A British

sitcom A sitcom (short for situation comedy or situational comedy) is a genre of comedy produced for radio and television, that centers on a recurring cast of character (arts), characters as they navigate humorous situations within a consistent settin ...

or a Britcom is a situational comedy programme produced for British television. British sitcoms have predominantly been recorded on studio sets, while some include an element of location filming. Live audiences and multi-cameras were first used in the US by

Desi Arnaz Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III (March 2, 1917 – December 2, 1986), known as Desi Arnaz, was a Cuban-American actor, musician, producer, and bandleader. He played Ricky Ricardo on the American television sitcom ''I Love Lucy'', in whi ...

and Lucille Ball for their American show ''

I Love Lucy ''I Love Lucy'' is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from October 15, 1951, to May 6, 1957, with a total of 180 half-hour episodes spanning six seasons. The series starred Lucille Ball and her husband Desi Arnaz, along with Vivian ...

'' in 1951 and the system was adopted in the UK. Several are made almost entirely on location (for example, '' Last of the Summer Wine'') and shown to a studio audience prior to final post-production to record genuine laughter. In contrast to the American team writing system, Ray Galton and Alan Simpson's huge successes were of such quality that they became the paradigm for British sitcom writing. By the time the television set had become a common part of home furnishing, sitcoms were significant expressions of everyday life and were often a window on the times of enormous social changes in the British class system and its conflicts and prejudices. The period from 1970 to 1979 in particular is often considered the 'Golden Age' of British sitcom. Since the turn of the century however, many are filmed on a single-camera set-up or entirely on location, with no studio screening or laugh track, such as '' The Royle Family'' (1998–2000, 2006–2012), and '' PhoneShop'' (2009–2013). A subset of British comedy consciously avoids traditional situation comedy themes, storylines, and home settings to focus on more unusual topics or narrative methods. ''

Blackadder ''Blackadder'' is a series of four Period piece, period British sitcoms - ''The Black Adder'', ''Blackadder II'', ''Blackadder the Third'' and ''Blackadder Goes Forth'' - plus several one-off instalments, which originally aired on BBC1 from 19 ...

'' (1983–1989) and '' Yes Minister'' (1980–1988, 2013) moved what is often a domestic or workplace genre into the corridors of power. A later development was the

mockumentary A mockumentary (a portmanteau of ''mock'' and ''documentary'') is a type of film or television show depicting fictional events, but presented as a Documentary film, documentary. Mockumentaries are often used to analyze or comment on current event ...

genre exemplified by series such as '' The Office'' (2001–2003), which also heralded the modern trend of the single-camera sitcom dispensing with live audiences. A 2004 poll by the BBC, ITV, and Channel 4 in the 12-episode documentary series '' Britain's Best Sitcom'', produced a list topped by traditional sitcoms with ''

Only Fools and Horses ''Only Fools and Horses'' (titled onscreen as ''Only Fools and Horses....'') is a British television sitcom that was created and written by John Sullivan (writer), John Sullivan. Seven series were originally broadcast on BBC One in the United Ki ...

'' holding the first place, and included favourites such as David Croft's ''

Dad's Army ''Dad's Army'' is a British television British sitcom, sitcom about the United Kingdom's Home Guard (United Kingdom), Home Guard during the World War II, Second World War. It was written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft (TV producer), David Crof ...

'', ''

Are You Being Served? ''Are You Being Served?'' is a British television sitcom that was broadcast from 1972 to 1985. It was created and written by David Croft (TV producer), David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd. Croft also served as executive producer and television directo ...

'', and '' Hi-de-Hi!''. It was not until '' The Royle Family'' (1998–2000) in place 19 that a show without a live studio audience was featured. British Christmas TV programming has a long-standing tradition of heavily featuring comedy and sitcoms in the schedules, often with episodes that capture holiday spirit, and sometimes emotional moments. In her review in ''The Guardian'' of the 2024 ''Gavin & Stacey'' grand finale Rachel Aroesti states "...our greatest sitcoms tend to bow out at their peak, but the festive revival traditionally comes to the rescue, extending the lifespans of iconic shows such as ''The Royle Family'' and ''Only Fools and Horses'' by a decade or more. If there’s still any doubt, ''Gavin & Stacey'' (which ostensibly concluded in 2024) belongs firmly in the same modern classic category." The 2024 ''Gavin & Stacey'' Christmas Day special, serving as the grand finale, peaked the ratings and further solidifies Britcom's legacy as a staple of British festive television. On a suggestion to Miranda Hart by sitcom writer Abigail Wilson, who collaborated with comedy actors

Dawn French Dawn Roma French (born 11 October 1957) is a British actress, comedian and writer. She is known for writing and starring on the BBC sketch comedy series '' French and Saunders'' (1987–2007) with her best friend and comedy partner Jennifer Sa ...

('' The Vicar of Dibley'' 1994–2000) and

Jennifer Saunders Jennifer Jane Saunders (born 6 July 1958) is an English actress, comedian, singer, and screenwriter. Saunders originally found attention in the 1980s, when she became a member of The Comic Strip after graduating from the Royal Central School ...

('' Absolutely Fabulous'' 1992–1995), the 2009 '' Miranda'' series staged a highly successful comeback for the 'old school' 20th century concept of sitcoms with live audiences and multiple cameras. Writing for the

British Film Institute The British Film Institute (BFI) is a film and television charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom. The BFI uses funds provided by the National Lottery to encourage film production, ...

, Phil Wickham, film and TV critic and author of several books about British TV, concludes:

Early years

Beginnings

The origins of British TV sitcoms trace back to radio comedies of the 1940s and 1950s like ''Hancock's Half Hour'', which aired on BBC Radio in 1954, British TV sitcoms were initially inspired by American comedy formats, but they quickly developed their own style that highlighted dry wit, social satire, and the nuances of British life. Early shows of the 1950s often featured archetypal British characters such as the staff and pupils in ''Whack-O!'' and the various facets portrayed in ''Hancock's Half Hour'', and set the stage for what would become the British TV sitcom genre. They were set in post

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

working-class or domestic environments, highlighting issues of class, family dynamics, and British culture, while ''The Army Game'', ITV's first sitcom, parodied the life of army conscripts during the last years of the

National Service National service is a system of compulsory or voluntary government service, usually military service. Conscription is mandatory national service. The term ''national service'' comes from the United Kingdom's National Service (Armed Forces) Act ...

which ended in 1963.

''Pinwright's Progress''

Written by Rodney Hobson, '' Pinwright's Progress'' (1946–1947) was the world's first regular half-hour televised sitcom. Broadcast live by the BBC from

Alexandra Palace Alexandra Palace is an entertainment and sports venue in North London, situated between Wood Green and Muswell Hill in the London Borough of Haringey. A listed building, Grade II listed building, it is built on the site of Tottenham Wood and th ...

, it was about J. Pinwright, the proprietor of a small shop. Storylines involved his hated rival and his staff, who only added to his problems by attempting to be helpful. The series featured an ensemble cast including James Hayter as J. Pinwright, Clarence Wright as Aubrey, Sara Gregory as Sally Doolittle, Daphne Maddox as Miss Peasbody, Doris Palmer as Mrs Sigsbee, Leonard Sharp as Ralph, Benita Lydal as Mrs Rackstraw, Charles Irwin as a salesman, and Jill Christie as Pinwright's daughter."Pinwright's Progress"
British Comedy Guide website and produced and directed by John Glyn-Jones. The

script editor A script editor is a member of the production team of scripted television and radio programs, usually dramas and comedies. The script editor has many responsibilities including finding new script writers, developing storyline and series ideas wit ...

was Ted Kavanagh, who during the

years also wrote the

BBC Radio BBC Radio is an operational business division and service of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927. The service provides national radio stations cove ...

comedy series ''

It's That Man Again ''It's That Man Again'' (commonly contracted to ''ITMA'') was a BBC radio comedy programme which ran for twelve series from 1939 to 1949. The shows featured Tommy Handley in the central role, a fast-talking figure, around whom the other ch ...

'' (''ITMA'' ), which according to Foster and Furst was "entirely new, breaking away from the conventions of both radio and music hall comedy".

''Hancock's Half Hour''

Transferred to television in 1956 after 48 episodes on BBC radio which began in 1954, ''

Hancock's Half Hour ''Hancock's Half Hour'' was a BBC radio comedy, and later television comedy series, broadcast from 1954 to 1961 and written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. The radio series starred Tony Hancock, with Sidney James, Bill Kerr and,at various ...

'' (1956–1961) by Galton and Simpson was the first modern TV sitcom. Whilst moving away from audio variety towards character development, the radio series had been influential in the development of TV situation comedy. The radio series continued to be produced alongside the TV version. Tony Hancock played a fictionalised version of himself, a loser whose plans and aspirations are continually ruined by bad luck. Its only other regular cast member was the more worldly

sidekick A sidekick is a close companion or colleague who is, or is generally regarded as, subordinate to those whom they accompany. Origins The first recorded use of the term dates from 1896. It is believed to have originated in pickpocket slang of ...

played by Sid James, later of '' Carry On'' fame and ''Bless This House'' . Other occasional participants included

John Le Mesurier John Le Mesurier (, born John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley; 5 April 191215 November 1983) was an English actor. He is probably best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation com ...

(''

''), Kenneth Williams, and Patricia Hayes.Dennis Barker, "Hayes, Patricia Lawlor (1909–1998)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Sept 200
available online
Retrieved 18 June 2020. Hancock's biographer John Fisher dates the first use of the term 'situation comedy' in British broadcasting to a BBC memo dated 31 March 1953 from radio comedy producer Peter Eton, suggesting the format as the ideal vehicle for Hancock's comedic style. "Hancock's persona of the pompous loser out of his depth in an uncomprehending society still informs many programmes today", according to Phil Wickham. The final BBC series of this show was broadcast under the shorter title ''Hancock''. In 1963, Hancock changed his writers and moved to ITV for a further 13-episode series also named ''Hancock''. The series, though relatively well received, has been described as "clearly not up to the standard of ancock'sBBC work".

''Whack-O!''

Starring Jimmy Edwards in the lead role as Professor James Edwards, '' Whack-O!'' written by Frank Muir and Denis Norden, is about the drunken, gambling, devious, cane-swishing headmaster who tyrannised staff and children at the fictitious Chiselbury public school "for the sons of Gentlefolk". From 1956 to 1960 and 1971–1972, it ran for 60 episodes over 8 series. The first six episodes were subtitled "Six of the Best", alluding to the frequent and traditional

caning Caning is a form of corporal punishment consisting of a number of hits (known as "strokes" or "cuts") with a single Stick-fighting, cane usually made of rattan, generally applied to the offender's bare or clothed buttocks (see spanking) or han ...

of disobedient pupils in the UK at the time. The series was revived in colour with updated scripts in 1971–72, slightly retitled ''Whacko!''. Other members of the cast included

Arthur Howard Arthur Howard (born Arthur John Steiner; 18 January 1910 – 18 June 1995) was an English stage, film and television actor. Life and career Born in Camberwell, London, Howard was the younger son of Lilian (née Blumberg) and Ferdinand "Frank" ...

(series 1–7), Julian Orchard (series 8),

Kenneth Cope Kenneth Charles Cope (14 April 1931 – 11 September 2024) was an English actor and scriptwriter. He was best known for his roles as Marty Hopkirk in '' Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)'', Jed Stone in ''Coronation Street,'' Ray Hilton in '' ...

, Norman Bird, John Stirling, Peter Glaze, Edwin Apps (series 1–7), Peter Greene (series 8), David Langford, Keith Smith, Brian Rawlinson, Gordon Phillot, Harold Bennett (series 8), Frank Raymond, Gary Warren (series 8), and Greg Smith (series 8). A feature film, '' Bottoms Up'', was made in 1960.

''The Army Game''

Peter Eton's series of ''

The Army Game ''The Army Game'' is a British television sitcom that aired on ITV from 19 June 1957 to 20 June 1961. It was the first ITV sitcom and was made by Granada, and created by Sid Colin. It follows the exploits of Hut 29, a dysfunctional group of ...

'' (1957–1961) was probably British television's most successful sitcom of this period and ran for 154 episodes. Many of its stars went on to become household names. The original cast consisted of William Hartnell, Michael Medwin, Geoffrey Sumner,

Alfie Bass Alfie Bass (born Abraham Basalinsky, 10 April 1916 – 16 July 1987) was an English actor. He was born in Bethnal Green, London, the youngest in a Jewish family with ten children; his parents had left Russia many years before he was born. He a ...

, Charles Hawtrey, Bernard Bresslaw and Norman Rossington. The cast of ''The Army Game'' would change over the years with actors such as Geoffrey Palmer, Bill Fraser, Ted Lune, Frank Williams, Harry Fowler and Dick Emery appearing in subsequent series. ''The Army Game'' follows the exploits of Hut 29, a fictional dysfunctional group of conscripted

soldiers during the post-war years. Writers included creator Sid Colin, Larry Stephens, Maurice Wiltshire, Lew Schwarz, John Jowett, John Antrobus, John Foley, Marty Feldman, Barry Took, David Climie, David Cumming, Derek Collyer, Brad Ashton, John Junkin, Talbot Rothwell, Sidney Nelson, Stan Mars, Bob Perkins and Alan MacKinnon. At least three episodes are uncredited. In June 1959, a short ''The Army Game'' scene was performed by Michael Medwin, Alfie Bass, Norman Rossington, Bill Fraser and Ted Lune at the

Royal Variety Performance The ''Royal Variety Performance'' is a televised variety show held annually in the United Kingdom to raise money for the Royal Variety Charity (of which King Charles III is life-patron). It is attended by senior members of the British royal ...

in front of

Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002) was Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 to 6 February 1952 as the wife of King George VI. She was al ...

. This was the last Royal Variety Performance that was not televised. This successful series inspired a film spin-off, '' I Only Arsked!'' (1958), and in 1958, just a year after the series debuted, the first '' Carry On'' film, the very similar '' Carry On Sergeant'', was released, also featuring Hawtrey, Rossington and Hartnell.

The 1960s

Two channel TV

ITV sitcoms began with the channel's launch in 1957 and throughout the 1960s helped shape British comedy with varied and often experimental styles. In the 1960s, the BBC produced a then-rare workplace comedy with ''

The Rag Trade ''The Rag Trade'' is a British television sitcom broadcast by the BBC between 1961 and 1963 and by ITV (TV network), ITV between 1977 and 1978. Although a comedy, it shed light on gender, politics and the "class war" on the factory floor. Th ...

'' (1961–1963, 1977–1978) written by Ronald Wolfe and Ronald Chesney. The success of the series was due partly to the strength of the female ensemble playing the workforce, who included

Sheila Hancock Dame Sheila Cameron Hancock (born 22 February 1933) is an English actress, singer, and author. She has performed on stage in both plays and musicals in London theatres, and is also known for her roles in films and on television. Her Broadway ...

Barbara Windsor Dame Barbara Windsor (born Barbara Ann Deeks; 6 August 193710 December 2020) was an English actress, known for her roles in the Carry On (franchise), ''Carry On'' films and for playing Peggy Mitchell in the BBC One soap opera ''EastEnders''.

and

Esma Cannon Esma Ellen Charlotte Littmann (''née'' Cannon; 27 December 1905 – 18 October 1972), credited as Esme or Esma Cannon, was an Australian-born character actress who moved to Britain in the early 1930s. Although she frequently appeared on televis ...

. It also made the earliest of Richard Waring's domestic comedies, '' Marriage Lines'' (1961–1966), starring Richard Briers (later to star in '' The Good Life'') and

Prunella Scales Prunella Margaret Rumney West Scales (''née'' Illingworth; born 22 June 1932) is an English retired actress. She portrayed Sybil Fawlty, the bossy wife of Basil Fawlty (John Cleese), in the BBC comedy ''Fawlty Towers'' and Queen Elizabeth ...

(who went on to star in ''

Fawlty Towers ''Fawlty Towers'' is a British television sitcom written by John Cleese and Connie Booth, originally broadcast on BBC Two in 1975 and 1979. Two series of six episodes each were made. The series is set in Fawlty Towers, a dysfunctional fictional ...

''), and '' Not in Front of the Children'' (1967–70), starring

Wendy Craig Wendy Craig (born Anne Gwendolyn Craig; 20 June 1934) is an English actress who is best known for her appearances in the sitcoms '' Not in Front of the Children'' (1967–1970), '' ...And Mother Makes Three'' (1971–1973), '' ...And Mother M ...

. Women were usually only cast in secondary roles in this period, though several series with Craig in the lead were an exception. Sitcoms developed by Carla Lane, the first successful female writer in the form, began with '' The Liver Birds'' (1969–1979, 1996), initially in collaboration with others. Another change, with '' Steptoe and Son'' (1962–65, 1970–74) and '' The Likely Lads'' (1964–1966), producers began to cast actors, rather than the comedians around whom earlier series like ''Whack-O!'', with Jimmy Edwards, or ''Hancock's Half Hour'', had been built.

''Bootsie and Snudge''

As a spin-off sequel to ''The Army Game'' and also starring Bill Fraser and Alfie Bass, '' Bootsie and Snudge'', (1960–1963, 1974) was written by a large team over its 104 episodes. Writers for the 1960–63 episodes included Marty Feldman, Barry Took, John Antrobus, Ray Rigby, David Cumming, Derek Collyer, James Kelly, Peter Lambda, Tom Espie,

Jack Rosenthal Jack Morris Rosenthal (8 September 1931 – 29 May 2004) was an English playwright. He wrote 129 early episodes of the ITV (TV network), ITV soap opera ''Coronation Street'' and over 150 screenplays, including original television plays, featur ...

, Harry Driver, and Doug Eden. The 1974 series was written by David Climie, Ronnie Cass and Lew Schwarz. The series established the reputation of actor Clive Dunn, leading to his role as Corporal Jones in ''

''.

''Marriage Lines''

Running for 43 episodes over 5 series (1963–1966), first titled ''The Marriage Lines'', '' Marriage Lines'' was written by Richard Waring and directed and produced by Robin Nash and Graeme Muir. The traditional domestic comedy about a young couple learning to cope with married life reflected social attitudes of the times, and provided its lead stars Richard Briers ('' The Good Life'', '' Ever Decreasing Circles'') and

(''

'') with a significant boost to their careers. The supporting cast included Edward de Souza, Ronald Hines and Christine Finn.

''Steptoe and Son''

With its cast of only two regular characters played by Harry H. Corbett and Wilfrid Brambell, airing 1962–65 and 1970–74, '' Steptoe and Son'' was a Galton and Simpson creation and ran for 57 episodes over 8 series. Producers included

Duncan Wood Wilfred Duncan Wood (24 March 1925 – 11 January 1997) was a British comedy producer, director and writer, who has been described as "the founding father of the British sitcom, British TV sitcom". Wood's best-known achievements were to pro ...

, John Howard Davies, Graeme Muir, and Douglas Argent. In 2000, the show was ranked number 44 on the

100 Greatest British Television Programmes The BFI TV 100 is a list of 100 television programmes or series that was compiled in 2000 by the British Film Institute (BFI), as chosen by a poll of industry professionals, with the aim to determine the best British television programmes of any ...

compiled by the

. In a 2001

Channel 4 Channel 4 is a British free-to-air public broadcast television channel owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation. It is state-owned enterprise, publicly owned but, unlike the BBC, it receives no public funding and is funded en ...

poll Albert was ranked 39th on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters, The series was derived from a one-off Galton and Simpson comic play, "The Offer", shown on their BBC series Comedy Playhouse in 1962. It is regularly repeated and gave rise to four feature films.

''Till Death Us Do Part''

Written by Johnny Speight and broadcast 1965–1968 and 1972–1975, '' Till Death Us Do Part'' featured Warren Mitchell as Alf Garnett and was an instant hit. Centred on the bigoted character of Alf Garnett, it addressed racial and political issues that had been becoming increasingly prevalent in British society. It was criticised by campaigner

Mary Whitehouse Constance Mary Whitehouse (; 13 June 1910 – 23 November 2001) was a British teacher and conservative activist. She campaigned against social liberalism and the mainstream British media, both of which she accused of encouraging a more permis ...

for its bad language, and due to changing attitudes in

political correctness "Political correctness" (adjectivally "politically correct"; commonly abbreviated to P.C.) is a term used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society. ...

it is seldom repeated.

''Dad's Army''

Based on a World War II theme, ''

'' (1968–1977) by Jimmy Perry and David Croft, was a gentle mockery of Britain's 'finest hour' and the

Home Guard Home guard is a title given to various military organizations at various times, with the implication of an emergency or reserve force raised for local defense. The term "home guard" was first officially used in the American Civil War, starting ...

. One of the most enduring British sitcoms, it starred Arthur Lowe and

, whose interaction with Lowe's character Captain Mainwaring was described by ''The Times'' as "a memorable part of one of television's most popular shows". It also starred Clive Dunn, John Laurie,

Ian Lavender Arthur Ian Lavender (16 February 1946 – 2 February 2024) was an English stage, film and television actor. He is best known for his role as Private Pike in ''Dad's Army'', a BBC sitcom set during World War II, of which he was the last survivi ...

and

Arnold Ridley William Arnold Ridley (7 January 1896 – 12 March 1984) was an English playwright and actor, known early in his career for writing the 1925 play '' The Ghost Train'' and later in life for the British television sitcom ''Dad's Army'' (1968–77 ...

. During its original television run, the show was nominated for multiple British Academy Television Awards, including "Best Situation Comedy" in 1973, 1974 and 1975, although only won "Best Light Entertainment Production Team" in 1971. In 2000, the show was voted 13th in a British Film Institute poll of industry professionals of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes. In 2004, championed by

Phill Jupitus Phillip Christopher Jupitus (, ''Given name#Name at birth, né'' Swan; born 25 June 1962) is a retired English stand-up comedy, stand-up and Improv comedy teacher, improv comedian, actor, performance poetry, performance poet, cartoonist and podc ...

, it came fourth in the BBC poll to find Britain's Best Sitcom. As of 2022 it is one of British television's most regularly repeated sitcoms.

''All Gas and Gaiters''

Bringing the first light-hearted satirical look at the

church Church may refer to: Religion * Church (building), a place/building for Christian religious activities and praying * Church (congregation), a local congregation of a Christian denomination * Church service, a formalized period of Christian comm ...

, during 1966–1971 ''

All Gas and Gaiters ''All Gas and Gaiters'' is a British television ecclesiastical sitcom which aired on BBC One, BBC1 from 1966 to 1971. It was written by Pauline Devaney and Edwin Apps, a husband-and-wife team who used the pseudonym of John Wraith when writing th ...

'' paved the way for '' Bless Me, Father'' (1978–1981) with Arthur Lowe, and farcical ecclesiastical comedies such as ''

Father Ted ''Father Ted'' is a sitcom created by Irish writers Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews (writer), Arthur Mathews and produced by British production company Hat Trick Productions for British television channel Channel 4. It aired over three seri ...

'' and '' The Vicar of Dibley'' in the 1990s. Starring

Derek Nimmo Derek Robert Nimmo (19 September 1930 – 24 February 1999) was an English character actor, producer and author. He is best remembered for his comedic upper class "silly ass" and clerical roles, including Revd Mervyn Noote in the BBC1 sitcom ...

with Robertson Hare, William Mervyn, John Barron,

Joan Sanderson Joan Sanderson (24 November 1912 – 24 May 1992) was an English actress. During a long career on stage and screen, her tall and commanding disposition led to her playing mostly dowagers, spinsters and matrons, as well as intense Shakespearean ...

('' Please Sir!'', ''

''), and Ernest Clark, it was written by husband-and-wife team

Pauline Devaney Pauline Devaney (born 27 January 1937) is a British actress, writer, and artist, best known for her television writing in partnership with Edwin Apps. Devaney was born in Stoke-on-Trent, and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She and ...

and Edwin Apps and directed by John Howard Davies and Stuart Allen. The successful series, which after an initial controversy became a favourite of Britain's

clergy Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the ter ...

, was followed by two spin-offs also starring Nimmo: '' Oh, Brother!'' (1968–1970), 19 episodes written by David Climie and Austin Steele, with supporting roles by Sir Felix Aylmer, Patrick McAlinney and Derek Francis, and its sequel '' Oh, Father!'' (1973) with Felix Aylmer, Laurence Naismith, Pearl Hackney and David Kelly, also written by Climie and Steele. ''All Gas and Gaiters'' was produced by Stuart Allen, John Howard Davies, and Robin Nash, and the music was provided by Stanley Myers.

''Me Mammy''

With

Milo O'Shea Milo Donal O'Shea (2 June 1926 – 2 April 2013) was an Irish actor. He was twice nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performances in ''Staircase'' (1968) and '' Mass Appeal'' (1982). Early life O'Shea was born and ...

, and

Yootha Joyce Yootha Joyce Needham (20 August 1927 – 24 August 1980), known as Yootha Joyce, was an English actress best known for playing Mildred Roper opposite Brian Murphy in the sitcom '' Man About the House'' (1973–1976) and its spin-off '' George ...

('' Man About the House'', '' George and Mildred'') in the lead roles, '' Me Mammy'' was written by Hugh Leonard, produced by James Gilbert and

Sydney Lotterby Sydney Warren Lotterby (30 November 1926 – 28 July 2020) was a British television producer and director who produced numerous BBC comedy series. Life and career Lotterby was born in Paddington, London, to Winifred (née Warren) and Sidney Lot ...

for the BBC and aired 1968–1971 for 21 episodes over 3 series. Bunjy Kennefick, played by O'Shea, is an Irish mother's boy living in London. He is a top executive of a company and lives a bachelor lifestyle. However, his old-fashioned Catholic mother often puts a stop to his plans, many of them involving his girlfriend Miss Argyll, played by Joyce.

The 1970s

The Golden Era

The 1970s is often regarded as the golden era of British sitcom. Well-remembered series include

John Cleese John Marwood Cleese ( ; born 27 October 1939) is an English actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and Television presenter, presenter. Emerging from the Footlights, Cambridge Footlights in the 1960s, he first achieved success at the Edinbur ...

and Connie Booth's farcical ''Fawlty Towers'' (1975, 1979) often cited as the greatest sitcom of all time. John Esmonde and Bob Larbey's self-sufficiency comedy ''The Good Life'' (1975–78) and '' To the Manor Born'' by Peter Spence and Christopher Bond were also highly successful. ''

Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? ''Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?'' is a British sitcom which was broadcast on BBC1 between 9 January 1973 and 9 April 1974. It was the colour sequel to the mid-1960s hit ''The Likely Lads''. It was created and written, as was its predec ...

'' (1973–74), a sequel to ''The Likely Lads'', is thought to have surpassed the original, while its writers,

Dick Clement Dick Clement (born 5 September 1937) is a retired English writer, director and producer. He became known for his writing partnership with Ian La Frenais for television series including ''The Likely Lads'', ''Whatever Happened to the Likely La ...

and Ian La Frenais, provided

Ronnie Barker Ronald William George Barker (25 September 1929 – 3 October 2005) was an English actor, comedian and writer. He was known for roles in British comedy television series such as ''Porridge (1974 TV series), Porridge'', ''The Two Ronnies'', ...

with his most significant sitcom vehicle, ''

Porridge Porridge is a food made by heating, soaking or boiling ground, crushed or chopped starchy plants, typically grain, in milk or water. It is often cooked or served with added flavourings such as sugar, honey, fruit, or syrup to make a sweet cereal ...

'' (1974–77). Barker also starred (along with

David Jason Sir David John White (born 2 February 1940), known professionally as David Jason, is an English actor. He has played Derek "Del Boy" Trotter in the sitcom ''Only Fools and Horses'', Detective Inspector Jack Frost in the drama series '' A Touch ...

) in ''

Open All Hours ''Open All Hours'' is a British television sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke for the BBC. It ran for 26 episodes over four series, which aired in 1976, 1981, 1982, and 1985. The programme was developed from a television pilot broadcast ...

'' (1973, 1976–85), written by

Roy Clarke Royston Clarke (born 28 January 1930) is an English comedy writer, best known for creating the sitcoms ''Last of the Summer Wine'', ''Keeping Up Appearances'', ''Open All Hours'' and its sequel series, ''Still Open All Hours''. Early life Cla ...

, whose '' Last of the Summer Wine'' began in 1973 and ended in 2010, becoming the world's longest running sitcom. The decade also saw the broadcast of '' It Ain't Half Hot Mum'' (1974–81), which has been criticised for the "stereotypes of its handful of Indian supporting characters as alternately servile, foolish, lazy or devious". The commercial station ITV had successes with '' Rising Damp'' (1974–78, sometimes called the best of all ITV sitcoms),Phil Wickha
"Rising Damp (1974–78)"
BFI screenonline '' Man About the House'' (1973–76) and '' George and Mildred'' (1976–79). ''Rising Damp'' star Leonard Rossiter also played the lead role in the BBC's ''

The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin'' is a British sitcom starring Leonard Rossiter in the title role. Three series were produced from 1976 to 1979, based on a series of novels written by David Nobbs. Nobbs adapted the screenplay for the fi ...

'' (1976–79). The decline in cinema attendance meant that many of these series were turned into cinema films;Matthew Conia
"A Users Guide to the Great British Sitcom Movie"
''Kettering: The Fanzine of Elderly British Comedy'', .d., c.2003No.1, pp. 3–9 the first film version of '' On the Buses'' (1969–73) was the biggest hit at the British box office in 1971."On the Buses"
, Television Heaven website According to Jeff Evans, ''On the Buses'' was a "cheerfully vulgar comedy" in which "leering and innuendo dominate " Some of the network's other ratings successes from this era included ''

Love Thy Neighbour Love Thy Neighbor or Love Thy Neighbour may also refer to: Film * Love Thy Neighbor (1940 film), ''Love Thy Neighbor'' (1940 film), an American film * Love Thy Neighbour (1967 film), ''Love Thy Neighbour'' (1967 film), a Danish-German comedy fil ...

'' (1972–76) and '' Mind Your Language'' (1977–79, 1986), which attempted to find humour in racial or ethnic conflict and misunderstandings, but were increasingly criticised over time for "obvious racial name-calling... recurring with distressing regularity" and "offer ngonly the crudest caricatures". Increasing relaxation in regard to the discussion of sex allowed

farce Farce is a comedy that seeks to entertain an audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant, ridiculous, absurd, and improbable. Farce is also characterized by heavy use of physical comedy, physical humor; the use of delibe ...

and camp humour to become a familiar form in the 1970s and were used in series like ''

'' and comedian

Frankie Howerd Francis Alick Howard (6 March 1917 – 19 April 1992), better known by his stage-name Frankie Howerd, was an English actor and comedian. Early life Howerd was born the son of a soldier Francis Alfred William (1887–1934)England & Wales, Deat ...

's '' Up Pompeii!'', which ran for 16 episodes (1969–70, 1975, 1991) and starred several female stalwarts from the ''Carry On'' film series, including Barbara Windsor,

Wendy Richard Wendy Richard (born Wendy Emerton; 20 July 1943 – 26 February 2009) was an English actress, best known for her television roles as Miss Shirley Brahms on the BBC sitcom ''Are You Being Served?'' from 1972 to 1985, and Pauline Fowler on the ...

and Valerie Leon. A feature of the show which inspired three films was Howerd's frequent breaking of the fourth wall. Other controversial topics for comedy included series written by Richard Waring and Wendy Craig. '' ...And Mother Makes Three'' (1971–73), and its sequel '' ...And Mother Makes Five'' (1974–76), starred Craig (who also co-wrote) as a widowed mother who eventually remarries a divorced single father. ''

My Wife Next Door ''My Wife Next Door'' is a British sitcom created by Brian Clemens and written by Richard Waring. It was shown on BBC1 in 1972, and ran for 13 episodes. The programme is about a couple, George Basset ( John Alderton) and Suzie Basset (Hannah ...

'' (1972), created by

Brian Clemens Brian Horace Clemens (30 July 1931 – 10 January 2015) was an English screenwriter and television producer. He worked on the British TV series '' The Avengers'' and created '' The New Avengers'' and '' The Professionals''. Early life Clemen ...

, concerned a divorced couple who accidentally moved next door to each other, '' Miss Jones and Son'' (1977–78) was about a single mother, and '' Rings on Their Fingers'' (1978–80) was about a young, unmarried couple.

''On the Buses''

Another creation by Ronald Chesney and Ronald Wolfe is '' On the Buses'', starring

Reg Varney Reginald Alfred Varney (11 July 1916 – 16 November 2008) was an English actor, entertainer and comedian. He is best remembered for having played the lead role of bus driver Stan Butler in the London Weekend Television, LWT sitcom ''On the Buse ...

and Bob Grant. Running 1969–1973 for 74 episodes over 7 series, it was initially rejected by the BBC, who did not see much comedy potential in a bus depot as a setting. It was then commissioned by Frank Muir, then at

London Weekend Television London Weekend Television (LWT; now part of the non-franchised ITV London region) was the ITV (TV network), ITV network franchise holder for Greater London and the Home Counties at weekends, broadcasting from Fridays at 5.15 pm (7:00&nbs ...

who said it was "rather at the baked beans end of my menu". Despite poor critical reception, it gained an audience of up to 20 million. It has been described as cliche-ridden, stereotypical, occasionally racist and totally sexist by today's standards, with Varney's and Grant's characters both lecherous womanisers and ethnic minorities used inappropriately for humour. As David Stubbs wrote for ''

The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardi ...

'' in 2008, Grant and Varney were playing "two conspicuously middle-aged men" (Varney was in his 50s when the series began) pursuing "an endless array of improbably available 'dolly birds' ". The series was made into three films, '' On the Buses'' (1971), '' Mutiny on the Buses'' (1972), and '' Holiday on the Buses'' (1973).

''Bless This House''

Starring Sid James of ''Carry On'' fame, with Diana Coupland and Sally Geeson, '' Bless This House'' was created by Vince Powell and Harry Driver, but mainly written by others including Dave Freeman and Carla Lane. Running from 1971 to 1976, It marked a departure from James' characteristic bawdy slapstick and famous 'dirty laugh' and ran for 65 episodes over 10 series. The series ended abruptly in 1976, when, just four days after the broadcast of the final episode, James died after collapsing on stage. Ironically, James had told Coupland, "It's such fun and so successful, we'll still be working on ''Bless This House'' till one of us kicks the bucket." In 2004, it came 67th in '' Britain's Best Sitcom''.

''Clochemerle''

In 1972 the lavish French farce in English based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Gabriel Chevallier, '' Clochemerle'' was adapted into 9 episodes by Galton and Simpson for the BBC. It was a stark contrast to the dark comedy of their ''Steptoe and Son'' and ''Hancock's Half Hour''. Filmed on location in Colombier-le-Vieux, in the department of

Ardèche Ardèche (; , ; ) is a Departments of France, department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Southeastern France. It is named after the river Ardèche (river), Ardèche and had a population of 328,278 as of 2019.Roy Dotrice, Wendy Hiller, Cyril Cusack, Kenneth Griffith, Cyd Hayman, Bernard Bresslaw, Hugh Griffith, Micheline Presle, Madeline Smith, Christian Roberts, Nigel Green, Wolfe Morris and Gordon Rollings, with narration by

Peter Ustinov Sir Peter Alexander Ustinov (16 April 192128 March 2004) was a British actor, director and writer. An internationally known raconteur, he was a fixture on television talk shows and lecture circuits for much of his career. Ustinov received #Awa ...

. The show was produced by Michael Mills as a co-production between the

BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England. Originally established in 1922 as the British Broadcasting Company, it evolved into its current sta ...

and West Germany's Bavaria Film. Incidental music was arranged by Alan Roper and played by L'Harmonie Du Rhone Orchestra, Lyon, under the musical direction of Raymond Jarniat.

''My Wife Next Door''

Created by

and written by Richard Waring, ''

'' was shown on BBC1 in 1972 and ran for 13 episodes. The series concerns George Basset, played by

John Alderton John Alderton (born 27 November 1940) is an English retired actor. He is best known for his roles in '' Upstairs, Downstairs'', '' Thomas & Sarah'', '' Wodehouse Playhouse'', '' Little Miss'' (original television series), '' Please Sir!'', '' ...

, and Suzie Basset, played by

Hannah Gordon Hannah Campbell Grant Gordon
Film reference website (born 9 April 1941) is a Scottish actress and presenter ...

, who each try to start afresh after their divorce by moving to the country, only to find that they have moved into adjoining cottages. The music was by

Dennis Wilson Dennis Carl Wilson (December 4, 1944 – December 28, 1983) was an American musician, singer, and songwriter who co-founded the Beach Boys. He was their drummer and the middle brother of bandmates Brian Wilson, Brian and Carl Wilson as well as ...

. In 1973, one episode won a

British Academy Television Award for Best Situation Comedy The British Academy Television Award for Best Scripted Comedy is awarded annually as part of the British Academy Television Awards. Until 2015, the category was named the British Academy Television Award for Best Situation Comedy. According to B ...

. During a repeat run in January 1980, one episode gained 19.3 million viewers and was the second most-watched programme that week.

''Are You Being Served?''

Set in a fictional, traditional London

department store A department store is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different areas of the store under one roof, each area ("department") specializing in a product category. In modern major cities, the department store mad ...

, the show follows the antics of the staff of the retail ladies' and gentlemen's clothing departments . Known for its innuendo-laden humor, quirky characters, and catchphrases ''

'' (1972–85) was one of the longest-running sitcoms of the era. It was created and written for the BBC by Jeremy Lloyd and David Croft and stars

Frank Thornton Frank Thornton Ball (15 January 192116 March 2013), professionally known as Frank Thornton, was an English actor. He was best known for playing Captain Peacock in the TV sitcom ''Are You Being Served?'' and its sequel '' Grace & Favour'' (''A ...

, Mollie Sugden,

, Nicholas Smith, and John Inman, who of the original cast were to appear in all 69 episodes and the same five later featured in the sequel spin-off '' Grace & Favour''which aired in 1991–1992. Inman's camp characterisation of Mr. Humphries contributed greatly to the series' success. In 2004, it ranked 20th in ''Britain's Best Sitcom''. The series proved to be highly exportable, and is regularly repeated on

BBC Two BBC Two is a British free-to-air Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, public broadcast television channel owned and operated by the BBC. It is the corporation's second flagship channel, and it covers a wide range of subject matte ...

Drama Drama is the specific Mode (literature), mode of fiction Mimesis, represented in performance: a Play (theatre), play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on Radio drama, radio or television.Elam (1980, 98). Considered as a g ...

and

Gold Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal ...

in the UK, PBS and

BBC America BBC America is an American basic cable network that is owned by AMC Networks. The channel primarily airs sci-fi and action series and films, as well as selected programs from the BBC (such as its nature documentary series). Unlike the BBC's ...

in the United States, and BBC UKTV, Fox Classics and

9Gem 9Gem is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel, launched by the Nine Network in September 2010. The channel provides general entertainment and movie programming, from which the original name "GEM" is derived. History The la ...

in Australia, and Jones! in New Zealand; as of 2024 it is also streamed on

Britbox BritBox is a British Over-the-top media service, over-the-top Video on demand#Subscription models, video on demand Streaming television, streaming service founded by BBC Studios and ITV plc, ITV which operates in eight countries across Australi ...

Apple TV Apple TV is a digital media player and a microconsole developed and marketed by Apple. It is a small piece of networking hardware that sends received media data such as video and audio to a TV or external display. Its media services include ...

, and in the US on BritBox Amazon Channel. The series was nominated for the 1977 Best Situation Comedy BAFTA TV Award but the 1977 ''

'' feature film starring the main cast was not well received. A one-off episode with a new cast was broadcast in 2016.

''Man About the House''

Considered daring at the time because it featured a man sharing a flat with two single women, the flat-share comedy '' Man About the House'' was created by

Brian Cooke Brian Cooke (born 1937) is a British comedy writer who, with co-writer Johnnie Mortimer, penned scripts for and devised many top 1970s/80s television sitcoms, including '' Man About the House'', '' George and Mildred'', and '' Robin's Nest''. ...

and

Johnnie Mortimer John Edward Mortimer (2 July 1930 – 2 September 1992) was a British scriptwriter for British TV whose work, along with creative writing partner Brian Cooke, also served as inspiration for American television projects. Career John Edward ...

. It starred Richard O'Sullivan, Paula Wilcox and

Sally Thomsett Sally Thomsett (born 3 April 1950) is an English actress who starred as Phyllis in the film '' The Railway Children'' (1970) and played Jo in the TV sitcom '' Man About the House'' (1973–1976). She also appeared as Janice in the film '' Straw ...

, with Brian Murphy and

as their landlord and landlady. 40 episodes were broadcast over six series on ITV, and ran from 1973 to 1976. The series is regularly repeated on

ITV3 ITV3 is a Television in the United Kingdom, British free-to-air television channel owned by ITV Digital Channels, a division of ITV plc. The channel was first launched on Monday 1 November 2004 at 9 pm, replacing Plus (British TV channel), Plus ...

. After the series ended in 1976, two successful spin-off series followed: '' George and Mildred'', in which the Ropers move to the suburbs, and '' Robin's Nest'', in which Robin gets married and opens a bistro. The 1977 '' Man About the House'' spin-off film which included guest stars Arthur Lowe,

Bill Pertwee William Desmond Anthony Pertwee (21 July 1926 – 27 May 2013) was an English actor and comedian. He is best remembered for playing Chief ARP Warden Hodges in ''Dad's Army'' and P.C. Wilson in '' You Rang, M'Lord?''. Early life Pertwee was bo ...

, Aimi MacDonald, and

Spike Milligan Terence Alan "Spike" Milligan (16 April 1918 – 27 February 2002) was an Irish comedian, writer, musician, poet, playwright and actor. The son of an English mother and Irish father, he was born in British Raj, British India, where he spent his ...

(as himself), "acquits itself better than most movie spin-offs from TV series." ''Man About the House'' placed 69th out of 100 in a 2003 BBC poll to find '' Britain's Best Sitcom''.

''Porridge''

Based on life in a UK prison, the ''

'' sitcom by writers Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais provided

(''

''), in the role of a prison inmate, with his most significant sitcom vehicle, supported by

Richard Beckinsale Richard Arthur Beckinsale (6 July 1947 – 19 March 1979) was an English actor. He played Lennie Godber in the BBC British sitcom, sitcom ''Porridge (1974 TV series), Porridge'' (along with its sequel series ''Going Straight'') and Alan Moore ...

. It ran from 1974 to 1977 on BBC1 for 22 episodes over three series. The series features two major supporting characters, both

prison officer A prison officer (PO) or corrections officer (CO), also known as a correctional law enforcement officer or less formally as a prison guard, is a uniformed law enforcement official responsible for the custody, supervision, safety, and regulation ...

s: Mr Mackay, played by Fulton Mackay, and

Mr Barrowclough ''Porridge'' is a British sitcom, starring Ronnie Barker and Richard Beckinsale, written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, and broadcast on BBC1 from 1974 to 1977. The programme ran for three series and two Christmas specials, and was followed ...

, played by Brian Wilde. The sitcom focused on two prison inmates, Norman Fletcher, played by Barker, and Lennie Godber, played by Beckinsale, who are serving time in a fictional British prison. ''Porridge'' was critically acclaimed and was ranked No. 35 on the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute in 2000. In 2004, ''Porridge'' placed seventh in Britain's Best Sitcom. ''Porridge'' was appreciated by British prisoners. Erwin James, an ex-prisoner who wrote a column for ''The Guardian'', stated: "What fans could never know, however, unless they had been subjected to a stint of Her Majesty's Pleasure, was that the conflict between Fletcher and Officer Mackay was about the most authentic depiction ever of the true relationship that exists between prisoners and prison officers in British jails up and down the country. I'm not sure how, but writers Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais grasped the notion that it is the minor victories against the naturally oppressive prison system that makes prison life bearable."

''Rising Damp''

The ITV production of 28 episodes (1974–78) of '' Rising Damp'' written by

Eric Chappell Eric George Chappell (25 September 1933 – 21 April 2022) was an English television comedy writer and playwright who wrote or co-wrote some of the UK's biggest sitcom hits over a more than quarter-century career, first gaining significant noti ...

, is sometimes called the best of all ITV sitcoms. It starred Leonard Rossiter as Rigsby, a miserly, seedy, and ludicrously self-regarding landlord of a run-down Victorian townhouse who rents out his shabby bedsits to a variety of tenants: Ruth Jones, an unmarried woman approaching middle age, played by Frances de la Tour; Alan Moore, a medical student played by

; and Philip Smith, a cultured sales representative supposedly descended from African royalty, played by Don Warrington. Chappell defended Rigsby by saying " eas not a racist or a bigot, but he was prejudiced and suspicious of strangers. But he accepted Philip and his only concern afterwards was that he didn't get a leg over Miss Jones." Warrington who was born in

Trinidad Trinidad is the larger, more populous island of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the country. The island lies off the northeastern coast of Venezuela and sits on the continental shelf of South America. It is the southernmost island in ...

, stated: "There were certain aspects of it that were politically incorrect. On the other, you can see how it held up a mirror to the way we were living." The series won the 1978

BAFTA The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA, ) is an independent trade association and charity that supports, develops, and promotes the arts of film, television and video games in the United Kingdom. In addition to its annual awa ...

for Best Situation Comedy and was the highest-ranking ITV sitcom in the BBC's ''Britain's Best Sitcom'', coming in 27th overall. Frances de la Tour received an ''Evening Standard'' British Film Award in the category of "Best Actress" for her performance as Ruth Jones.

''Happy Ever After''

Broadcast 1974–1979 on BBC1 for 41 episodes over 5 series, starring Terry Scott and June Whitfield, with Beryl Cooke, '' Happy Ever After'' was written by John T. Chapman, Eric Merriman, Christopher Bond, John Kane and Jon Watkins. It was based on a '' Comedy Playhouse''

pilot An aircraft pilot or aviator is a person who controls the flight of an aircraft by operating its Aircraft flight control system, directional flight controls. Some other aircrew, aircrew members, such as navigators or flight engineers, are al ...

called "Happy Ever After" which aired on 7 May 1974, with Scott and Whitfield playing a middle-class couple whose grown-up children had just left home.

''The Good Life''

'' The Good Life'' (1975–1978), written by Bob Larbey and John Esmonde, aired on

BBC1 BBC One is a British free-to-air public broadcast television channel owned and operated by the BBC. It is the corporation's oldest and Flagship (broadcasting), flagship channel, and is known for broadcasting mainstream programming, which includ ...

for 30 episodes over four series and two specials. The final episode was recorded in the presence of the Queen to mark her Silver Jubilee; it was reputedly one of her favourite shows.

Felicity Kendal Felicity Ann Kendal (born 25 September 1946) is an English actress, working principally in television and theatre. She has appeared in numerous stage and screen roles over a more than 70-year career, including as Barbara Good in the television ...

and Richard Briers starred as Barbara and Tom Goode – a middle-class suburban couple who decide to quit the rat race and become self-sufficient, much to the consternation of their snooty but well-meaning neighbour Margo, played by Penelope Keith, and her down-to-earth husband Jerry, played by Paul Eddington. The opening theme was composed by Burt Rhodes. In 2004, ''The Good Life'' came 9th in ''Britain's Best Sitcom''. After its success, the four main cast members were given their own "vehicles" commissioned by the then Head of Comedy and producer of ''The Good Life'', John Howard Davies. The series provided

with her big break on television and significantly boosted her career on stage.

''Fawlty Towers''

Described in the BBC's profile of the show as "the British sitcom by which all other British sitcoms must be judged", ''

'' (1975 and 1979) is eminently quotable; the repetition in the episode known as ''

The Germans "The Germans" is the sixth episode of the first series of the British television sitcom '' Fawlty Towers''. Written by John Cleese and Connie Booth and directed by John Howard Davies, it was first broadcast on BBC2 on 24 October 1975. The ...

'' of 'don't mention the war' has become a catch phrase." In two series, only 12 half-hour episodes were made, because the writers, John Cleese and his then wife Connie Booth, felt that they could not continue to write comedy of the same quality. The series starred Cleese as Basil Fawlty, Prunella Scales as Sybil Fawlty, Connie Booth as Polly Sherman, and

Andrew Sachs Andreas Siegfried Sachs (7 April 1930 – 23 November 2016), known professionally as Andrew Sachs, was a German-born British actor. He made his name on British television and found his greatest fame for his portrayal of the comical Spanish waite ...

as Manuel. Supporting roles included Major Gowen, played by Ballard Berkeley, Chef Terry, played by Brian Hall, and Miss Gatsby and Miss Tibbs, played by Renee Roberts and Gilly Flower. Other well known guests from stage and screen, usually two or three for each episode, were featured in various episodes and among many others included Yvonne Gilan, Conrad Phillips, Bernard Cribbins, James Cossins, Allan Cuthbertson, Ann Way, Brenda Cowling,

, Elspet Gray, Geoffrey Palmer, Derek Royle, Richard Davies, Ken Campbell, Una Stubbs, and John Quarmby. The show was produced by John Howard Davies and Douglas Argent, directed by Davies and

Bob Spiers Robert Alexander Spiers (27 September 1945 – 8 December 2008) was a Scottish television director and producer. He worked on many sitcoms, including ''Dad's Army'' and '' Are You Being Served?'', and won two British Academy Television Awards f ...

and the music was by

. The show was ranked first on a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, and in 2019 it was named the greatest ever British TV sitcom by a panel of comedy experts compiled by the ''

Radio Times ''Radio Times'' is a British weekly listings magazine devoted to television and radio programme schedules, with other features such as interviews, film reviews and lifestyle items. Founded in September 1923 by John Reith, then general manage ...

''.Mattha Busby, 9 April 2019
"Fawlty Towers named greatest ever British TV sitcom"
''The Guardian'', Retrieved 31 December 2021 Basil Fawlty has been listed by Channel 4 as the second greatest television character.

''George and Mildred''

The spin-off from '' Man About the House'', starring Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy, with Norman Eshley, Sheila Fearn, and child star Nicholas Bond-Owen, a domestic sitcom '' George and Mildred'' is focused on a clash of social class. Written by Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer, it ran for 38 episodes and is regularly repeated on ITV3. Yootha Joyce died suddenly in August 1980, just before production of a sixth and final series.

''Open All Hours''

Created and written by

for the BBC, ''

'' ran for 26 episodes in four series (1976, 1981, 1982 and 1985) and starred Ronnie Barker and David Jason, with a regular supporting cast including Lynda Baron, Stephanie Cole, Barbara Flynn, Maggie Ollerenshaw, and Kathy Staff. The programme, produced and directed by

and developed from a

television pilot A television pilot (also known as a pilot or a pilot episode and sometimes marketed as a tele-movie) in United Kingdom and United States television, is a standalone episode of a television series that is used to sell a show to a television netwo ...

broadcast in Barker's comedy

anthology series An anthology series is a written series, radio, television, film, or video game series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each different episode, season, segment, or short. These usually have a different ca ...

'' Seven of One'' (1973), centred around the antics of the eccentric and miserly owner of a traditional English

corner shop A convenience store, convenience shop, bakkal, bodega, corner store, corner shop, superette or mini-mart is a small retail store that stocks a range of everyday items such as convenience food, groceries, beverages, tobacco products, lotter ...

. Barker took his idea for Arkwright's famous stutter from the 1950s writer and performer Glenn Melvyn. ''Open All Hours'' came 8th in the 2004 Britain's Best Sitcom poll. Although it ended in 1985, ''Open All Hours'' had been repeated over 3,000 times by 2021. The theme tune was composed by Joseph Ascher (1829–1869), arranged for a brass band and performed by Max Harris, who also wrote the incidental music. A sequel, ''

Still Open All Hours ''Still Open All Hours'' is a British sitcom (2013–2019) created for the BBC by Roy Clarke, and starring David Jason and James Baxter. It is the sequel to the sitcom '' Open All Hours'' (1976–1985), which both Clarke and Jason were invol ...

'', with David Jason and many members of the original cast, began airing nearly 30 years later in 2013 and ran until 2019 for 41 episodes.

''Miss Jones and Son''

First broadcast on ITV in 1977 and running for 12 episodes, '' Miss Jones and Son'' (1977–78) was written by Richard Waring and produced and directed by Peter Frazer-Jones. It starred Paula Wilcox ('' Man About the House''), Christopher Beeny, Charlotte Mitchell and Norman Bird. The series depicted the life of Elizabeth Jones, played by Wilcox, a young woman coming to terms with the responsibility of looking after her baby alone. Emotional support came in the form of next-door-neighbour and friend Geoffrey, played by Beeny. Difficulties included the reproaches of her parents, played by Mitchell and Bird, a difficult social life, and a reduced income. The theme song, "Bright Idea", was written by Roger Webb.

''Rings on Their Fingers''

Also written by Richard Waring, '' Rings on Their Fingers'' (1978–80) ran from 1978 to 1980 for 20 episodes in 3 series and was and produced by Harold Snoad for the BBC. It concerns a young unmarried couple, Sandy Bennett, played by Diane Keen, and Oliver Pryde, played by Martin Jarvis. The cast also included Tim Barrett, Barbara Lott, Anna Dawson, John Kane and Royce Mills. Sandy wishes to marry whereas Oliver is happy to remain unmarried. During the first series they do marry and in the second series they adjust to married life. A proposed fourth series would have concerned Sandy becoming pregnant unexpectedly, and Sandy and Oliver adapting to parenthood, but the series was not re-commissioned.

''To the Manor Born''

Co-starring Penelope Keith as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and Peter Bowles as Richard DeVere, '' To the Manor Born'' (1979–1981, 2007) was a 'feel-good' series following the leading characters' 'will-they-won't they' love story. Written by Peter Spence and Christopher Bond and produced and directed by

Gareth Gwenlan Gareth Gwenlan (26 April 1937 – 8 May 2016) was a Welsh television producer, director and executive, best known for his work on shows such as ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin'', ''Butterflies (TV series), Butterflies'', ''To the Manor Bor ...

, it was a sitcom with one of the largest audience ratings of the period. The final episode of series 1, which aired on 11 November 1979, was the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s, drawing 23.95 million viewers. Retrieved 4 January 2022. The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers. The series has been repeated over 1,000 times. Major supporting roles were played by Angela Thorne as Audrey's friend Marjory and Daphne Heard as Mrs Polouvicka, Richard's mother. Other members of the cast included Alan David, John Rudling, Michael Bilton, Gerald Sim, Michael Cochrane, and Georgie Glen. The music was written by Ronnie Hazlehurst.

''Terry and June''

Spun off from '' Happy Ever After'' after it ended, Terry Scott and June Whitfield returned to star in the 65 episodes of '' Terry and June'' (1979–1987). It was mostly written by John Kane. Chapman, one of the original writers, said that the original programme had run out of ideas and had to end. BBC Comedy, however, were unwilling to end a successful 'cozy' show, and so brought in fresh new writers; for legal reasons the programme title had to be changed, and, on 24 October 1979, ''Terry and June'' was born. It was similar to ''Happy Ever After'' without Aunt Lucy, but Terry and June's surname changed from Fletcher to Medford and the characters moved to Purley in London. In 2004, it came joint 73rd in ''Britain's Best Sitcom'' with ''Happy Ever After''.

''Come Back Mrs. Noah''

The sci-fi sitcom '' Come Back Mrs. Noah'', set in space in 2050, was broadcast on BBC1 from 17 July to 14 August 1978, with a pilot being aired on 13 December 1977, but it was not a success and ran for only six episodes. Although written by Jeremy Lloyd and David Croft, and featuring an all-star sitcom cast including Mollie Sugden (''

''),

(''

''), Gorden Kaye (''

'Allo 'Allo! ''Allo 'Allo!'' is a British sitcom television series, created by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, starring Gorden Kaye, Carmen Silvera, Guy Siner and Richard Gibson. Originally broadcast on BBC1, the series focuses on the life of a Frenc ...

''), Donald Hewlett ('' It Ain't Half Hot Mum'' and '' You Rang, M'Lord?'') and Michael Knowles (''It Ain't Half Hot Mum'' and ''You Rang, M'Lord?''), along with Vicki Michelle (''

'') and Harold Bennett (''

'' and ''

''), some regarded it as one of the worst British sitcoms ever made. It has never been repeated. Writing in ''The British Comedy Guide'' on 27 June 2021, in his article "Stranger Things: When sitcoms strain to be different", citing in detail three examples including ''Come Back Mrs. Noah'', Graham McCann explains how a sitcom, even when written, produced and acted by a highly successful team, can go horribly wrong.

The 1980s

The alternatives' incursion

In the 1980s, the emerging alternative comedians began to develop sitcoms, partly as a response to series such as ''Terry and June'' (1979–87), with their "complacent gentility, outmoded social attitudes and bourgeois sensibilities". The alternatives' incursion began with '' The Young Ones'' (1982–84), written by Rik Mayall,

Ben Elton Benjamin Charles Elton is a British comedian, actor, author, playwright, lyricist and director. One of the major figures in the alternative comedy movement of the 1980s, his early stand-up style was Left-wing politics, left-wing political satire ...

and others. To help make it stand out, the group opted to combine traditional sitcom style with violent slapstick, non-sequitur plot turns, and surrealism. These older styles were mixed with the working and lower-middle class attitudes of the growing 1980s alternative comedy boom. Mayall was also the star of '' The New Statesman'' (1987–92), a series created by Maurice Gran and Laurence Marks, whose biggest success, '' Birds of a Feather'' (1989–98, 2014–20), also deviated from British practice in being scripted by a team of writers. The alternative comedy genre continued with ''

'' (1983–89), mainly written by Ben Elton and

Richard Curtis Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis (born 8 November 1956) is a British screenwriter, producer and director. One of Britain's most successful comedy screenwriters, he is known for romantic comedy-drama films, including ''Four Weddings and a Funeral' ...

and starring Rowan Atkinson, Tony Robinson, Tim McInnerny,

Miranda Richardson Miranda Jane Richardson (born 3 March 1958) is an English actress who has worked in film, television and theatre. After graduating from the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, Richardson began her career in 1979 and made her West End theatre, West ...

Stephen Fry Sir Stephen John Fry (born 24 August 1957) is an English actor, broadcaster, comedian, director, narrator and writer. He came to prominence as a member of the comic act Fry and Laurie alongside Hugh Laurie, with the two starring in ''A Bit of ...

and

Hugh Laurie James Hugh Calum Laurie (; born 11 June 1959) is an English actor, comedian, singer, musician and writer. He first gained professional recognition as a member of the English comedy double act Fry and Laurie with Stephen Fry. Fry and Laurie act ...

. Atkinson's

Edmund Blackadder Edmund Blackadder is the single name given to a collection of fictional characters who appear in the BBC mock-historical comedy series ''Blackadder'', each played by Rowan Atkinson. Although each series is set within a different period of Britis ...

came at number three in the Channel 4 list of 100 greatest television characters. Other high-ratings mainstream, slice-of-life shows of the decade included ''

Bread Bread is a baked food product made from water, flour, and often yeast. It is a staple food across the world, particularly in Europe and the Middle East. Throughout recorded history and around the world, it has been an important part of many cu ...

'' (1986–1991) written by Carla Lane, about a close-knit, working-class family in

Liverpool Liverpool is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is situated on the eastern side of the River Mersey, Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, north-west of London. With a population ...

. Running for 74 episodes, at its peak it attracted 21 million viewers. Another notable series was the

Science fiction Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or abbreviated SF) is a genre of speculative fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts. These concepts may include information technology and robotics, biological manipulations, space ...

comedy ''

Red Dwarf A red dwarf is the smallest kind of star on the main sequence. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of fusing star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of the Sun. However, due to their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs are ...

'' (1988–), while ''

'' another Croft and Lloyd creation is set in German occupied France during World War II.

''Yes Minister''

Starring Paul Eddington, with

Nigel Hawthorne Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was an English actor. He is known for his stage acting and his portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby, the permanent secretary in the 1980s sitcom ''Yes Minister'' and the Cabinet Secre ...

and

Derek Fowlds Derek James Fowlds (2 September 1937 – 17 January 2020) was an English actor. He played "Mr Derek" in '' The Basil Brush Show'' (1969–1973), Bernard Woolley in the sitcom '' Yes Minister'' (1980–1984) and its sequel, '' Yes, Prime Ministe ...

in the supporting roles, '' Yes Minister'' which ran for 21 episodes on BBC2 (1980–1984), and its sequel ''Yes, Prime Minister'' (1986–88), which ran for 16 episodes, were political

satire Satire is a genre of the visual, literary, and performing arts, usually in the form of fiction and less frequently non-fiction, in which vices, follies, abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, often with the intent of exposin ...

s. Established Shakespearean actor Hawthorne picked up four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance for his role. Created by Antony Jay and

Jonathan Lynn Jonathan Adam Lynn (born 3 April 1943) is an English film director, screenwriter, and actor. He directed the comedy films '' Clue'', '' Nuns on the Run'', '' My Cousin Vinny'', and '' The Whole Nine Yards''. He also co-created and co-wrote the ...

, the series received several BAFTAs and in 2004 was voted sixth in the ''Britain's Best Sitcom'' poll. Writer Michael Dobbs said Jay and Lynn "really got to the heart of so much of what goes on in Whitehall and Westminster". As the series revolved around the inner workings of central government, most of the scenes take place privately in offices and exclusive members' clubs. Lynn said that "there was not a single scene set in the

House of Commons The House of Commons is the name for the elected lower house of the Bicameralism, bicameral parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada. In both of these countries, the Commons holds much more legislative power than the nominally upper house of ...

because government does not take place in the House of Commons. Some politics and much theatre takes place there. Government happens in private. As in all public performances, the real work is done in rehearsal, behind closed doors. Then the public and the House are shown what the government wishes them to see." Lynn and Jay explained: "After we wrote the episode, we would show it to some secret sources, always including somebody who was an expert on the subject in question. They would usually give us extra information which, because it was true, was usually funnier than anything we might have thought up." In a 2004 BBC programme paying tribute to the series, it was revealed that Jay and Lynn had drawn on information provided by two insiders from the governments of

Harold Wilson James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx (11 March 1916 – 23 May 1995) was a British statesman and Labour Party (UK), Labour Party politician who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1964 to 1970 and again from 197 ...

and

James Callaghan Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff ( ; 27 March 191226 March 2005) was a British statesman and Labour Party (UK), Labour Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the L ...

, namely Marcia Falkender and Bernard Donoughue. The series was the favourite television programme of the then

Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...

Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (; 13 October 19258 April 2013), was a British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of th ...

. In 2012, Prime Minister

David Cameron David William Donald Cameron, Baron Cameron of Chipping Norton (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. Until 2015, he led the first coalition government in the UK s ...

admitted that "I can tell you, as prime minister, it is true to life."

''Hi-de-Hi!''

Set in 1959–60 in a fictional holiday camp, '' Hi-de-Hi!'' was filmed on location at the real Warner's Holiday Centre at Dovercourt Bay. It ran for 58 episodes (1980–1988) on the BBC and is often repeated. It was co-written by Jimmy Perry, based on his experience as a

Butlin's Butlin's is a chain of large Seaside resort, seaside resorts in the United Kingdom, incorporated as Butlins Skyline Limited. Butlin's was founded by Billy Butlin to provide affordable holidays for ordinary British families. Between 1936 and 1 ...

Redcoat, and director-producer David Croft. With its

ensemble cast In a dramatic production, an ensemble cast is one that comprises many principal actors and performers who are typically assigned roughly equal amounts of screen time.Random House: ensemble acting Linked 2013-07-17 Structure In contrast to the po ...

comprising

Paul Shane Paul Shane (19 June 1940 – 16 May 2013) was a British actor and comedian. He was known for his television work, in particular for playing Ted Bovis in the 1980s BBC sitcom ''Hi-de-Hi!''. Early life Shane was born on 19 June 1940 as George ...

, Simon Cadell, Ruth Madoc, Jeffrey Holland,

Su Pollard Susan Georgina "Su" Pollard (born 7 November 1949) is a British actress, singer, songwriter and author whose career has spanned over 50 years. Pollard is most known for her role in the sitcom '' Hi-de-Hi!'' She also appeared in the sitcoms '' Y ...

, and David Griffin, the series gained large audiences and won a BAFTA for Best Comedy Series in 1984. In a 2008 poll on Channel 4, "Hi-de-Hi!" was voted the 35th most popular comedy catchphrase. According to comedy researcher

Mark Lewisohn Mark Lewisohn (born 16 June 1958) is an English historian and biographer. Since the 1980s, he has written many reference books about the Beatles and has worked for EMI, MPL Communications and Apple Corps.

, "Plots became somewhat outlandish during the latter episodes and by the time the BBC called it a day in 1988, it is arguable that the show had already outstayed its welcome by a good couple of years. All in all, though, this was a good British sitcom."

''Only Fools and Horses''

One of the most successful British sitcoms of all time, ''

'' (1981–2003) starred David Jason as Derek "Del Boy" Trotter and

Nicholas Lyndhurst Nicholas Simon Lyndhurst (born 20 April 1961) is an English actor. He began his career as a child actor and is best known for his role as Rodney Trotter in the BBC sitcom ''Only Fools and Horses'' (1981–2003). He was cast as Professor Alan C ...

as his younger brother Rodney. It began in 1981 and ran for 64 episodes, with specials, until 2003. It was the most durable of several series written by John Sullivan. The 1996 episode " Time on Our Hands" (originally billed as the last episode) holds the record for the highest UK audience for a sitcom episode, attracting 24.3 million viewers. A ratings success with viewers, the series received numerous awards, including recognition from

, the

National Television Awards The National Television Awards (often shortened to NTAs) is a British television awards ceremony, broadcast by the ITV network and begun in 1995. The National Television Awards are the most prominent ceremony for which the results are voted o ...

and the

Royal Television Society The Royal Television Society (RTS) is a British-based educational charity for the discussion, and analysis of television in all its forms, past, present, and future. It is the oldest television society in the world. It currently has fourteen r ...

, as well as winning individual accolades for Sullivan and Jason. It was voted Britain's Best Sitcom in a 2004 BBC poll. In a 2001 Channel 4 poll Del Boy was ranked fourth on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters. The series influenced

British culture The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by its History of the United Kingdom, combined nations' history, its interaction with the cultures of Europe, the individual diverse cultures of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and ...

, contributing several words and phrases to the English language. It was named one of the top 20 cult television programmes of all time by TV critic Jeff Evans. Evans spoke of: "[shows] such as ''Only Fools and Horses'', which gets tremendous viewing figures but does inspire conventions of fans who meet in pubs called the Nag's Head and wander round dressed as their favourite characters." The theme music was by Ronnie Hazlehurst (1981) and John Sullivan (1982–2003). ''Only Fools and Horses'' came top in a research and analysis by a team of scientists led by Dr Helen Pilcher, a molecular neurobiologist and stand-up comedian with a speciality in scientific humour.

''Last of the Summer Wine''

Running on the BBC for 295 episodes over 31 series and four decades, '' Last of the Summer Wine'' (1973–2010) was entirely written by

(''Keeping Up Appearances'', ''

'' and ''

'') and produced by Alan J. W. Bell, with music by Ronnie Hazelhurst. It is the longest-running comedy programme in Britain and the longest-running sitcom in the world. The family-friendly show was about the antics of a group of male pensioners looking for adventure, "portraying the elderly in a positive and non-stereotypical light." The show was filmed largely in the small town of Holmfirth in Yorkshire, a location recommended by Barry Took, and surrounding countryside. and features Bill Owen (actor), Bill Owen, 186 episodes, Peter Sallis, 295 episodes, and Kathy Staff, 245 episodes, along with Dame Thora Hird, Thora Hird, 152 episodes ('' Bootsie and Snudge''), Stephen Lewis, 135 episodes, ('' On the Buses''),

, 135 episodes (''

''), Brian Murphy, 73 episodes, ('' Man About the House'', '' George and Mildred''), Josephine Tewson, 62 episodes, (''Keeping Up Appearances''), Dora Bryan, 50 episodes, (''Happily Ever After (1961 TV series), Happily Ever After''), June Whitfield, 44 episodes, ('' Absolutely Fabulous'', ''Father, Dear Father'', '' Terry and June''), Trevor Bannister, 25 episodes, (''

''), and over the years included many other actors for a total cast of 459. It later became the first comedy series to completely do away with studio sets and a live audience, moving all filming to Holmfirth. The episodes were then shown to preview audiences, whose laughter was recorded for a laugh track to avoid the use of canned laughter. ''Last of the Summer Wine'' was nominated numerous times for British television industry awards; it was proposed five times between 1973 and 1985 for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, British Academy Film Awards, twice for the Best Situation Comedy Series award (in 1973 and 1979) and three times for the Best Comedy Series award (in 1982, 1983, and 1985). The show was also considered for the

four times since 1999 (in 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2004), each time in the Most Popular Comedy Programme category. In 1999 the show won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme. Repeated over 17,000 times, it is regularly broadcast on Gold (British TV channel), Gold, Yesterday (TV channel), Yesterday, and Drama (British TV channel), Drama. It is also seen in more than 25 countries.

''Ever Decreasing Circles''

On BBC1 for four series and one feature-length special, '' Ever Decreasing Circles'' (1984–1989) was made in a total of 27 episodes. It was written by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey, and it reunited them with Richard Briers, of their previous hit show ''The Good Life''.

directed 13 episodes and 14 episodes were produced by Harold Snoad. The show also featured guest appearances by Peter Blake (actor), Peter Blake, Ronnie Stevens (actor), Ronnie Stevens, Victoria Burgoyne and Ray Winstone. Centred around Martin Bryce, the eccentric mover and shaker of his local community who feels threatened by the verve and aplomb of a new arrival in the village, played by Peter Egan. Its handling was much less brash than most sitcoms, and ''The Guardian'' described it as having "a quiet, unacknowledged and deep-running despair to it that in retrospect seems quite daring". Reappraising the series, Andy Dawson observed that "''Ever Decreasing Circles'' strayed far from the well-worn path that other Britcoms trudged along in the 70s and 80s. There was a very real darkness at the heart of it, with Martin existing in what was almost certainly a state of permanent mental anguish." The show was voted number 52 in the BBC's ''Britain's Best Sitcom'' poll in 2003. At its peak, it attracted television audiences of around 12 million.

Allo 'Allo!''

Reminiscent of their 1970s sitcoms such as ''Are You Being Served?'' ''It Ain't Half Hot Mum'', and ''Dad's Army'', ''

'' was another creation of the writer/producer team of David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd. Set in German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Nazi-occupied France and starring Gorden Kaye as René, a café owner, 85 episodes were produced over nine series. Croft and Lloyd, who wrote the first six series (the rest were scripted by Lloyd and Paul Adam) devised the concept as a farcical parody of BBC wartime drama ''Secret Army (TV series), Secret Army'' (1977-1979) from which many elements were directly taken. Some actors from ''Secret Army'' also appeared in ''Allo 'Allo!'': Richard Marner, Guy Siner, John D. Collins and Hilary Minster. Although it did not have the success of ''Dad's Army'', it gained respectable ratings, and was adapted to stage. The BBC were able to sell the series to Germany, possibly because its Nazis were depicted 'as harmlessly pervy and bumbling'.Lloyd obituary
telegraph.co.uk; accessed 9 January 2022. A special entitled ''The Return of 'Allo 'Allo!'' aired in 2007, featuring cast members returning to reprise their original roles in a special story, alongside a documentary about the sitcom including a highlight reel of episodes, and interviews with the cast, production team and fans.

''The Mistress''

Starring

(''The Good Life'') and Jane Asher, ''The Mistress (TV series), The Mistress'' (1985–1987) aired on BBC Two, BBC2 for 12 episodes and was written by Carla Lane. Kendal played Maxine, a young florist having an affair with a married man, whose wife was played by Asher. The series was produced and directed by

. Series 2 attempted to broaden its scope, serving as a more general comedy while still retaining the thread of the affair.

''Chelmsford 123''

Running for only 13 episodes, ''Chelmsford 123'' (1988–1990), was a short-lived series set in Roman Britain about a young Roman general punished by the Emperor by being sent to govern cold, miserable Britannia, populated by hordes of drunken hooligans. Created and written by Jimmy Mulville and Rory McGrath, and starring themselves with Philip Pope and Neil Pearson, it has fallen into relative obscurity. Both series are nevertheless available on All 4.

The 1990s

The new

began to have successful long-running situation comedies. ''Desmond's'' (1989–94) was the first British sitcom with a black cast set in the workplace, and ''Drop the Dead Donkey'' (1990–98) brought topicality to the form as it was recorded close to transmission. ''Oh, Doctor Beeching'' (1995–1997) was the last of many sitcoms by producer David Croft. Some of the biggest hits of the 1990s were ''Men Behaving Badly'', ''Game On (British TV series), Game On'', ''2point4 Children'', ''I'm Alan Partridge'', ''Goodnight Sweetheart (TV series), Goodnight Sweetheart'', ''Bottom (TV series), Bottom'', ''The Brittas Empire'', ''The Thin Blue Line (British TV series), The Thin Blue Line'', ''Mr. Bean'' and ''One Foot in the Grave''.

''Jeeves and Wooster''

The Jeeves#Jeeves canon, "Jeeves" stories by novelist P. G. Wodehouse were made into ''Jeeves and Wooster'' (1990–1993), a comedy-drama series in sitcom style. Twenty-three episodes in 4 series were adapted by Clive Exton for ITV, starring Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie, already well known writers and double act stars of their own sketch comedy television series ''A Bit of Fry & Laurie''. The productions were well received. The third series won a British Academy Television Award for Best Design for Eileen Diss. The final series won a British Academy Television Award for Best Graphics for Derek W. Hayes and was nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series; it also earned a British Academy Television Award for Best Original Television Music for Anne Dudley, and a British Academy Television Award for Best Costume Design for Dany Everett.Awards for ''Jeeves and Wooster'' (1990)
from Internet Movie Database In retrospect, Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline called screenwriter Exton "the series' real star", saying his "Literary adaptation, adaptations come surprisingly close to capturing the flavour of the originals" by "retaining many of Wodehouse's most inspired literary similes."

''Waiting for God''

Written by Michael Aitkens, produced by

, and directed by Gwenlan and Sue Bysh, ''Waiting for God (TV series), Waiting for God'' (1990–1994) ran on BBC1 for 47 episodes over 5 series and was a major success. It starred Stephanie Cole as Diana Trent and Graham Crowden as Tom Ballard, two elderly but spirited residents of Bournemouth's fictional Bayview Retirement Home, who are determined not to grow old gracefully, and spend their time running rings around the home's oppressive management and their own families. With Janine Duvitski in the main supporting role and a regular cast including Andrew Tourell, Sandra Payne (actress), Sandra Payne, Michael Bilton and Paddy Ward, much of the humour was derived from flying in the face of expectations about how the elderly ought to behave. The show became very successful, and came 37th in the 2004 poll to find ''Britain's Best Sitcom''. It is frequently repeated on the Drama and Gold channels.

''Keeping Up Appearances''

The frequently repeated and highly successful series ''Keeping Up Appearances'' (1990–1995, 1997, 2008), was written by Roy Clarke. The show, which comprised five series and 44 episodes, including four Christmas specials, starred Patricia Routledge as the snobbish Hyacinth Bucket, Hyacinth 'Bouquet' Bucket, Clive Swift, playing her husband, and Josephine Tewson, playing her neighbour, with Judy Cornwell, Mary Millar and Geoffrey Hughes (actor), Geoffrey Hughes as her working class relatives. The theme music was composed by Nick Ingman. It is the BBC's most exported television programme, having been sold nearly 1,000 times to overseas broadcasters. As of 2016 ''Keeping Up Appearances'' is the most-bought BBC and has outsold every other show to international broadcasters in the past 40 years. According to Roy Clarke : "...the secret to her wide fan base is that everyone knows a Hyacinth" In a 2004 BBC poll it placed 12th in Britain's Best Sitcom and in a 2001 Channel 4 poll, Hyacinth Bucket was ranked 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters. Production ended after Routledge decided to move on to other projects.

''Absolutely Fabulous''

Written by

and starring herself and Joanna Lumley, with Julia Sawalha and June Whitfield in supporting roles, '' Absolutely Fabulous'' (1992–1995) was based on the ''French and Saunders'' sketch "Modern Mother and Daughter". It ran for 39 episodes with the first three series airing on BBC, followed a two-part special finale entitled ''The Last Shout'' in 1996. Saunders played Edina Monsoon, a heavy-drinking, drug-abusing public relations, PR agent who spends her time in a desperate attempt to stay young and "hip", and Lumley played fashion magazine director Patsy Stone, whose drug abuse and alcohol consumption far eclipsed Edina's. It returned for two more series and two one-hour specials from 2001 to 2004. In 1997, the pilot episode, "Fashion", was ranked #47 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time, ''TV Guide''s "100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time" list. A scene from the show was included in the ''100 Greatest (TV series), TV's 100 Greatest Moments'' programme broadcast by

in 1999. In 2000, the show was ranked 17th in the BFI TV 100, greatest British television show of all time by the BFI. In 2004 and 2007, the show was ranked 24th and 29th on ''TV Guide''s "Top Cult Shows Ever" list. In 2019, the series ranked 9th in ''Radio Times''' top 20 British sitcoms. The series has a 96% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and ''Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie'', was released in 2016.

''If You See God, Tell Him''

The BBC1 mini-series of ''If You See God, Tell Him'' (1993), broadcast in four 45-minute episodes written by Andrew Marshall (screenwriter), Andrew Marshall and David Renwick, stars Richard Briers, Ade Edmondson, Adrian Edmondson, Imelda Staunton and Martin Clunes. The humour concerns a man who bumps his head and starts believing he must do everything adverts tell him, with catastrophic results. ''The Independent'' wrote: "It's not really a disaster but there's something decidedly uneven underfoot here, a feeling that this is the working model for a new type of comedy rather than the finished product. [...] while it's sustained with considerable energy by the actors and direction you have to doubt whether it really stands up for one episode, let alone four." Conversely, a retrospective review in ''The Guardian'' highlighted the series as "a gem from an era when the BBC took its black comedy seriously", praising both its dark content and humour, "a Richard Briers sitcom that's the opposite of The Good Life." The series was only broadcast once and never repeated; according to ''The Guardian'', this was "possibly because it was too much of a leap for fans of ''The Good Life'', but it has grown in cult status over the years."

''The Vicar of Dibley''

In terms of ratings, '' The Vicar of Dibley'' (1994–2007) starring

, is among the most successful British programmes of the digital era. The main character, Geraldine Granger, was invented by

, but he and French extensively consulted Joy Carroll, one of the first female Anglican priests. The series exploited the 1992 Priests (Ordination of Women) Measure 1993, changes in the Church of England that permitted the ordination of women. The show included Cameo appearance, cameos from many actors and celebrities, many appearing as themselves, and including Sarah, Duchess of York, Hugh Bonneville, Mel Giedroyc, Richard Griffiths, Miranda Hart, Alistair McGowan, Geraldine McNulty, Philip Whitchurch, Nicholas Le Prevost, Brian Perkins and Roger Sloman, Pam Rhodes, Kylie Minogue, Rachel Hunter, Terry Wogan, Jeremy Paxman, Martyn Lewis, Darcey Bussell, Sean Bean, Richard Ayoade, Orla Brady, Fiona Bruce, Annette Crosbie, Johnny Depp, Ruth Jones (actress), Ruth Jones, Hilary Kay, Damian Lewis, Maureen Lipman,

, Sting (musician), Sting and his wife Trudie Styler, Stephen Tompkinson, Dervla Kirwan, and Emma Watson. Dibley received multiple British Comedy Awards, two List of International Emmy Award winners, International Emmys, and was a multiple British Academy Television Awards nominee. In 2004, it was placed third in a BBC poll to find ''Britain's Best Sitcom''. In addition to the twenty main episodes between 1994 and 2007, the series included numerous shorter charity specials, as well as 'lockdown' episodes produced during the 2020-2021 COVID-19 pandemic. The theme music was a setting of Psalm 23 composed by Howard Goodall as a serious piece of church choral music, and performed by the choir of Christ Church, Oxford, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, with George Humphreys singing the solo. The conductor was Stephen Darlington.

''Hamish Macbeth''

The 20 episode comedy drama series ''Hamish Macbeth (TV series), Hamish Macbeth'' (1995–1997), by Scottish screenwriter Daniel Boyle (writer), Daniel Boyle, was filmed mainly on location in the Scottish Highlands, in a departure from the convention that sitcoms are filmed in studio and accompanied by a laugh track. It was loosely adapted from the mystery novels by M. C. Beaton (Marion Chesney) by Daniel Boyle (writer), Daniel Boyle and starred Robert Carlyle as a police officer.

''Father Ted''

The highly successful ''

'' (1995–1998) series created by Irish writers Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews (writer), Arthur Mathews, produced by British Hat Trick Productions for

aired over three series, including a Christmas special, for 25 episodes. Set on the fictional Craggy Island, off Ireland's west coast, it starred Dermot Morgan as Father Ted Crilly, Ardal O'Hanlon as Father Dougal McGuire and Frank Kelly as Father Jack Hackett. Exiled to the island by Bishop Leonard Brennan, played by Jim Norton (Irish actor), Jim Norton, the priests live together in the parochial house with their housekeeper Mrs Doyle, played by Pauline McLynn. The show subverts parodies of Low comedy, low-brow humour as it portrays nuanced themes of loneliness, agnosticism, existentialism and purgatory experienced by its title character; this deeper meaning of the show has been much acclaimed. The series won several BAFTA awards, twice winning for British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy (Programme or Series), Best Comedy Series. In a 2001 poll by

, Father Dougal was ranked fifth on a list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters. In 2019, ''Father Ted'' was named the second-greatest British sitcom (after ''Fawlty Towers'') by a panel of comedy experts for the ''Radio Times''.

''dinnerladies''

A winner of many awards, including "Best New TV Comedy" at the 1999 British Comedy Awards, and "Best TV Comedy" in 2000. Created, written and co-produced by Victoria Wood, who also starred as the main character, Brenda Furlong, ''Dinnerladies (TV series), dinnerladies'' is based on the lives and interactions of the employees of a works canteen and ran for a total of 16 episodes during 1998 and 2000. The permanent cast occasionally featured guest actors, including Joanne Froggatt, Tina Malone, Dora Bryan, Dora Bryan OBE, Lynda Baron, Elspet Gray, Janette Tough, Simon Williams (actor), Simon Williams, Kenny Doughty and Eric Sykes, Eric Sykes CBE, and Thora Hird, Dame Thora Hird DBE. Involving only one set throughout its run (with the exception of quiz show and hospital sets which are both seen on a television screen in the last two episodes), ''dinnerladies'' was entirely filmed at the London Television Centre, London, BBC Television Centre in front of a live studio audience employing a multiple-camera setup. The theme music was composed by Victoria Wood.

2000–2010

At the turn of the Millennium, examples of the hyperreal approach pioneered by Galton and Simpson in some of their ''Hancock'' scripts was evident in Steve Coogan's 12-episode sitcom ''I'm Alan Partridge'' (1997–2002). Galton and Simpson's influence also found its way into '' The Office'', a

, ''Early Doors'', ''Gavin & Stacey'' and many British dramedy, dramedies. The BBC began using their digital channels BBC Three (former), BBC Three and BBC Four to build a following for off-beat series including ''The Thick of It'' (2005–2012). Channel 4 had successes with ''Spaced'' (1999–2001), ''Black Books'' (2000–2004), ''Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights, Phoenix Nights'' (2001–2002), ''Peep Show (British TV series), Peep Show'' (2003–2015), ''Green Wing'' (2004–2006), ''The IT Crowd'' (2006–2013) and ''The Inbetweeners'' (2008–2010). The late 2000s and early 2010s also saw a major resurgence in traditional-style sitcoms filmed in front of a studio audience and featuring a laughter track, such as ''Not Going Out'' (2006–), written by Lee Mack, '' Miranda'' (2009–2015), ''Reggie Perrin'' (2009–2010), a remake of the 1970s series ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin'' and Irish sitcom ''Mrs Brown's Boys'' (2011–). The most successful BBC sitcom of the time was ''My Family'' (2000–2011), which came 24th in the Britain's Best Sitcom poll in 2004 and was the most watched sitcom in the United Kingdom in 2008. Other sitcoms in the new millennium included ''Outnumbered (UK TV series), Outnumbered'' (2007–2016), ''Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps'' (2001–2011), about a group of young people living in Runcorn, and ''The IT Crowd'' (2006–2013), about Information technology, IT colleagues.

''The Royle Family''

Caroline Aherne and Craig Cash wrote the 25 episodes of '' The Royle Family'' (1998–2012) for the BBC. It centred on the lives of a television-fixated working-class family, the Royles, a stereotype of family life at the turn of the century, sharing elements of kitchen sink realism, kitchen sink drama. ''The Royle Family'' was placed 31st in the BFI's 2000 list of the 100 greatest British television programmes. In a 2001 Channel 4 poll, Jim Royle, the misanthropic head of the household, was ranked 11th on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters. In a 2004 BBC poll to find ''Britain's Best Sitcom'', ''The Royle Family'' was placed 19th. The series also won several BAFTA awards.

''Doc Martin''

Like ''Hamish Macbeth'' in the 1990s, ''Doc Martin'' (2004–2022), is a dramedy series of 79 episodes through its 18 years. It stars Martin Clunes as Dr. Martin Ellingham, the general practitioner of a Cornish village, and Caroline Catz supported by a regular cast and many guests including Stephanie Cole (''Waiting for God (TV series), Waiting for God'', ''

''), and Dame Eileen Atkins. Created by Dominic Minghella and written and produced by Philippa Braithwaite, it was filmed on location in the village of Port Isaac, with most interior scenes shot in a converted local barn. In 2004, ''Doc Martin'' won the British Comedy Award for "Best TV Comedy Drama", having also been nominated as "Best New TV Comedy". The tenth (and final) series aired from 7 September 2022 to 26 October 2022; one last installment, a Christmas special that aired on 25 December 2022, was the programme's final episode.

''The Green Green Grass''

Running for 32 episodes over four series and three Christmas specials ''The Green Green Grass'' (2005 and 2009) was a spin-off from ''Only Fools and Horses'', produced for the BBC and created and initially written by John Sullivan, who also wrote the theme music. It starred John Challis, Sue Holderness and Jack Doolan (actor), Jack Doolan from ''Only Fools and Horses''. It also featured several guest stars including Paula Wilcox ('' Man About the House''), American actor George Wendt and June Whitfield, Dame June Whitfield ('' Happy Ever After'', '' Absolutely Fabulous'', '' Last of the Summer Wine'').

''Gavin & Stacey''

James Corden and Ruth Jones wrote the 20 episodes of ''Gavin & Stacey'' produced by Baby Cow Productions (2007–2010) for BBC Cymru Wales over three series which were directed by Christine Gernonmover. It centres on two families, one in Billericay, Essex, and the other in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Barry, South Wales. Mathew Horne and Joanna Page played List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Gavin Shipman, Gavin and List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Stacey Shipman, Stacey, and the writers played their best friends, List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Neil "Smithy" Smith, Smithy and List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Nessa Jenkins, Nessa. Alison Steadman and Larry Lamb played Gavin's parents, List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Pam Shipman, Pam and List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Mick Shipman, Mick, Melanie Walters played Stacey's mother, List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Gwen West, Gwen, and Rob Brydon played her uncle, List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Bryn West, Bryn. Broadcast on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year's Day 2010, Christmas Day 2019, and Christmas Day 2024, episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime-time BBC seasonal programming. Acclaimed as both a hit and a breakthrough show for the BBC, it was the most nominated show in the 2007 British Comedy Awards. It won several awards, including the BAFTAs Audience Award, and the British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Award, both in 2008. In 2019, ''Gavin & Stacey'' was named the 17th-greatest British sitcom in a poll by ''Radio Times''.Fawlty Towers named best British sitcom of all time, beating Blackadder and Only Fools and Horses
''The Independent'', 9 April 2019. 18.49 million people watched the Christmas Day 2019 special, the most-viewed non-sporting event in a decade and the most-watched comedy episode for 17 years, and the 2024 finale with 12.3 million TV viewers was the most watched show on Christmas Day since 2008. After one week's consolidated viewing the finale episode had become the UK's most-watched scripted show since modern records began with 19.3 million viewers.

''Benidorm''

Written and created by Derren Litten and produced by Tiger Aspect Productions, Tiger Aspect for ITV, ''Benidorm (British TV series), Benidorm'' (2007–2018) aired for 74 episodes over ten series. The series featured an

of holidaymakers and staff at the Solana all-inclusive hotel in Benidorm, Spain over the course of a week each year. The series had a large ensemble cast, which changed throughout its ten seasons and included Abigail Cruttenden, Adam Gillen, Alan David, , Bel Powley, Bobby Knutt, Charlotte Eaton (actress), Charlotte Eaton, Crissy Rock, Danny Walters (actor), Danny Walters, Elsie Kelly, Geoffrey Hutchings, Hannah Hobley, Hannah Waddingham, Honor Kneafsey, Hugh Sachs, Jake Canuso, Janine Duvitski, John Challis, Johnny Vegas, Josh Bolt, Julie Graham, Kate Fitzgerald, Kathryn Drysdale, Kenny Ireland, Michelle Butterly, Nathan Bryon, Nicholas Burns (actor), Nicholas Burns, Oliver Stokes, Paul Bazely, Perry Benson, Selina Griffiths, Sheila Reid, Shelley Longworth, Sheridan Smith, Sherrie Hewson, Simon Greenall, Siobhan Finneran, Steve Edge, Steve Pemberton, Tim Healy (actor), Tim Healy, Tony Maudsley and many guest stars. The first series proved to be a hit for ITV, with critics describing it as "beautifully written and performed" and "a gem of wry observation in withering bad taste".

Since 2010

The censoring of repeats, especially where the Watershed (broadcasting)#United Kingdom, watershed, the time after which adult programming is allowed to be broadcast, is being eroded by Video on demand, on demand viewing and Over-the-top media service, OTT technology. The standard solution is to provide a warning to viewers of real-time transmissions that the programme contains language which some viewers may find offensive. 'Characters who are complicated, multi-dimensional and not always easy to like are now the norm and not the exception' Other recent British sitcoms include ''Brassic (TV series), Brassic'' (2019–present), ''Chewing Gum (TV series), Chewing Gum'' (2015–2017), ''Friday Night Dinner'' (2011–2020), ''Bad Education (TV series), Bad Education'' (2012–2014, 2022-2024), ''Cuckoo (TV series), Cuckoo'' (2012–2019), ''Fleabag'' (2016–2019) which 'challenged audience expectations of characters', and ''Peter Kay's Car Share'' (2015–2018).

''Still Open All Hours''

The sequel to ''Open All Hours'', ''

'' (2013–2019), was created and written by Roy Clarke for the BBC. Starring

(''

'', ''

''), its 41 episodes retain the 20th century sitcom traditions of its predecessor. The show is supported by James Baxter (actor), James Baxter and a regular supporting cast of Lynda Baron, Stephanie Cole, Maggie Ollerenshaw, Brigit Forsyth, Johnny Vegas, Kulvinder Ghir, Geoffrey Whitehead, Sally Lindsay, Tim Healy (actor), Tim Healy, Sue Holderness, Dean Smith, Archie Panjabi and Nina Wadia, with Baron, Cole, and Ollerenshaw reprising their original characters from ''Open All Hours''. Directed by Dewi Humphreys, and produced by Jason, Alex Walsh-Taylor Sarah Hitchcock, and Gareth Edwards (producer), Gareth Edwards, the series continued the theme of ''Open All Hours'' while focusing on the life of a much older Granville - still played by Jason - running his late uncle Arkwright's traditional English

with his son's help.

''Breeders''

The British-American parental black comedy television series ''Breeders (TV series), Breeders'' ran from 2020 to 2023 for 40 episodes over 4 seasons. The show was created by Martin Freeman, Chris Addison and Simon Blackwell. The series follows two parents who struggle with parenthood and is partially based on Freeman's own experiences. Freeman also plays the lead role. The series premiered on 2 March 2020, on the American cable network FX (TV channel), FX, and on the British network Sky One on 12 March 2020. In July 2022, the series was renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on July 31, 2023.

''The Office''

'' The Office'' is a workplace sitcom in

format in 12 episodes plus a two-part Christmas special. Broadcast in two seasons from 2001 to 2003 it was created, written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant. The series follows the day-to-day lives of office employees in the Slough branch of the fictional Wernham Hogg paper company, centering on themes of social clumsiness, the trivialities of human behaviour, self-importance and conceit, frustration, desperation and fame. Gervais also starred in the series as the central character, David Brent. After a slow start it has since become one of the most successful of all British comedy exports. It has been sold to broadcasters in over 80 countries, including ABC1 in Australia, The Comedy Network in Canada, TVNZ in New Zealand, and the pan-Asian satellite television, satellite channel Star World, based in Hong Kong. It was shown in the United States on BBC America from 2001 to 2016, and later on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim from 2009 to 2011. In a 2021 BBC poll ''The Office'' came 9th out of 100 of the best shows of the 21st century.

Writers, directors and producers

Barry Took

Barry Took came to TV comedy following his hugely successful half-hour radio sketch comedies such as ''Beyond Our Ken'' (1958 - 1964) and its successor ''Round the Horne'' 1965 - 1968 and paved the way for the format of many television sitcoms. Took, with writing partner Marty Feldman with whom he collaborated for over ten years in radio and television, created the early sitcoms ''

'' in 1958 starring

('' Till Death Us Do Part'' and ''

'') and Bill Fraser ( ''

'') and later wrote its sequel '' Bootsie and Snudge'' (1960) of which 100 episodes were made, pioneering TV comedy with one of its most enduring features, 'the ill-sorted pair'. The team's first BBC series was ''The Walrus and the Carpenter'' (1965), starring Warren Mitchell and

. He became Head of Light Entertainment for

and he launched several shows, including the successful '' On the Buses'', and was instrumental in launching the team that became ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''.

Roy Clarke

Roy Clarke, Royston Clarke (born 28 January 1930), usually known as Roy Clarke, began his career In the late 1960s writing thrillers for BBC Radio. Clarke is a prolific television drama creator who wrote sixteen of Britain's best known sitcoms. In 2002, he received an Order of the British Empire, OBE for his contribution to British comedy. He was awarded the lifetime achievement award at the 2010 National Comedy Awards, British Comedy Awards. He is also the 1996 winner of the BAFTA Dennis Potter Award, the 2010 British Comedy Awards winner, and the 1971 Writers' Guild of Great Britain Best Writer award. Clarke was the sole writer of '' Last of the Summer Wine'', which at its peak had an audience of over 18 million viewers and is the longest-running comedy programme in Britain and the longest-running sitcom in the world. Among his well known works are ''Keeping Up Appearances'', ''

'' and its sequel series, ''

''.

David Croft

David Croft (1922–2011) was a screenwriter, television producer, producer and television director, director. He produced and wrote a string of BBC sitcoms with partners Jimmy Perry and Jeremy Lloyd, including ''Dad's Army'', ''It Ain't Half Hot Mum'' and ''Hi-de-Hi!''. Like Perry, he served in tropical Asia during the Second World War. While ''Dad's Army'' was still running, Croft began to co-write ''Are You Being Served?'' with Jeremy Lloyd. He continued both writing partnerships for the rest of his career in other series including ''You Rang, M'Lord'' with Perry and ''Allo 'Allo!'' with Lloyd. His last full series, ''Oh, Doctor Beeching!'' (1995–1997), was co-written with Richard Spendlove. He created a television pilot in 2007, entitled ''Here Comes The Queen'', with Jeremy Lloyd, but the show was not continued as a series. Together with Perry, Croft was presented with a British Comedy Award in 2003 for lifetime achievement, and in 1978 Order of the British Empire, OBE for services to television. He also received the 1981 ''Desmond Davies Award'' from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, for his contributions to the industry.

Jimmy Perry

Jimmy Perry (1923–2016) created ''Dad's Army'' with David Croft. The song he wrote for the series, ''Who Do You Think You Are Kidding, Mr Hitler?'', won him an Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically, Ivor Novello Award. Croft and Perry wrote together for over 30 years. Along with Frank Muir and Denis Norden, and Galton and Simpson, they were among the dominant writing teams of the period. Perry could send himself up as well as others. His autobiography was to be called ''A Boy's Own Story'', but it came out in 2002 under the title ''A Stupid Boy''. In ''Dad's Army'', he drew on his experience as a young member of the Home Guard, on his service in India and Burma during the war for '' It Ain't Half Hot Mum'', and his time as a Butlin's holiday camp Redcoat for ''Hi-de-Hi'', for which he wrote the song "Holiday Rock". When he said he wanted to be a film star or a comedian, his father responded: "You stupid boy!" Perry used the phrase in ''Dad's Army'' and it became a catch phrase. Perry effectively retired after ''You Rang, M'Lord?'' finished. He was awarded an Order of the British Empire, OBE in 1978. He won Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Writer's Guild (1995) and at the British Comedy Awards (2003).

Galton and Simpson

Ray Galton and Alan Simpson (1930–2018 and 1929–2017) wrote together for over 50 years; their most famous series were ''Hancock's Half Hour'' and ''Steptoe and Son''. Some of their scripts for Hancock almost repudiated a narrative structure altogether and attempted to reproduce an everyday environment with the intention of also reproducing its comedy. Both the character played by Tony Hancock in ''Hancock's Half Hour'', and List of Steptoe and Son characters#Harold Steptoe, Harold Steptoe, played by Harry H. Corbett, were pretentious would-be intellectuals who found themselves trapped by the squalor of their lives. The Galton and Simpson comedies were often characterised by a bleak and somewhat fatalistic tone. ''Steptoe and Son'' in particular was at times an example of black comedy, and close in tone to Social realism drama.

Chesney and Wolfe

Chesney and Wolfe was a prolific comedy scriptwriting team of Ronald Chesney and Ronald Wolfe whose partnership contributed significantly to the genre of British sitcoms. Spanning the years from the mid-1950s to 1989, among their best shows are ''

'' starring Barbara Windsor, Dame Barbara Windsor (Carry On (franchise), ''Carry On'' films) with Penelope Keith, Dame Penelope Keith ('' The Good Life'' and '' To the Manor Born''), who also starred again together in ''Wild, Wild Women'' with an all-star cast and Anna Karen who later starred in Chesney and Wolfe's '' On the Buses''. These were workplace shows with sexist and humorously indecent comedy that obtained very high viewer ratings but were not well received by TV critics. Their other credits include ''Meet the Wife (TV series), Meet the Wife'', an episode of ''

'' (1989), and ''Watch This Space'' in 1980 which was less of a success. Their shows featured many of the regular actors from award-winning comedy shows and films and including among many others, Thora Hird, DameThora Hird - a household name and a British institution,

(''

''),

('' On the Buses''),

(''Mr Digby Darling''),

(''

''), Peter Jones (actor), Their 1971 spin-off film, '' On the Buses'', the first of the three based on the TV series, was the highest British box-office earner of that year.

Jeremy Lloyd

Jeremy Lloyd (1930–2014) co-wrote ''Are You Being Served?'' and ''Allo Allo!''; his sitcoms have been called "the essence of Britishness". ''Are You Being Served?'' was based partly on his own experiences of working in a London department store as a suit salesman. Its success gave rise a spin-off, ''Grace and Favour'', which was a collaboration with David Croft. During 1970 Lloyd was briefly married to actress, presenter and producer Joanna Lumley (''Absolutely Fabulous'') with whom he starred in the sitcom ''It's Awfully Bad for Your Eyes, Darling''. Lloyd was appointed an OBE in 2013.

John Howard Davies

John Howard Davies (1939–2011) joined the BBC as a production assistant in 1966, and became a television director and producer specializing in comedy. In 1978 he became the head of comedy, and in 1982 the head of light entertainment. For four decades, he was a major influence as commissioning producer on shows such asObituary: John Howard Davies
''Daily Telegraph'', 23 August 2011 ''Fawlty Towers'' by John Cleese and Connie Booth, Galton and Simpson's ''Steptoe and Son,'' ''All Gas and Gaiters'', ''The Goodies (TV series), The Goodies'', and ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin''. Davies was also the producer of all four seasons of ''The Good Life''. When asked what the best formula for a sitcom is, he replied "All the best sitcom characters are relentlessly horrible."

Cooke and Mortimer

and

were a comedy writing duo whose career began in radio with the critically acclaimed ''Round the Horne'' of 1968, and its sequel ''Stop Messing About'' created as a vehicle for Kenneth Williams of Carry On fame. Together they penned many of the 1970s popular TV sitcoms often featuring well known comedy actors such as Paul Eddington of ''The Good Life'' and ''Yes Minister'', Patrick Cargill (''Father, Dear Father''); Richard O'Sullivan,

, and Brian Murphy of ''Man About the House ''; Peter Butterworth (Carry On), Peter Jones (actor), Peter Jones, Beryl Reid, Roy Kinnear,

. Independently, Cooke created ''Tripper's Day'' featuring Leonard Rossiter of ''

'' and

's highly successful ''Rising Damp''. On his own, Mortimer wrote ''Never the Twain'' starring Donald Sinden (''Two's Company (British TV series), Two's Company'') and Windsor Davies ('' It Ain't Half Hot Mum'').

Composers

Burt Rhodes (1923–2003)

Burt Rhodes, Rhodes wrote the title music for ''The Good Life''. He was a successful light entertainment composer and musical director including his arrangements for comedienne Beryl Reid's 1968-67 ''Beryl Reid Says Good Evening''. He collaborated with many stars including Judy Garland, Pearl Bailey, Sammy Davis Jr., Vic Damone and Bruce Forsyth. Rhodes was often referred to as "the musicians' musician", counting musicians such as Ronnie Hazlehurst, Monty Norman and Phil Phillips among his friends. In 1958 he scored the theme for ''Dr. No (film), Dr No'', the first Portrayal of James Bond in film, James Bond film.

Ronnie Hazlehurst (1928–2007)

A prolific composer for sitcoms, comedy productions, game shows and other programmes, Ronnie Hazlehurst, Hazlehurst joined the BBC in 1961, and became a staff arranger; his early works included the incidental music for ''The Likely Lads'' and ''The Liver Birds''. In 1968 he became the Light Entertainment Musical Director and composed the theme tunes of many sitcoms, including ''Are You Being Served?'', ''Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em'', ''Last of the Summer Wine'' (where he also wrote all the instrumental music for the show), ''I Didn't Know You Cared'', ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin'', ''To the Manor Born'', ''Yes Minister'' and ''Yes, Prime Minister'', ''Just Good Friends'' and ''Three Up, Two Down''. He also arranged the themes for ''Butterflies (TV series), Butterflies'', ''Sorry! (TV series), Sorry!'' and the first series of ''Only Fools and Horses''. His theme tunes often included elements designed to fit the programmes, such as a Cash register, cash till in ''Are You Being Served?'', rises and falls in ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin'' and the Big Ben chimes for ''Yes Minister''. For ''Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em'', Hazlehurst used Morse code to spell out the programme's title. During his career he composed the music for the opening of the BBC's coverage of the 1976 Summer Olympics, 1976 Olympics. Jon Plowman, Head of BBC Comedy, said, "He was the composer of many of the best-loved signature tunes of the last 40 years of television - and some of his work is still heard today. He's associated with some of the best-loved shows of our lives."

Tony Russell (1929–1970)

Tony Russell (musician), Russell wrote the music for ''On the Buses'' and the children's programme ''The Herbs''. He studied composition with Richard Rodney Bennett and William Russo (musician), Bill Russo. He was in Russo's London Jazz Orchestra and took over running this when Russo returned to the United States in 1965. He later became a busy composer and wrote the score of the musical ''The Matchgirls''.

Nick Ingman (born 1948)

The title music for ''Keeping Up Appearances'' was written by Nick Ingman, a visiting professor at the London College of Music. His collaborators include Paul McCartney, Mick Jagger, Björk, and The X Factor (British TV series), ''The X Factor''. His arrangements have accounted for fourteen No. 1 singles and five double platinum albums in the UK and he has been nominated for a Grammy Awards, Grammy three times.

Simon Brint (1950-2011)

Simon Brint, Brint was closely associated with the Alternative comedy, Alternative Comedy movement and contributed music to several associated projects including the sitcoms Absolutely Fabulous and ''2point4 Children.''

Anne Dudley (born 1956)

Anne Dudley, Dudley composed the title and incidental music for ''Jeeves and Wooster''. She is a composer, keyboardist, conductor and pop musician, winning many awards including an Academy Awards, Oscar for Academy Award for Best Original Score, Best Original Musical or Comedy Score for the comedy film ''The Full Monty''. Dudley was the first BBC Concert Orchestra's Composer in Association in 2001, and has composed the scores for over twenty other films.

Peter Brewis

Peter Brewis, Brewis has music credits for several comedy programmes including the sitcoms '' The Young Ones'' and ''Filthy, Rich and Catflap''.

Howard Goodall (born 1958)

The title themes for ''The Vicar of Dibley'', ''Blackadder'', ''Red Dwarf'' and ''Mr. Bean'' are among Howard Goodall's most memorable melodies. He also presents music-based programmes on television and radio, for which he has won many awards. In 2008, he was named as a presenter and Composer-in-Residence at the British radio station Classic FM (UK), Classic FM. In 2009, he was named "Composer of the Year" at the Classic Brit Awards.

Jonathan Whitehead (1960-2020)

An composer for many sitcoms and other comedies, Jonathan Whitehead, Whitehead's sitcom credits include ''Black Books'', ''Green Wing'', ''Campus (TV series), Campus'', ''Nathan Barley'' and ''Rev. (TV series), Rev.'' His music for ''Green Wing'' was nominated for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts, BAFTA and won the RTS Award for Best Original Music. He occasionally wrote under the name "Trellis".

Film spin-offs

By 2020, at least 45 British sitcoms had been adapted into over 50 feature films; the first of the three '' On the Buses'' films was the biggest hit at the British box office in 1971. However, they were not always critical successes. In a review of ''Are You Being Served?'', Michael Stailey of ''DVD Verdict'' regarded the Are You Being Served? (film), 1977 film as "guilty of violating almost every law of comedy and film." John Pym of ''The Monthly Film Bulletin'' also gave the film a negative review, stating that "The humour consists mainly of a withering selection of patent British puns; an inflatable brassiere, some let's-insult-the-Germans jokes and a rickety Portable toilet, thunder-box which bolts from the outside are thrown in for good measure."Now in ''Sight & Sound'' archives
/ref> The film holds a 58% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes; the cutoff for a positive rating is 59%. Moreover, as with the series they were based on, some films have been criticised for not meeting contemporary levels of political correctness. Other sitcom adaptions from the era included '' Bottoms Up'' (1960), based on ''Whack-O!'', ''Till Death Us Do Part (film), Till Death Us Do Part'' (1968) and its sequel ''The Alf Garnett Saga'' (1972), ''Dad's Army (1971 film), Dad's Army'' (1971), '' On the Buses'' (1971) and its sequels, ''Please Sir! (film), Please Sir!'' (1971), ''Bless This House (film), Bless This House'' (1972), ''Steptoe and Son (film), Steptoe and Son'' (1972) and its sequel, ''Nearest and Dearest (film), Nearest and Dearest'' (1972), ''Father, Dear Father (film), Father, Dear Father'' (1973), ''

'' (1973), '' Man About the House'' (1974), ''The Likely Lads (film), The Likely Lads'' (1976), ''Porridge (film), Porridge'' (1979), and ''George and Mildred (film), George and Mildred'' (1980).

Criticism and social issues

British sitcoms reflect changes in public opinion and culture through the times. They began at a time in which, for example, "class and ethnic prejudices were challenged and mocked". They heavily featured Slapstick Humor, slapstick humour and offensive slurs. Series such as ''

'' (1972–76),Vic Prat
"Love Thy Neighbour (1972–76)"
BFI screenonline and '' Mind Your Language'' (1977–79, 1986),Vic Prat
"Mind Your Language (1977–79, 1986)"
BFI screenonline which attempted to find humour in racial or ethnic conflict and misunderstandings, have been increasingly criticised over time.Mark Dugui

BFI screenonline Johnny Speight, the creator of ''In Sickness and In Health'', defended its depiction of the central character Alf Garnett, saying: "If you do the character correctly, he just typifies what you hear - not only in pubs but in golf clubs around the country. To make him truthful he's got to say those things, and they are nasty things. But I feel as a writer that they should be out in the open so we can see how daft these comparisons are." The contemporary '' It Ain't Half Hot Mum'' has also been criticised for racism, homophobia, and Whitewashing in film, whitewashing its cast. The writer, Jimmy Perry, defended it saying those elements were true to life. Meanwhile, ''Whack-O!'', a 1960s series set in a private school, has been described as "a little painful" to watch today for its depictions of

. Even ''

'', considered one of the best sitcoms of all time, has been criticised for its cruelty.

Research

In 2005, a group of scientists led by Dr. Helen Pilcher was commissioned by the satellite channel Gold (British TV channel), UKTV Gold to study 20 years of British sitcoms. Using the medical drama ''Casualty (TV series), Casualty'' as a control, the team came up with a formula for measuring the success or failure of sitcoms. This formula assessed the recognisability of the main character and their delusions of grandeur, the wittiness of the script, the physical injuries the cast suffer and their differences in social statues, and the success of any plans. There was a maximum score of 1120, and ''Casualty'' scored 5.5. The top shows and their scores were ''Only Fools and Horses'' (which scored 696), ''The Office'' (678), ''Father Ted'' (564), ''Fawlty Towers'' (557), and ''Blackadder'' (374.5). The very worst sitcoms were: * ''Eyes Down'' (2003–2004), starring Paul O'Grady and Sheridan Smith, which scored 96. * ''According to Bex'' (2005), with Jessica Hynes, Jessica Stevenson, and written by Katie Douglas, Julia Barron and Fred Barron. Critical reception to this show was negative, with ''The Stage'' calling it "the biggest sitcom disaster of the year" and the ''British Comedy Guide'' describing it as "dull and predictable". Despite reports that a second series had been planned, the show was cancelled after the first series due to low ratings. Stevenson considered the series so bad that she quit her agent. It scored 67. * ''Sam's Game (TV series), Sam's Game'' (2001), starring TV presenter Davina McCall and comedian Ed Byrne (comedian), Ed Byrne. Written by Byrne and uncredited contributors, it ran for only six episodes. It scored 22. * ''Babes in the Wood (TV series), Babes in the Wood'' (1998–1999), a flat-share comedy created and written by Modern Romance (band), Geoff Deane. ''The Times'' called it "very shoddy". ''The Rough Guide to British Cult Comedy'' called it "hackneyed". The ''Daily Mirror'' was highly critical of Claire King's guest appearance. In an overview of ITV programmes, columnist Stuart Heritage of ''The Guardian'' named ''Babes in the Wood'' as one of the worst shows in the network's history. He described ''Babes in the Wood'' as "a show where some babes live in St John's Wood and literally nothing else happens"."Brideshead Revisited or Celebrity Wrestling: the best and worst of ITV"
''The Guardian'', 22 September 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2021. It scored 8. * '''Orrible'' (2001), written by and starring Johnny Vaughan, and lasting only for 8 episodes, came last with a score of 6.5.

British sitcoms overseas

United States

British sitcoms are often seen on the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS), usually thanks to the effort of WGBH-TV, WGBH, and increasingly on cable television, including

and Comedy Central. ''

'', ''Keeping Up Appearances'' and ''As Time Goes By (TV series), As Time Goes By'' became sleeper hits when they aired on PBS, while '' Absolutely Fabulous'' enjoyed a significant following when it aired on Comedy Central and '' The Office'' won a Golden Globe Awards, Golden Globe award in 2004 for "Best Television Series—Musical or Comedy", surpassing American series such as ''Sex and the City'' and ''Will & Grace''. Several British sitcoms have been successfully List of American television series based on British television series, remade for the American market. Notable examples include ''Steptoe and Son'' which became ''Sanford and Son'', ''Till Death Us Do Part'', which became ''All in the Family'', and ''The Office'' which was remade into The Office (American TV series), an American series of the same name. ''Three's Company'', a remake of '' Man About the House'', had its own spinoffs: ''The Ropers'', based on ''George and Mildred'', and ''Three's a Crowd'', based on '' Robin's Nest''. Other American remakes of British sitcoms include ''What a Country!'', based on ''Mind Your Language''. More recently, shows such as ''The Inbetweeners'' was adapted into The Inbetweeners (American TV series), an American version, as was ''The Thick of It'' as ''Veep''. A large number of US adaptations end up being cancelled early or are not commissioned after their pilots are created. Another notable difference, which can be both positive or negative depending upon the skill of the cast and writers, is the American media culture of 20 or more episodes in a season, as opposed to the British tendency to have fewer than 10 episodes per series.

Australia and New Zealand

In Australia, many British comedy series are aired on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC, which is the Australian equivalent of the BBC. British shows are also sometimes shown on the three commercial Television broadcasting, television networks in Australia, especially Seven Network during the 1970s. In New Zealand, state-run TVNZ also broadcasts many British series. The majority of British comedies now air in both countries on the subscription channels The Comedy Channel and UKTV. Australian commercial television channels made their own versions of British comedies during the 1970s, often using members of the original casts. These included: ''Are You Being Served? (Australian TV series), Are You Being Served?'', ''Father, Dear Father#Australian version, Father, Dear Father'', ''Doctor Down Under'', ''Love Thy Neighbour in Australia''. In both countries, locally produced sitcoms have historically been heavily influenced by the structure of British sitcoms, such as in the New Zealand sitcom ''Gliding On''.

India

In the 1980s, India's national broadcaster Doordarshan showed ''Fawlty Towers'', '' Yes Minister'' and ''Mind Your Language''.

References

External links

The Classic British Sitcoms Forum

BBC Britain's Best Sitcom

British Comedy Guide
* Martin Wainwright, ''

'', 7 June 2005
"Del Boy is top of the class, say sitcom scientists"
– scientist develops formula for measuring (British) sitcom success {{BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy (Programme or Series) British radio comedy, Sitcom British television sitcoms, *