CM chondrites are a group of

chondritic A chondrite is a stony (non-metallic) meteorite that has not been modified by either melting or differentiation of the parent body. They are formed when various types of dust and small grains in the early Solar System accreted to form primiti ...

meteorites which resemble their type specimen, the Mighei meteorite. The CM is the most commonly recovered group of the '

carbonaceous chondrite Carbonaceous chondrites or C chondrites are a class of chondritic meteorites comprising at least 8 known groups and many ungrouped meteorites. They include some of the most primitive known meteorites. The C chondrites represent only a small propo ...

' class of meteorites, though all are rarer in collections than ordinary chondrites.

Overview and Taxonomy

Meteorites mostly divide into Ordinary and 'Carbonaceous' chondrite classes; far fewer belong to lesser classes like Enstatites and Ureilites. The term 'chondrite' indicates that these contain (or may have contained) chondrules in a matrix. Chondrules are cooled droplets of minerals, predating the meteorites themselves. The term 'carbonaceous' was assigned relative to the ordinary chondrites; some Enstatite and Ureilite meteorites may have more carbon than C-chondrites. Still, all C-chondrites are distinguished from ordinary chondrites by a non-trace carbon content (resulting in a dark color), plus other

volatiles Volatility or volatile may refer to: Chemistry * Volatility (chemistry), a measuring tendency of a substance or liquid to vaporize easily ** Volatile organic compounds, organic or carbon compounds that can evaporate at normal temperature and pre ...

, giving a lower density. After the classes were devised, a more rigorous definition was found: C-chondrites contain proportionally higher magnesium than ordinary chondrites. The C-chondrites subdivide into CI, CM, CO, CV, CK, CR, and lesser groups (CH, CB, and ungrouped C-meteorites). Specimens are formed into groups by their petrological and chemical qualities, and the group named for a salient example. These include the CI (Ivuna-like), CM (Mighei-like), CO (

Ornans Ornans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2016 the former commune Bonnevaux-le-Prieuré was merged into Ornans. All three groups contain clearly anomalous ⁵⁰Ti and ⁵⁴Cr isotopes. Though the C-chondrites are far rarer than ordinary chondrites, the CM group is "the most abundant type of" them. The latest Catalogue of Meteorites (5th edition, 2000) gives 15 CM falls ( observed entries, then recoveries), and 146 finds (meteorites with entries unobserved, possibly ancient). By contrast, the next highest are the COs- 5 falls, 80 finds listed. These are in a class of 36 C-chondrite falls, 435 finds. If the CMs and COs are taken to be a clan, its dominance is even higher.

Petrologic types

C-chondrites in general, and CM chondrites among them, have low densities for meteorites. CMs are slightly more dense (~2.1 gram/cc) than the CIs, but less dense than CO and other C-chondrites. This is due to a combination of

breccia Breccia ( , ; ) is a rock composed of large angular broken fragments of minerals or Rock (geology), rocks cementation (geology), cemented together by a fine-grained matrix (geology), matrix. The word has its origins in the Italian language ...

tion (rock lithified from fragments of prior rocks) including porosities and inherently light constituent materials (see chemistry, below). (Rare unbrecciated CMs include Y-791198 and ALH81002.) Based primarily on petrology, early scientists attempted to quantify different meteorites.

Rose A rose is either a woody perennial plant, perennial flowering plant of the genus ''Rosa'' (), in the family Rosaceae (), or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred Rose species, species and Garden roses, tens of thousands of cultivar ...

("''kohlige meteorite''"), then Tschermak devised early taxonomies. In the 1904 scheme of Brezina, today's CM chondrites would be "K" ("coaly chondrites"). Wiik published the first recognizably modern system in 1956, dividing meteorites into Type I, II, and III. CMs fell within Wiik's Type II. The CM chondrites are essentially all Type 2 in the petrographic scale of Van Schmus and Wood 1967; by that time, CI and CM recoveries were enough to define the 'left' (aqueous alteration) end of the scale. (CI chondrites, the Van Schmus Wood Type 1, is equivalent to Wiik's Type I, etc.) The types 4 through 6 indicate increasing thermal alteration; Type 3 is assumed to be unaltered. Van Schmus, Wood 1967; Sears, Dodd 1988; Brearley, Jones 1998; Weisberg 2006 The modern groups 'V' and 'O' were named by Van Schmus in 1969 as divisions of Type 3, as 'subclass ' and ''. Wasson then added C2M in 1974; since then, C2Ms have generally been shortened to simply 'CM', as have the other groups. ''After Weisberg et al. 2006,'' ''Giese et al. 2019'' Note: lone CV2 specimen, Mundrabilla 012

Chondrules and similar

As Type 2 meteorites, CM chondrites have some remaining chondrules; others have been modified or dissolved by water. COs have more chondrules; CIs have either trace outlines of former chondrules ("pseudomorphs") or, some have argued, never contained any chondrules at all. Many CM chondrules are surrounded by either rims of accessory minerals, or haloes of water-altered chondrule material. The chondrules of CM chondrites, though fewer, are larger than in COs. While CM chondrules are smaller than average in diameter (~300 micrometer), CO chondrules are exceptionally small (~170 um). This may be a

survivor bias Survivorship bias or survival bias is the logical error of concentrating on entities that passed a selection process while overlooking those that did not. This can lead to incorrect conclusions because of incomplete data. Survivorship bias i ...

: consider that the water which dissolves CM chondrules successfully eliminates those which are already small, while those which were large may remain to be observed, though with less of the original material. Similarly, CMs contain minor CAIs (calcium–aluminium rich inclusions).

Matrix

The

matrix Matrix (: matrices or matrixes) or MATRIX may refer to: Science and mathematics * Matrix (mathematics), a rectangular array of numbers, symbols or expressions * Matrix (logic), part of a formula in prenex normal form * Matrix (biology), the m ...

of CMs (ground material, between chondrules) has been described as "sponge" or "spongy." Grains of

olivine The mineral olivine () is a magnesium iron Silicate minerals, silicate with the chemical formula . It is a type of Nesosilicates, nesosilicate or orthosilicate. The primary component of the Earth's upper mantle (Earth), upper mantle, it is a com ...

and

pyroxene The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks. Pyroxenes have the general formula , where X represents ions of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron ( ...

silicates, too, are fewer in CM meteorites than COs, but more than CIs. As with chondrules, these are water-susceptible, and follow the water progression of the petrographic scale. So, too, do grains of free metal. CO meteorites contain higher levels of free metal domains, where CIs have mostly oxidized theirs; CMs are in between. Both free metal, and grains of olivine/pyroxene, have been largely or predominantly altered to matrix materials. A CM meteorite will consist of more matrix than a CO, but less than a CI (which are essentially all matrix, per Van Schmus & Wood 1967). In 1860, Wohler presciently or coincidentally identified matrix as

serpentinite Serpentinite is a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of serpentine group minerals formed by serpentinization of mafic or ultramafic rocks. The ancient origin of the name is uncertain; it may be from the similarity of its texture or color ...

. Fuchs et al. 1973, unable to identify the constituent phyllosilicates, gave matrix as "poorly characterized phase" (PCP). Cronstedtite was published by Kurat and Kracher in 1975. Tomeoka and Buseck, identifying cronstedtite and tochilinite in 1985, gave matrix material as “FESON” (Fe–Ni–S–O layers), as well as the

backronym A backronym is an acronym formed from an already existing word by expanding its letters into the words of a phrase. Backronyms may be invented with either serious or humorous intent, or they may be a type of false etymology or folk etymology. The ...

“partly characterized phase” for “PCP.” Later authors would use the term TCI, tochilinite-cronstedtite intergrowths. Less common phyllosilicates include

chlorite The chlorite ion, or chlorine dioxide anion, is the halite (oxyanion), halite with the chemical formula of . A chlorite (compound) is a compound that contains this group, with chlorine in the oxidation state of +3. Chlorites are also known as s ...

vermiculite Vermiculite is a hydrous phyllosilicate mineral which undergoes significant expansion when heated. Exfoliation occurs when the mineral is heated sufficiently; commercial furnaces can routinely produce this effect. Vermiculite forms by the weathe ...

, and

saponite Saponite is a trioctahedral mineral of the smectite group. Its chemical formula is . It is soluble in sulfuric acid. It was first described in 1840 by Lars Fredrik Svanberg, Svanberg. Varieties of saponite are griffithite, bowlingite and sobotk ...

Sub-Classification

The CM group is both numerous and diverse. Multiple attempts have been made to subdivide the group beyond the Van Schmus–Wood typing. McSween 1979 was an early proposal. After him, these add a suffix after the petrologic type, with 'CM2.9' referring to less-altered, CO-like specimens, and 'CM2.0' being more-altered, CI-like meteorites. (As of recently, no true 2.9 specimens have been catalogued.) McSween 1979 graded the amount of matrix versus total amount, and the depletion of iron in the matrix, to quantify higher degrees of alteration. Browning et al. 1996 devised a formula ("MAI," Mineralogical Alteration Index), quantified the amount of unaltered silicate grains, and graded the alteration level of chondrules to quantify alteration. Rubin et al. 2007 added measurement of carbonates, with more dolomite and less calcite indicating higher alteration. Howard et al. 2009, 2011 measured total abundance of phyllosilicates to quantify alteration. Alexander et al. 2012, 2013 measured deuterium level, C/H, and nitrogen isotopes to quantify alteration. This line of inquiry continues, as the systems have some disagreement on specimens. Murchison is consistently ranked as low-alteration, but authors differ on some more-altered meteorites.

Transitional examples

CM–CO *

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

– described as "the least altered CM chondrite so far" "that bridges the gap between CMs and COs" * ALHA77307 *

Adelaide Adelaide ( , ; ) is the list of Australian capital cities, capital and most populous city of South Australia, as well as the list of cities in Australia by population, fifth-most populous city in Australia. The name "Adelaide" may refer to ei ...

* Acfer 094 * MAC87300, MAC88107 CM–CI * Bells * EET83334 * ALH88045 *

Tagish Lake Tagish Lake is a lake in Yukon and northern British Columbia, Canada. The lake is long and averages wide with an area of , about two thirds of which is in British Columbia. The average depth is and maximum depth is . It has two arms, the Ta ...

* Dhofar 225

Water

The CI and CM chondrites are the "water rich" meteorites, CMs having 3–14 wt% water. Water is contained in tochilinite, cronstedtite, and others. This water, not comets, was the likely origin of Earth's oceans via isotope tracing (primarily deuterium, but also others).

Fluid inclusions

Fluid inclusions image:Inclumed.gif, 250px, Trapped in a time capsule the same size as the diameter of a human hair, the ore-forming liquid in this inclusion was so hot and contained so much dissolved solids that when it cooled, crystals of halite, sylvite, gypsum, ...

containing meteorite water have long been reported; however, these claims were doubted due to, e. g., contamination by

cutting fluid Cutting fluid is a type of coolant and lubricant designed specifically for metalworking processes, such as machining and stamping. There are various kinds of cutting fluids, which include oils, oil-water emulsions, pastes, gels, aerosols (mists ...

s during

sectioning Involuntary commitment, civil commitment, or involuntary hospitalization/hospitalisation, or informally in Britain sectioning, being sectioned, commitment, or being committed, is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qual ...

. More modern claims have taken steps such as waterless preparation.

Chemistry

Carbonaceous chondrites, as the name suggests, contain appreciable carbon compounds. These include native carbon, simple compounds like metal carbides and carbonates, organic chains, and

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon A Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) is any member of a class of organic compounds that is composed of multiple fused aromatic rings. Most are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter— by engine exhaust fumes, tobacco, incine ...

s (PAHs). The elemental abundances of some C-chondrite groups (with the obvious exception of

hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol H and atomic number 1. It is the lightest and abundance of the chemical elements, most abundant chemical element in the universe, constituting about 75% of all baryon, normal matter ...

helium Helium (from ) is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic, inert gas, inert, monatomic gas and the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is ...

, and some other elements, see below) have long been known to resemble solar abundance values. The CI chondrites, in particular, correspond "quite closely, more so than does any other type of meteoric or terrestrial matter"; called "somewhat miraculous". Of course, only

gas giant A gas giant is a giant planet composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn are the gas giants of the Solar System. The term "gas giant" was originally synonymous with "giant planet". However, in the 1990s, it became known that Uranu ...

planets have the mass to retain, explicitly, hydrogen and helium. This extends to most

noble gases The noble gases (historically the inert gases, sometimes referred to as aerogens) are the members of group 18 of the periodic table: helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn) and, in some cases, oganesson (Og) ...

, and to lesser amounts the elements N, O and C, the atmophiles. Other elements- volatiles and refractories- have correspondences between CI chondrites and the solar photosphere and solar wind such that the CI group is used as a cosmochemical standard. As the Sun is 99% of the mass of the Solar System, knowing the solar abundance is the starting point for any other part or process of this System. The solar correspondence is similar but weaker in CM chondrites. More-volatile elements have been somewhat depleted relative to the CIs, and more-refractory elements somewhat enriched. A small amount of meteorite materials are small

presolar grains Presolar grains are interstellar solid matter in the form of tiny solid grains that originated at a time before the Sun was formed. Presolar grains formed within outflowing and cooling gases from earlier presolar stars. The study of presolar grai ...

(PSGs). These are crystals of material which survives from interstellar space, since before the formation of the Solar System. PSGs include silicon carbide ("

Moissanite Moissanite () is naturally occurring silicon carbide and its various crystalline polymorphs. It has the chemical formula SiC and is a rare mineral, discovered by the French chemist Henri Moissan in 1893. Silicon carbide or moissanite is useful ...

") and micro-diamonds, as well as other refractory minerals such as corundum and zircon. The isotope levels of their elements do not match solar system levels, instead being closer to e. g., the interstellar medium. PSGs themselves may contain smaller PSGs. As with other meteorite classes, some carbon content is as carbides (often

Cohenite Cohenite is a naturally occurring iron carbide mineral with the chemical structure ( Fe, Ni, Co)3 C. This forms a hard, shiny, silver mineral which was named by E. Weinschenk in 1889 after the German mineralogist Emil Cohen, who first describe ...

, Fe₃C with e.g., nickel substitutions) and carbonates such as

calcite Calcite is a Carbonate minerals, carbonate mineral and the most stable Polymorphism (materials science), polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on ...

and dolomite.

Aragonite Aragonite is a carbonate mineral and one of the three most common naturally occurring crystal forms of calcium carbonate (), the others being calcite and vaterite. It is formed by biological and physical processes, including precipitation fr ...

appears, where CIs contain little or none. Total carbon compounds in CM chondrites are lower than in CI chondrites; however, more are aromatics. Isotope profiling indicates these are meteoritic, not terrestrial. The organics of C-chondrites divide into soluble, and IOM (Insoluble Organic Matter). The soluble fraction would yield to the chemistry techniques of the mid-20th century, giving paraffin, naphthene and aromatics, with other contributions. The IOM is, however, the clear majority of the organic component; in 1963, Briggs and Mamikunian could only give it as "very high molecular weight". IOM itself divides into two components: thermally labile, and refractory.

Amino acids

Amino acids and other organics were first reported by multiple groups; however, concentrations were low to undetectable, and claimed to be terrestrial contamination. The 1969 fall of the Murchison meteorite provided over 100 kg of sample, the largest CM ever. Specimens were recovered quickly, from a dry area. Combined with progress in, e.g., biochemistry and petrochemistry techniques, the question could be addressed more definitively: sugars and amino acids existed in space, via meteorites. This includes non-terrestrial amino acids. Multiple isotopes do not match Earth levels, strong evidence for non-contamination. The levels of amino acids are ''higher'' in CMs than CIs. Amino-like

nitriles In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a functional group. The name of the compound is composed of a base, which includes the carbon of the , suffixed with "nitrile", so for example is called "propionitrile" (or pro ...

cyanides In chemistry, cyanide () is an inorganic chemical compound that contains a functional group. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. Ionic cyanides contain the cyanide anion . This a ...

and heterocycles are also found. These related organics may be decomposition products or precursors.

Chirality

The early analyses did not record optical rotation, and gave meteoritic organics as

racemic In chemistry, a racemic mixture or racemate () is a mixture that has equal amounts (50:50) of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as r ...

. As amino acids are diverse but low, the discovery of meteoritic

chirality Chirality () is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science. The word ''chirality'' is derived from the Greek (''kheir''), "hand", a familiar chiral object. An object or a system is ''chiral'' if it is distinguishable fro ...

had to await the separation of IOM. Handedness of some meteorite organics is now accepted (see below), including in the soluble organic fraction. 1. Kvenvolden et al. 1970; 2. Meierheinrich et al. 2004 3. Martins et al. 2015 4. Koga et al. 2017; 5. Rudraswami et al. 2018; 6. Pizzarello, Yarnes 2018

Gas

The first publication of anomalous gas in a carbonaceous chondrite (Murray) was in 1960. " Gas-rich meteorites" of other classes host their gas in dark liths, in most cases closely related to CM. Gases in meteorites include primordial, solar (both

solar wind The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the Sun's outermost atmospheric layer, the Stellar corona, corona. This Plasma (physics), plasma mostly consists of electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy betwee ...

, and a distinct

solar flare A solar flare is a relatively intense, localized emission of electromagnetic radiation in the Sun's atmosphere. Flares occur in active regions and are often, but not always, accompanied by coronal mass ejections, solar particle events, and ot ...

component), radiogenic (due to cosmic-ray exposure), and fissile (decay products). Host materials are generally carbonaceous, including presolar grains: diamond, silicon carbide, graphite, and organics. Nogoya is one particularly gas-rich CM chondrite.

Micrometeorites A micrometeorite is a micrometeoroid that has survived entry through the Earth's atmosphere. Usually found on Earth's surface, micrometeorites differ from meteorites in that they are smaller in size, more abundant, and different in composition. T ...

lose significant amounts of their gas to entry heating, but still deliver quantifiable amounts.

Isotopic analyses

Isotope studies have become vital in examining natural histories. Oxygen, in particular, forms quite stable oxides; it requires significant events, processes, or energies to segregate isotopes by their slight mass differences. CM and CI chondrites have a measurable difference in oxygen isotope levels. This suggests a different formation temperature, and hence a different zone of the young Solar System. However, CM and CO meteorites were found to have similar oxygen isotopes, indicating a relationship.

Hydrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Provenance

CMs, like other C-chondrites, are subjected to a serious observation bias. C-chondrites are friable, due to both macro-scale porosity and micro-scale matrices of phyllosilicates, with many chondrules also having layers such as phyllosilicates. The meteorites have been described as "

tuff Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. Following ejection and deposition, the ash is lithified into a solid rock. Rock that contains greater than 75% ash is considered tuff, while rock co ...

" (compacted volcanic ash). As one example, the

Tagish Lake meteorite The Tagish Lake meteorite fell at 16:43 UTC on 18 January 2000 in the Tagish Lake area in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. History Fragments of the Tagish Lake meteorite landed upon the Earth on January 18, 2000, at 16:43 UT (08:43 local ti ...

provided ~10 kg of samples, from a meteor estimated to be 60–90 tons before

entry Entry may refer to: *Entry, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States *Entry (cards), a term used in trick-taking card-games *Entry (economics), a term in connection with markets *Entry (film), ''Entry'' (film), a 2013 Indian ...

. By contrast, many ordinary chondrite meteorites are tougher and overrepresented, and

iron meteorites Iron meteorites, also called siderites or ferrous meteorites, are a type of meteorite that consist overwhelmingly of an iron–nickel alloy known as meteoric iron that usually consists of two mineral phases: kamacite and taenite. Most iron meteor ...

even more so. CI and CM chondrites in particular are then subject to

weathering Weathering is the deterioration of rocks, soils and minerals (as well as wood and artificial materials) through contact with water, atmospheric gases, sunlight, and biological organisms. It occurs '' in situ'' (on-site, with little or no move ...

on the ground. As large fractions of C-chondrite material are water soluble, ordinary chondrites and irons are more likely to be recognized and recovered. Greater coverage of hot deserts and

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic South Pole. ...

has resulted in many C-chondrite specimens.

Parent body(s)

As carbonaceous specimens, CM and other groups are widely assumed to be from carbonaceous asteroids. This includes the explicit C-type asteroids, and to various degrees the related G-, B- (including the deprecated F-), D-, and P-types. As carbonaceous types are the majority of asteroids, but only a few percent of recovered meteorites, selection/filtering effects must be severe. Aside from the diversity of CMs, and the diversity of C-asteroid types and subtypes (besides the asteroids themselves), the question of parentage is very open as of this writing. The Almahata Sitta meteorite was catalogued as a ureilite, an entirely different meteorite class. However, it entered as asteroid 2008 TC₃. A crude spectrum was taken before entry, which would have placed 2008 TC₃ as a F- or B-type. Some amount of

space weathering Space weathering is the type of weathering that occurs to any object exposed to the harsh environment of outer space. Bodies without atmospheres (including the Moon, Mercury, the asteroids, comets, and most of the moons of other planets) take ...

is seen to occur on carbonaceous asteroids; this complicates attempts to link parents via spectroscopy. A hypothesis persists that all CMs stem from a single parent.

Polymict meteorites

Brecciated meteorites include monomict breccias (re-formed from rock fragments on a single type) and polymict ones (incorporating different source rocks). Polymict meteorites record exchanges between sites. C-chondrite materials are often found in such meteorites. * PRA 04401 – nominally a HED, contains as much CM or CM-like material in

clasts Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock. A clast is a fragment of geological detritus,Essentials of Geology, 3rd Ed, Stephen Marshak, p. G-3 chunks, and smaller grains of rock broken off other rocks b ...

as HED material * Kaidun – a "kitchen sink" breccia * Supuhee * Plainview * Jodzie

Micrometeorites/Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs)

Open issues

* Formation and history * Origin of Earth's water *

Origin of life Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from abiotic component, non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. The prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to organism, living entities on ...

List of CM chondrites

Notable specimens

* Mighei – 1889; from which the group name derives * Cold Bokkevelt – 1838; a find, but from an arid region, and considered reasonably unaltered * Nogoya – 1879; * Boriskino – 1930; * Murray – 1950; * Murchison – 1969; large total known weight of 100 kg recovered, resulting in extensive study *

Yamato was originally the area around today's Sakurai, Nara, Sakurai City in Nara Prefecture of Japan, which became Yamato Province and by extension a Names of Japan, name for the whole of Japan. Yamato is also the dynastic name of the ruling Imperial ...

74662 – 1974; first Antarctic CM

Recently recovered CM chondrites

* Aguas Zarcas – Apr 2019 fall, specimens recovered quickly; >20 kg *

Winchcombe meteorite The Winchcombe meteorite is a carbonaceous chondrite meteorite that was observed entering the Earth's atmosphere as a fluorescent green fireball over Gloucestershire, England, at 21:54 on 28 February 2021. Due to a public appeal, fragments were ...

* Mukundpura meteorite – 6 June 2017 fall, broke up during impact; 2.2 kg of fragments were recovered within hours

General References

* Mason, B. The Carbonaceous Chondrites. 1962 Space Sciences Reviews vol. 1, p. 621 * Meteorites and the Early Solar System, Kerridge, J. Matthews, M. eds. 1988 University of Arizona Press, Tucson * Planetary Materials, Papike, J., ed. 1999 Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC * The Catalogue of Meteorites, Grady, M. ed. 2000 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge * Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, Lauretta, D. McSween, H. eds. 2006 University of Arizona Press, Tucson

References

{{Meteorites

clan A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent. Even if lineage details are unknown, a clan may claim descent from a founding member or apical ancestor who serves as a symbol of the clan's unity. Many societie ...

Meteorite groups