cafayate in Salta Province, and includes of the departments of La Viña, Guachipas and Cafayate. In 1995 the canyon was declared a managed nature reserve by decree No. 6806, with an area of 25,784 ha.UNEP-WCMC (2022). Protected Area Profile for Quebrada de Cafayate from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 25 April 2022

/ref> Located 90 km southwest of the city of Salta. This ravine is an area of great scenic beauty with very striking rock formations for their reddish colorations. The reserve protects the curious geological formations and high walls of unique landscape value, as well as an important paleontological site belonging to the period Cretaceous. The ravine is geologically relatively recent, produced by tectonic movements that took place in the last two million years. National Route 68, which connects the town of Cafayate with the city of Salta, runs through the reserve along the Conchas River. Along its route one can see landscapes of very varied colors and geoforms of great variety among which are the Garganta del Diablo and the amphitheater of reddish sedimentary rocks. In the past (when the past was humid) these formations were cascades of fresh water and that by the flow of concentrated water they were eroding the stone, which today astonish by its special configuration. Other geoforms that can be observed at the edge of the route are. The Amphitheater, The Friar, The Toad, Windows, Castles, etc. and about 7 km from Cafayate Los Médanos, deposit of fine calcareous aeolian sands. Due to its rich archeological and historical past, the reserve has numerous fossil remains. In the area near the Morales bridge, fossil frogs of the group of pípidos are found. There are layers of marine and continental limestones very rich in fossils and even in dinosaur footprints. Also, the so-called stromatolites are presented. In the Yesera, there is an important fossil fish deposit, evidence of a process that would have occurred some 15 million years ago: the last entry of the sea to the continent. In recent archaeological investigations it was discovered that a few meters away from the current route 68 the Inca road ran, adding archaeological relevance to the site. The creek and its surroundings one of the important areas for the conservation of birds in Argentina.

Gallery

File:Quebrada de las Flechas - Argentina.jpg,

Quebrada de las Flechas The Quebrada de Las Flechas is a geographical feature (specifically a ravine) located at of National Route 40 (the section that connects the towns of Cafayate and Cachi) in the San Carlos Department, Mendoza, San Carlos Department of the Salta P ...

File:Tour to the Quebrada de las Conchas.jpg, Quebrada de las conchas File:Vineyards near mountains.jpg, Vineyards in Cafayate File:Garganta del Diablo.jpg, Garganta del Diablo File:Cachi overview.jpg, Cachi overview File:Cachi Salta, Argentina.jpg, Surroundings of Cachi