Brazilian Antarctic Program

The Brazilian Antarctic Program ( pt, Programa Antártico Brasileiro; PROANTAR) is a program of the Brazilian Navy which has presence in the continent of Antarctica. It coordinates research and the operational support for research in the region. It currently maintains a year-round research station in Antarctica ( Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station), as well as several seasonal field camps. It also maintains two research vessels that sail in the Antarctic waters (the icebreakers '' Almirante Maximiano'' and '' Ary Rongel'').

History

The program was officially created in January 1982, when the Brazilian Navy acquired the Danish icebreaker ''Thala Dan,'' later renamed '' Barão de Teffé''. That same year, Brazil sent its first expedition ("Operation Antarctica I") to the Antarctic continent and the ''Barão de Teffé'' performed a reconnaissance mission to the northwestern sector of Antarctica in order to select the location where the future Brazilian Antarctic Station would be built. The success of that expedition resulted in international recognition of the Brazilian presence in Antarctica, which allowed the acceptance of the country as a consultative party to the Antarctic Treaty in 1983. A second expedition ("Operation Antarctica II") was held in the summer of 1983–84, with the main task of transporting and building the Brazilian station. The Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station, consisting of 8 modules, was completed on 6 February 1984. The station was expanded to 33 modules in the following year. Starting in 1986, the station was permanently occupied during the 365 days of the year.

In February 1991, President Fernando Collor de Mello reaffirmed Brazil's interest in the region by visiting the Brazilian Antarctic Station, where he spent three days. He was the first Brazilian president to set foot in the Antarctic. In January 2008, 13 congressmen members of the Brazilian Antarctica Parliamentary Committee visited the Brazilian Antarctic Station. Another visit by the members of Congress took place in January 2009.

On February 16, 2008, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and a delegation of twenty-three people, including first lady Marisa Letícia, visited the country's station in Antarctica. The Brazilian Government defined the presidential trip as a "political gesture" in support of the work displayed by Brazilian scientists and military personnel.

In 2009, the Brazilian Navy incorporated the icebreaker ''Almirante Maximiano'' (ex-"Ocean Empress") into its fleet. The ''Almirante Maximiano'' operates UH-12/13 and IH-6B aircraft with a hangar for two helicopters. The Brazilian Navy installed five modern laboratories for the development of scientific research in the Antarctic environment. The ship can accommodate 106 passengers, with 1/3 being scientists and researchers.

In 2009 Brazil made its first national scientific expedition to the Antarctic ice sheet. Brazil: 2009/2010 Annual Information (Brazilian National Multidisciplinary Expedition to the Antarctic Ice Sheet: investigating the cryospheric response to global changes)
Antarctic Treaty System. Retrieved on 2010-10-23. The expedition integrated atmospheric, glaciological, geological and geophysical studies along the Patriot Hills area and also along the subglacial lake Ellsworth area. On 12 January 2012, the Brazilian Antarctic Program inaugurated the Criosfera 1 module, located on the plateau of the western Antarctica ice sheet, at 84°00' S–79°30' W. It is located from the geographical South Pole and south of the Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station.

On 25 February 2012, a blast in the machine room housing the generators at the station caused a fire that, according to the Brazilian navy, destroyed approximately 70% of the building.''Nota à Imprensa 3 – Incêndio na Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz'' ("Press Release 3 - Fire at Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Base")
Brazilian Navy. Retrieved 26 February 2012. Two soldiers, originally reported as missing by the Brazilian navy, were found dead in the debris of the station after the fire, while a third one sustained non-life-threatening injuries.Two die in fire at Brazil's Antarctic research station
BBC. Retrieved 26 February 2012. It has been rebuilt since and the new facility was inaugurated with the presence of Brazil's Vice-President Hamilton Mourão and Minister of Science and Technology Marcos Pontes in January 2020.

Facilities

In Antarctica

* Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station (UN/LOCODE: AQ-CFZ), a year-round station located in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, at ''Programa Antartico Brasileiro'' ("Brazilian Antarctic Program)
Brazilian Navy. Retrieved on 2012-02-27. .
* Criosfera 1, a standalone module located in Union Glacier, at Criosfera 1 - a landmark achievement
Adventure Network International. Retrieved on 2012-02-27.
* Refuge Emílio Goeldi, a shelter located at Elephant Island, at WABA Directory: Brazil
DDXC. Retrieved on 2012-02-27.
* Refuge Astronomer Cruls, a shelter located at Nelson Island, King George Island, at
* Refuge Engineer Wiltgen, a shelter located at Elephant Island, at (dismantled)
* Refuge Pe. Balduino Rambo, a shelter located at Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, at (dismantled)
* Hardy Point Camp, a camp located on Greenwich Island, at
* Harmony Point Camp, a camp located on Nelson Island (South Shetland Islands), at (Dismantled)

Outside Antarctica

* ''Estação de Apoio Antártico'' - Support station located at Rio Grande

File:PROANTAR - Missão Programa Antártico XXXVII à estação Antartica Comandante Ferraz 11 03 2019 (47368349361) (cropped).jpg, alt=, View of the Almirante Ferraz base
File:PROANTAR - Missão Programa Antártico XXXVII à estação Antartica Comandante Ferraz 11 03 2019 (47368350531).jpg, alt=, Brazilian navy personnel and researcher leaving the Almirante Maximiano by boat, going to Comandante Ferraz base
File:PROANTAR - Missão Programa Antártico XXXVII à estação Antartica Comandante Ferraz 11 03 2019 (47368353691).jpg, alt=, Inside the Almirante Ferraz base, before inauguration
File:PROANTAR - Missão Programa Antártico XXXVII à estação Antartica Comandante Ferraz 11 03 2019 (46645103044).jpg, alt=, Inside a lab in the Almirante Ferraz base, before inauguration
File:PROANTAR - Missão Programa Antártico XXXVII à estação Antartica Comandante Ferraz 11 03 2019 (47368354481).jpg, alt=, Part of the gear used by navy personnel and researchers in Antarctic
File:PROANTAR - Missão Programa Antártico XXXVII à estação Antartica Comandante Ferraz 11 03 2019 (46645102984).jpg, alt=, Almirante Ferraz communication module during snowstorm
File:Estação Antártica Mar 2019 (49352729002).png, alt=, Almirante Ferraz base. Observe that the base is on a high level platform, making its structure aerodynamic.
File:PROANTAR - Missão Programa Antártico XXXVII à estação Antartica Comandante Ferraz 11 03 2019 (47315598452).jpg, alt=, Navy personnel and researchers arriving onshore in front of the station. The most common transport method is by helicopter.

Transport

The Brazilian Navy and the Brazilian Air Force are responsible for the logistics of the Brazilian Antarctic Program, including the transport of military and civilian personnel, equipment, and supplies to Antarctica. The main equipment used for this purpose are:

Ships

* '' Almirante Maximiano'' (H-41) - Icebreaker and oceanographic research ship of the Brazilian Navy, will be put out of service in this decade by (NApAnt), a new Brazilian navy icebreaker ship that is expected to be delivered in 2025.
* '' Ary Rongel'' (H-44) - Icebreaker and oceanographic research ship of the Brazilian Navy, will be put out of service in this decade by (NApAnt), a new Brazilian navy icebreaker ship that is expected to be delivered in 2025.
* (NApAnt) - Future Brazilian navy icebreaker ship, is expected to be delivered in 2025.
* '' Cruzeiro do Sul'' (H-38) - Oceanographic research ship of the Brazilian Navy.
** '' Barão de Teffé'' (H-42) - Oceanographic research ship of the Brazilian Navy (decommissioned).
** NOc ''Almirante Câmara'' (H-41) - Oceanographic research ship of the Brazilian Navy (decommissioned).
** NOc ''Almirante Álvaro Alberto'' (H-43) - Oceanographic research ship of the Brazilian Navy (decommissioned).
** NOc ''Professor Besnard'' - Oceanographic research ship of University of São Paulo.

Aircraft

* Bell JetRanger (IH-6B) - Helicopters which operate on the ''Almirante Maximiano, being put in secondary roles, as H135 is performing the main transport missions.''
* HB350 Esquilo (UH-12/13) - Helicopters which operate on the ''Ary Rongel, being put in secondary roles, as H135 is performing the main transport missions.''
* C-130 Hercules - Military transport aircraft of the Brazilian Air Force, being put out of service and replaced by Embraer C-390 military transport aircraft.
* Eurocopter EC135 (UH-17) - Military transport helicopter acquired especially for the Antarctic program, it performs transport missions, operated from Almirante ferraz Antarctic base helipad and from Brazilian Navy Antarctic ships.
* Embraer KC-390 (C-390)- Operated by Brazilian Air Force in logistic support for the Brazilian Antarctic program, delivering cargo to Comandante Ferraz Antarctic base by air .

Organizations

The Brazilian Antarctic Program is managed by the Brazilian Navy in partnership with various government organizations. Also, several Federal universities and research institutes take part in the program.
*Ministry of Defense, manages and operates the Brazilian Antarctic Program through the Brazilian Navy and Brazilian Air Force;
* National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), funds the coordination and implementation of research;
*Ministry of Science and Technology, sets the scientific research policy;
*Ministry of the Environment, ensures compliance with international rules to minimize the impact of human presence in Antarctica;
*Ministry of Foreign Affairs, responsible for the National Policy of Antarctic Affairs;
* Ministry of Mines and Energy (through Petrobras), supplies the special antifreeze fuel for the facilities and vehicles operating in Antarctica.

References

External links

''Programa Antártico Brasileiro'' ("Brazilian Antarctic Program")
Official website, Brazilian Navy

''Programa Antártico Brasileiro'' ("Brazilian Antarctic Program")
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq

''Projeto de Meteorologia Antártica'' ("Antarctica Meteorologic Project")
National Institute for Space Research - INPE

''Frente Parlamentar de Apoio ao Programa Antártico Brasileiro'' ("Parliamentary Front in Support of the Brazilian Antarctic Programme")
Senate of Brazil

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Antarctic agencies
Brazilian Antarctica
Government agencies of Brazil