Caesalpinioideae is a

botanical name A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar or cultivar group, Group epithets must conform t ...

at the rank of

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end botanical subfamily names with "-oideae", and zo ...

, placed in the large family

Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...

Leguminosae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...

. Its name is formed from the generic name ''

Caesalpinia ''Caesalpinia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It includes 10 species which range from southeastern Mexico through Central America to Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and to Cuba, Hispaniola, and the Bahamas. Taxonomy His ...

''. It is known also as the peacock flower subfamily. The Caesalpinioideae are mainly trees distributed in the moist

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

, but include such temperate species as the honeylocust (''

Gleditsia triacanthos The honey locust (''Gleditsia triacanthos''), also known as the thorny locust or thorny honeylocust, is a deciduous tree in the family Fabaceae, native to central North America where it is mostly found in the moist soil of river valleys. Honey ...

'') and Kentucky coffeetree (''

Gymnocladus dioicus The Kentucky coffeetree (''Gymnocladus dioicus''), also known as American coffee berry, Kentucky mahogany, nicker tree, and stump tree, is a tree in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae of the legume family Fabaceae, native to the Midwestern United Sta ...

''). It has the following clade-based definition:

The most inclusive crown clade containing ''
Arcoa gonavensis ''Arcoa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. ''Arcoa'' is monotypic, with the single species ''Arcoa gonavensis,''
'' Urb. and ''
Mimosa pudica ''Mimosa pudica'' (also called sensitive plant, sleepy grass, sleepy plant, action plant, humble plant, touch-me-not, touch-and-die, or shameplant) is a creeping annual or perennial flowering plant of the pea/legume family Fabaceae. It is often ...
'' L., but not '' Bobgunnia fistuloides'' (Harms) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema, '' Duparquetia orchidacea'' Baill., or '' Poeppigia procera'' C.Presl

In some classifications, for example the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a list of systems of plant taxonomy, taxonomic classification system of angiosperms, flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of ...

, the group is recognized at the rank of family, Caesalpiniaceae.

Characteristics

* Specialised

extrafloral nectaries Nectar is a viscous, sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists, ...

often present on the petiole and / or on the primary and secondary rachises, usually between pinnae or leaflet pairs *

Leaves A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, ...

commonly bipinnate *

Inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

s globose, spicate *

Aestivation Aestivation ( (summer); also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Aestivation is characterized by inactivity and a lowered m ...

valvate *

Anther The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...

s often with a stipitate or sessile apical gland *

Pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of seed plants for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced Gametophyte#Heterospory, microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm ...

commonly in tetrads, bitetrads or polyads *

Seed In botany, a seed is a plant structure containing an embryo and stored nutrients in a protective coat called a ''testa''. More generally, the term "seed" means anything that can be Sowing, sown, which may include seed and husk or tuber. Seeds ...

s usually with an open or closed pleurogram on both faces *

Root nodule Root nodules are found on the roots of plants, primarily legumes, that form a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria known ...

s variably present and indeterminate * 10

Stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...

s, aside from various core mimosoid genera bearing a few factors more

Taxonomy

* Caesalpinieae Clade * Cassieae Clade ** ''

Batesia ''Batesia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It contains a single species, ''Batesia floribunda'', a tree native to northern South America. It ranges from Colombia and Peru through northern, west-central, and north ...

'' Spruce ** '' Cassia'' L. ** ''

Chamaecrista ''Chamaecrista'' is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Members of the genus are commonly known as sensitive pea. Several species are capable of rapid plant movement. Unlike the related genera '' ...

'' Moench ** '' Melanoxylum'' Schott ** '' Recordoxylon'' Ducke ** '' Senna'' Mill. ** '' Vouacapoua'' Aubl. * ''Dimorphandra'' Group A ** '' Burkea'' Benth. ** '' Campsiandra'' Benth. ** '' Dimorphandra'' Schott ''

pro parte In taxonomy, the scientific classification of living organisms, a synonym is an alternative scientific name for the accepted scientific name of a taxon. The botanical and zoological codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. ...

'' ** '' Dinizia'' Ducke ** '' Mora'' Benth. ** '' Stachyothyrsus'' Harms * ''Dimorphandra'' Group B ** '' Dimorphandra'' Schott ''pro parte'' ** '' Diptychandra'' Tul. ** '' Erythrophleum'' Afzel. ex R.Br. ** '' Moldenhawera'' Schrad. ** '' Pachyelasma'' Harms ** '' Sympetalandra'' Stapf ** Mimosoid clade (~40 genera) * ''Peltophorum'' Clade ** '' Bussea'' Harms ** '' Colvillea'' Bojer ex Hook. ** '' Conzattia'' Rose ** '' Delonix'' Raf. ** '' Heteroflorum'' M. Sousa ** '' Lemuropisum'' H.Perrier ** ''

Parkinsonia ''Parkinsonia'' , also ''Cercidium'' , is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 12 species that are native to semi-desert regions of Africa and the Americas. The name of the genus honors Kingdom of England, ...

'' L. ** ''

Peltophorum ''Peltophorum'' is a genus of 5–15 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. The genus is native to certain tropical regions across the world, including northern South America, central and southern Africa, ...

'' (Vogel) Benth. ** '' Schizolobium'' Vogel * ''Tachigali'' Clade ** '' Arapatiella'' Rizzini & A.Mattos ** '' Jacqueshuberia'' Ducke ** '' Tachigali'' Aubl. (including ''Sclerolobium'') * ''Umtiza'' Clade ** '' Acrocarpus'' Wight & Arn. ** '' Arcoa'' Urb. ** '' Ceratonia'' L. ** ''

Gleditsia ''Gleditsia'' (honey locust) is a genus of trees in the family (biology), family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, native plant, native to the Americas and Asia. The Latin name commemorates Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, director of the Berlin ...

'' L. ** ''

Gymnocladus ''Gymnocladus'' (Neo-Latin, from Greek γυμνὀς, ''gymnos'', naked + κλάδος, ''klados'', branch) is a small genus of Fabaceae, leguminous trees. The common name coffeetree is used for this genus. It includes six species native to east ...

'' Lam. ** '' Tetrapterocarpon'' Humbert ** '' Umtiza'' Sim * Unassigned ** '' Pterogyne'' Tul.

Phylogenetics

Caesalpinioideae, as it was traditionally circumscribed, was

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

. Several

molecular phylogenies Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

in the early 2000s showed that the other two subfamilies of

Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...

(

Faboideae The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family. This subfamily is widely ...

and

Mimosoideae The Mimosoideae are a traditional subfamily of trees, herbs, lianas, and shrubs in the pea family (Fabaceae) that mostly grow in tropical and subtropical climates. They are typically characterized by having radially symmetric flowers, with petal ...

) were both nested within Caesalpinioideae. Consequently, the subfamilies of Fabaceae were reorganized to make them monophyletic. Caesalpinioideae, as currently defined, contains the following subclades:

References

* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q157156 Rosid subfamilies