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A budget process refers to the process by which governments create and approve a
budget A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial plan, financial, for a defined accounting period, period, often one year or a month. A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities including tim ...
, which is as follows: * The Financial Service Department prepares worksheets to assist the department head in preparation of department budget estimates * The Administrator calls a meeting of managers and they present and discuss plans for the following year’s projected level of activity. * The managers can work with the Financial Services, or work alone to prepare an estimate for the departments coming year. * The completed budgets are presented by the managers to their Executive Officers for review and approval. * Justification of the budget request may be required in writing. In most cases, the manager talks with their administrative officers about budget requirements. Adjustments to the budget submission may be required as a result of this phase in the process. Budgeting is the setting of expenditure levels for each of an organization’s functions. It is the estimation and allocation of available capital used to achieve the designated targets of a firm.


Terminology

* Revenue Estimation performed in the executive branch by the finance director, clerk's office, budget director, manager, or a team. * Budget Call issued to outline the presentation form, recommend certain goals. * Budget Formulation reflecting on the past, set goals for the future and reconcile the difference. * Budget Hearings can include departments, sections, the executive, and the public to discuss changes in the budget. * Budget Adoption final approval by the legislative body. * Budget Execution amending the budget as the fiscal year progresses.


Constitutional economics

Constitutional economics Constitutional economics is a research program in economics and constitutionalism that has been described as explaining the choice "of alternative sets of legal-institutional-constitutional rules that constrain the choices and activities of econom ...
is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the
judiciary The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law ...
which in many transitional and
developing countries A developing country is a sovereign state with a less-developed Secondary sector of the economy, industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to developed countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. ...
is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of
corruption Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense that is undertaken by a person or an organization that is entrusted in a position of authority to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's gain. Corruption may involve activities ...
of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors. The standards of constitutional economics can be used during annual budget process, and if that budget planning is transparent then the rule of law may benefit. The availability of an effective court system, to be used by the
civil society Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere.Performance Budgeting: Linking Funding and Results, Marc Robinson (ed.), IMF, 2007
* ttp://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/11/public-finance-.html Public Finance Reference Reading: Revisiting the Classics -- Schick's Contemporary Approach to PEM (1998), Bill Dorotinsky, IMF, 2007br>Budget practices and procedures --- everything you'd want to know about OECD countries, Bill Dorotinsky, IMF, 2007Performance budgeting: selected international experiences and some lessons for Slovenia, Aleksander Aristovnik and Janko Seljak, MPRA Paper 15499, 2009


See also

*
Budget A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial plan, financial, for a defined accounting period, period, often one year or a month. A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities including tim ...
*
Economics Economics () is a behavioral science that studies the Production (economics), production, distribution (economics), distribution, and Consumption (economics), consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interac ...
*
Budget theory Budget theory is the academic study of political and social motivations behind government and civil society budgeting. Classic theorists in Public Budgeting include Henry Adams, William F. Willoughby, V. O. Key, Jr., and, more recently, Aaron ...
*
Political economy Political or comparative economy is a branch of political science and economics studying economic systems (e.g. Marketplace, markets and national economies) and their governance by political systems (e.g. law, institutions, and government). Wi ...
*
Constitutional economics Constitutional economics is a research program in economics and constitutionalism that has been described as explaining the choice "of alternative sets of legal-institutional-constitutional rules that constrain the choices and activities of econom ...
* public budgeting *
budget deficit Within the budgetary process, deficit spending is the amount by which spending exceeds revenue over a particular period of time, also called simply deficit, or budget deficit, the opposite of budget surplus. The term may be applied to the budg ...
* budget surplus * budget crisis * Canadian federal budget *
Comprehensive income In company financial reporting in the United States, comprehensive income (or comprehensive earnings) "includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners". Because that use ...
* Government Accountability Office investigations of the Department of Defense *
Government-owned corporation A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation. SOEs aim to generate profit for the government, prevent private sector monopolies, provide goo ...
*
public administration Public administration, or public policy and administration refers to "the management of public programs", or the "translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day",Kettl, Donald and James Fessler. 2009. ''The Politics of the ...
*
public finance Public finance refers to the monetary resources available to governments and also to the study of finance within government and role of the government in the economy. Within academic settings, public finance is a widely studied subject in man ...
*
United States budget process The United States budget process is the framework used by Congress and the President of the United States to formulate and create the United States federal budget. The process was established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, the Congre ...
Process A process is a series or set of activities that interact to produce a result; it may occur once-only or be recurrent or periodic. Things called a process include: Business and management * Business process, activities that produce a specific s ...
Public administration