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The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the
weevil Weevils are beetles belonging to the superfamily Curculionoidea, known for their elongated snouts. They are usually small, less than in length, and herbivorous. Approximately 97,000 species of weevils are known. They belong to several families, ...
family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''
Entimus ''Entimus'' is a genus of broad-nosed weevils belonging to the family true weevil and the Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera ...
'', ''
Otiorhynchus ''Otiorhynchus'' (sometimes misspelled as ''Otiorrhynchus'') is a large genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae. Many species of the genus, particularly the black vine weevil (''O. sulcatus'') and the strawberry root weevil (''O. ovatus'') ...
'', ''
Phyllobius ''Phyllobius'' is a genus of weevils containing at least 60 described species, some of which are commonly found in Europe. European species * ''Phyllobius achardi'' Desbrochers, 1873 * ''Phyllobius aetolicus'' Apfelbeck, 1901 ** ''Phyllobiu ...
'', ''
Sitona ''Sitona'' is a large genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae native to the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Over 100 species have been described. ''Sitona'' is easily distinguished from related genera by flat, recumbent scales on the mand ...
'', and '' Pachyrrhynchus''. In comparison with their stunning diversity, only a few of these weevils are notorious
pest Pest or The Pest may refer to: Science and medicine * Pest (organism), an animal or plant deemed to be detrimental to humans or human concerns ** Weed, a plant considered undesirable * Infectious disease, an illness resulting from an infection ** ...
s of major economic importance. Entimines are commonly encountered in the field, including urban environments, and abundant in entomological collections.


Diversity

There are over 12000 described species worldwide, distributed in over 1370 genera, nearly 14000 by more recent counts. Most tribes are represented in only one biogeographic region of the world. The current classification within the subfamily has been recognized as artificial rather than reflecting natural groups.


General morphology

Besides the shape of their broad and short rostrum, most entimines are easily recognized by the presence of a mandibular scar that appears when a deciduous process falls off the mandible, shortly after the emergence of the adult from the pupal stage.


Ecology

In general, entimines tend to feed on a broad range of plants (
polyphagous Feeding is the process by which organisms, typically animals, obtain food. Terminology often uses either the suffixes -vore, -vory, or -vorous from Latin ''vorare'', meaning "to devour", or -phage, -phagy, or -phagous from Greek φαγ� ...
), but there are instances of
oligophagy Oligophagy refers to the eating of only a few specific foods, and to monophagy when restricted to a single food source. The term is usually associated with insect dietary behaviour. They also show preference for habitat or substrate rather than plant specificity. Entimine weevils are primarily associated with
angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of br ...
, but there are also species recorded from
gymnosperms The gymnosperms ( lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, '' Ginkgo'', and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae. The term ''gymnosperm'' comes from the composite word in el, γυμν� ...
. They feed on monocotyledoneous and a broad range of dicotyledoneous plants, including members of the families Fabaceae,
Malvaceae Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar o ...
,
Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Der ...
,
Solanaceae The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and o ...
, and many more. The most commonly seen/known species are usually those associated with vegetation, where there is a trend to find more abundance and less diversity in cultivated areas, whereas forested or less disturbed areas tend to have more diversity and less abundance; there is a lot of diversity represented in the soil and on leaf litter, which is often overlooked. The most effective method for collecting entimines from vegetation would be using a beating sheet or by manual collecting; for soil entimines the best method would be leaf litter sifting.


Biology

Entimines may lay eggs loosely on the substrate, or in clusters glued onto the vegetation and do not use their rostrum to prepare their oviposition site. Over 50 species of entimines have been reported as parthenogenetic. The
integument In biology, an integument is the tissue surrounding an organism's body or an organ within, such as skin, a husk, shell, germ or rind. Etymology The term is derived from ''integumentum'', which is Latin for "a covering". In a transferred, or ...
of entimines can be black, reddish, orange and even metallic in coloration. Many species of Entiminae are covered by scales arranged in a broad variety of patterns. Those scales bear three dimensional
photonic crystals A photonic crystal is an optical nanostructure in which the refractive index changes periodically. This affects the propagation of light in the same way that the structure of natural crystals gives rise to X-ray diffraction and that the atomi ...
within their lumen, which makes the scales iridescent. Many species are flightless, which usually can be seen externally: the elytral shoulders (outer anterior corners of the
elytra An elytron (; ; , ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs ( Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometimes altern ...
) are reduced to absent in apterous and brachypterous forms and well-developed in species with well-developed wings.


Tribes

The current tribal classification of Entiminae follows Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal for the most part, with a few updates by Bouchard et al. The latest tribal addition is the Namaini Borovec & Meregalli. Currently, there are 55 tribes recognized in the subfamily. A key to identify tribes is presented by Legalov. *
Agraphini Agraphini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyllobi ...
*
Alophini The Alophini are a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera * '' Acmaegenius'' * '' Centron'' * '' Ctenolobus'' * '' Geralophus'' * '' Graptus'' * '' Lepidophorus'' * '' Limalophus'' * ''Plinthodes'' * '' Pseudalophus'' * '' Pseudobaryn ...
*
Anomophthalmini The Anomophthalmini comprise a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchu ...
*
Anypotactini The Anypotactini are a Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. It includes 81 described species. Distribution The tribe ranges from south-western USA (Texas) to Argentina and Chile and some Caribbean islands. Most genera are dist ...
*
Blosyrini The Blosyrini comprise a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', ' ...
*
Brachyderini The Brachyderini are a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera * '' Achradidius'' * '' Aedophronus'' * '' Alatavia'' * '' Araxia'' * '' Baladaeus'' * '' Brachyderes'' * '' Caulostrophilus'' * '' Caulostrophus'' * '' Epiphaneus'' * '' E ...
*
Celeuthetini The Celeuthetini are a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phy ...
*
Cneorhinini The Cneorhinini are a tribe of weevils in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', ...
*
Cratopodini Cratopodini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyllo ...
*
Cylydrorhinini Cylydrorhinini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllo ...
* Cyphicerini * Ectemnorhinini *
Elytrurini Elytrurini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera ''Amphionotus'' – ''Anomalodermus'' – ''Desmelytrurus'' – ''Elytrurus'' – ''Epizorus'' – ''Gaynaria'' References * Marshall, G.A.K. 1956: Notes on the Campyloscelina ...
* Embrithini *
Entimini Entimini is a Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae that includes 46 described species. Most members of the tribe can be recognized by their relatively large and robust bodies. A key to identify the genera of Entimini can be found ...
*
Episomini Episomini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera '' Bethaeus'' – '' Catamonas'' – '' Ceratocrates'' – '' Chaunoderus'' – '' Demenica'' – '' Epilaris'' – ''Episomus ''Episomus'' is a genus of beetles belonging to the ...
*
Eudiagogini Eudiagogini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera ''Aetherhinus'' – ''Aracanthus'' – ''Chileudius'' – ''Colecerus'' – ''Eucoleocerus'' – ''Eudiagogus'' – ''Eudius'' – ''Eudomus'' – ''Eurpsaces'' – ''Oligocryptu ...
*
Eupholini Eupholini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera * '' Celebia'' * '' Episomellus'' * '' Eupholus'' * '' Gymnopholus'' * '' Monoscapha'' * '' Penthoscapha'' * ''Rhinoscapha ''Rhinoscapha'' is a genus of true weevil family. Lis ...
*
Eustylini Eustylini is a primarily Neotropical weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Taxonomy The tribe Eustylini was named for the first time by Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in 1863, although, when first named, the tribe (Groupe Eustylides, p.&nbs ...
*
Geonemini Geonemini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Taxonomy The tribe Geonemini was first named by Gistel in 1856 (p. 373). Genera There are 40 genera currently placed in Geonemini: * '' Anomadus'' Horn, 1876: 21: Mexico. * '' An ...
*
Holcorhinini Holcorhinini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyll ...
*
Hormorini Hormorini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllobius' ...
*
Laparocerini Laparocerini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllobi ...
*
Leptostethini Leptostethini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllob ...
*
Lordopini Lordopini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera ''Acanthobrachis'' – ''Aeuryomus'' – ''Alocorhinus'' – ''Anidopsis'' – ''Atomorhinus'' – ''Aulametopus'' – ''Conidus'' – ''Conothorax'' – ''Deroconus'' – ''Diapro ...
*
Mesostylini Mesostylini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllobiu ...
*
Myorhinini Myorhinini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera '' Anathresa'' – '' Aneremnodes'' – ''Apsis'' – '' Bicodes'' – '' Echinocnemodes'' – '' Ephimerostylus'' – '' Epipolaionyx'' – '' Eremnodes'' – '' Eudraces'' – ' ...
*
Nastini Nastini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyllobius ...
*
Namaini Namaini is a tribe of soil-associated weevils from South Africa in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entim ...
*
Naupactini Naupactini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils (subfamily Entiminae). Primarily from the Neotropical realm, reaches highest genus and species diversity in South America. Their size varies from 3.5 to 35 mm long, and its colour patterns are div ...
*
Nothognathini Nothognathini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllob ...
*
Omiini Omiini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllobius'', ...
*
Oosomini Oosomini is a tribe of weevils in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllobi ...
*
Ophryastini Ophryastini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllobiu ...
*
Ophtalmorrhynchini Ophtalmorrhynchini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' ...
*
Otiorhynchini Otiorhynchini is a true weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Ph ...
*
Ottistirini Ottistirini is a weevil tribe in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are about 18 genera and more than 110 described species in Ottistirini. Most are found on Pacific islands, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. Genera These 18 genera belo ...
*
Pachyrhynchini Pachyrhynchini is a true weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae.A new genus and two new species of the tribe Pachyrhynchini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Palawan Island, the Philippines. Yoshitake H, Esakia, 2013, Volume 53, pages 1-8link G ...
*
Peritelini Peritelini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera '' Afrotroglorrhynchus'' – '' Anchitelus'' – '' Antispyris'' – '' Aparasystates'' – '' Aperitelus'' – '' Apotmetus'' – ''Aragnomus'' – '' Asceparnus'' – '' Aseneci ...
*
Phyllobiini Phyllobiini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera '' Amphorygma'' – '' Aphrastus'' – '' Argoptochus'' – '' Brachymerinthus'' – '' Brachymiscus'' – '' Brachyxystus'' – '' Catorygma'' – '' Dichorrhinus'' – '' Drepa ...
*
Polycatini Polycatini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyllob ...
*
Polydrusini Polydrusini is a weevil tribe (taxonomy), tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera * ''Apodrosus'' * ''Auchmeresthes'' * ''Bremondiscytropus'' * ''Cautoderus'' * ''Gobidrusus'' * ''Homapterus'' * ''Liophloeus'' * ''Pachyrhinus'' * ''Polydrosod ...
*
Premnotrypini Premnotrypini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllob ...
*
Pristorhynchini Pristorhynchini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Ph ...
*
Prypnini Prypnini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyllobiu ...
*
Psallidiini Psallidiini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyllo ...
* Rhyncogonini *
Sciaphilini Sciaphilini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera '' Abarypeithes'' – '' Alocyrtus'' – '' Ameladus'' – '' Amicromias'' – '' Archeophloeus'' – '' Balchaschia'' – '' Barypeithes'' – ''Brachysomus ''Brachysomus'' i ...
*
Sitonini Sitonini is a tribe of weevils in the Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyllobius'', ' ...
*
Tanymecini Tanymecini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae. Subtribes and genera Piazomiina # '' Achlainomus'' G. R. Waterhouse, 1853 # '' Aphaeromias'' Nasreddinov, 1978 # '' Atmetonychus'' Schönher ...
* Tanyrhynchini *
Thecesternini Thecesternini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as ''Entimus'', ''Otiorhynchus'', ''Phyllob ...
*
Trachyphloeini Trachyphloeini is a tribe of broad-nosed weevils in the beetle family Curculionidae. There are more than 25 genera in Trachyphloeini. Genera These 27 genera belong to the tribe Trachyphloeini: * '' Archaeocallirhopalus'' Legalov, 2013 * '' At ...
*
Tropiphorini Tropiphorini is a tribe of weevils in the subfamily Entiminae. Genera ''Achorius'' – ''Adaleres'' – ''Agatholobus'' – ''Amisallus'' – ''Amnemus'' – ''Amphidees'' – ''Anametis'' – ''Baryopadus'' – ''Basedowia (beetle), Basedowia ...
*
Typhlorhinini Typhlorhinini is a weevil tribe in the subfamily Entiminae The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as '' Entimus'', '' Otiorhynchus'', '' Phyl ...


References


Further reading

*Donald E. Bright, Patrice Bouchard. ''The Insects and Arachnids of Canada'', Part 25: ''Coleoptera. Curculionidae. Entiminae. Weevils of Canada and Alaska''. Vol. 2. Ottawa, NRC Research Press, 2008. .


External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1932939 Beetle subfamilies